Name: using the electroretinogram to assess function in the rodent retina and the protective effects of remote limb ischemic preconditioning
Uploaded: 2015-06-09T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using the Electroretinogram to Assess Function in the Rodent Retina and the Protective Effects of Remote Limb Ischemic Preconditioning at JoVE.com

Les auteurs sont reconnaissants de l&#39;aide de Mme Sharon Spana dans la surveillance des rongeurs, la manipulation et l&#39;expérimentation. soutien financier de doctorat a été fournie par l&#39;Université de Sydney et du Centre australien de recherche pour l&#39;excellence dans la Vision.

Ce protocole suit les directives de protection des animaux de l&#39;Université de Sydney. 1. réaliser des électrodes <ol><li> Construire l&#39;électrode positive (celui qui prendra contact avec la cornée) d&#39;un court (5 cm) de longueur de fil de platine de 1-2 mm de diamètre. Façonner dans une boucle de quelques mm de diamètre. Connectez cette boucle à une connexion classique, assez long pour atteindre le stade de votre amplificateur d&#39;entrée (voir Figure 4).</stro...

<ol>
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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rodent+electroretinography:+Methods+for+extraction+and+interpretation+of+rod+and+cone+responses.">Rodent electroretinography: Methods for extraction and interpretation of rod and cone responses.</a> Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 27 (1), 1-44 (2008).</li><li>Bayer, A. U., Cook, P., Brodie, S. E., Maag, K. P., Mittag, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+different+recording+parameters+to+establish+a+standard+for+flash+electroretinography+in+rodents.">Evaluation of different recording parameters to establish a standard for flash electroretinography in rodents.</a> Vision Research. 41 (17), 2173-2185 (2001).</li><li>Pugh, E. N., Lamb, T. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AMPLIFICATION+AND+KINETICS+OF+THE+ACTIVATION+STEPS+IN+PHOTOTRANSDUCTION.">AMPLIFICATION AND KINETICS OF THE ACTIVATION STEPS IN PHOTOTRANSDUCTION.</a> Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1141 (2-3), 111-149 (1993).</li><li>Breton, M. E., Schueller, A. W., Lamb, T. D., Pugh, E. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ANALYSIS+OF+ERG+A-WAVE+AMPLIFICATION+AND+KINETICS+IN+TERMS+OF+THE+G-PROTEIN+CASCADE+OF+PHOTOTRANSDUCTION.">ANALYSIS OF ERG A-WAVE AMPLIFICATION AND KINETICS IN TERMS OF THE G-PROTEIN CASCADE OF PHOTOTRANSDUCTION.</a> Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science. 35 (1), 295-309 (1994).</li><li>Mizota, A., Adachi-Usami, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+body+temperature+on+electroretinogram+of+mice.">Effect of body temperature on electroretinogram of mice.</a> Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science. 43 (12), 3754-3757 (2002).</li><li>Szabo-Salfay, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+electroretinogram+and+visual+evoked+potential+of+freely+moving+rats.">The electroretinogram and visual evoked potential of freely moving rats.</a> Brain Research Bulletin. 56 (1), 7-14 (2001).</li><li>Charng, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conscious+Wireless+Electroretinogram+and+Visual+Evoked+Potentials+in+Rats.">Conscious Wireless Electroretinogram and Visual Evoked Potentials in Rats.</a> Plos One. 8 (9), (2013).</li><li>Galambos, R., Juhasz, G., Kekesi, A. K., Nyitrai, G., Szilagyi, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NATURAL+SLEEP+MODIFIES+THE+RAT+ELECTRORETINOGRAM.">NATURAL SLEEP MODIFIES THE RAT ELECTRORETINOGRAM.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 91 (11), 5153-5157 (1994).</li><li>Galambos, R., Szabo-Salfay, O., Szatmar, E., Szilagyi, N., Juhasz, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+modifies+retinal+ganglion+cell+responses+in+the+normal+rat.">Sleep modifies retinal ganglion cell responses in the normal rat.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (4), 2083-2088 (2001).</li><li>Guarino, I., Loizzo, S., Lopez, L., Fadda, A., Loizzo, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+chronic+implant+to+record+electroretinogram,+visual+evoked+potentials+and+oscillatory+potentials+in+awake,+freely+moving+rats+for+pharmacological+studies.">A chronic implant to record electroretinogram, visual evoked potentials and oscillatory potentials in awake, freely moving rats for pharmacological studies.</a> Neural Plasticity. 11 (3-4), 241-250 (2004).</li><li>Huang, J. C., Salt, T. E., Voaden, M. J., Marshall, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NON-COMPETITIVE+NMDA-RECEPTOR+ANTAGONISTS+AND+ANOXIC+DEGENERATION+OF+THE+ERG+B-WAVE+IN-VITRO.">NON-COMPETITIVE NMDA-RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS AND ANOXIC DEGENERATION OF THE ERG B-WAVE IN-VITRO.</a> Eye (London). 5 (4), 476-480 (1991).</li><li>Sasovetz, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE - EFFECTIVE GENERAL ANESTHETIC FOR USE IN ELECTRORETINOGRAPHY. Annals of Ophthalmology. 10 (11), 1510-1514 (1978).</li><li>Mojumder, D. K., Wensel, T. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Topical+Mydriatics+Affect+Light-Evoked+Retinal+Responses+in+Anesthetized+Mice).">Topical Mydriatics Affect Light-Evoked Retinal Responses in Anesthetized Mice).</a> Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science. 51 (1), 567-576 (2010).</li><li>Fraunfel, F. t., Burns, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ACUTE+REVERSIBLE+LENS+OPACITY+-+CAUSED+BY+DRUGS,+COLD,+ANOXIA,+ASPHYXIA,+STRESS,+DEATH+AND+DEHYDRATION.">ACUTE REVERSIBLE LENS OPACITY - CAUSED BY DRUGS, COLD, ANOXIA, ASPHYXIA, STRESS, DEATH AND DEHYDRATION.</a> Experimental Eye Research. 10 (1), 19 (1970).</li><li>Calderone, L., Grimes, P., Shalev, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ACUTE+REVERSIBLE+CATARACT+INDUCED+BY+XYLAZINE+AND+BY+KETAMINE-XYLAZINE+ANESTHESIA+IN+RATS+AND+MICE.">ACUTE REVERSIBLE CATARACT INDUCED BY XYLAZINE AND BY KETAMINE-XYLAZINE ANESTHESIA IN RATS AND MICE.</a> Experimental Eye Research. 42 (4), 331-337 (1986).</li><li>Behn, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dark+adaptation+is+faster+in+pigmented+than+albino+rats.">Dark adaptation is faster in pigmented than albino rats.</a> Documenta Ophthalmologica. 106 (2), 153-159 (2003).</li><li>Sugawara, T., Sieving, P. A., Bush, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+relationship+of+the+scotopic+and+photopic+ERG+to+photoreceptor+cell+loss+in+light+damaged+rats.">Quantitative relationship of the scotopic and photopic ERG to photoreceptor cell loss in light damaged rats.</a> Experimental Eye Research. 70 (5), 693-705 (2000).</li><li>Machida, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=P23H+rhodopsin+transgenic+rat:+Correlation+of+retinal+function+with+histopathology.">P23H rhodopsin transgenic rat: Correlation of retinal function with histopathology.</a> Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science. 41 (10), 3200-3209 (2000).</li><li>Brandli, A., Stone, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Remote+Ischemia+Influences+the+Responsiveness+of+the+Retina.">Remote Ischemia Influences the Responsiveness of the Retina.</a> Observations in the Rat. Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science. 55 (4), 2088-2096 (2014).</li><li>Maccarone, R., Di Marco, S., Bisti, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Saffron+supplement+maintains+morphology+and+function+after+exposure+to+damaging+light+in+mammalian+retina.">Saffron supplement maintains morphology and function after exposure to damaging light in mammalian retina.</a> Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science. 49 (3), 1254-1261 (2008).</li><li>Hood, D. C., Birch, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+abnormal+rod+photoreceptor+activity+with+the+a-wave+of+the+electroretinogram:+Applications+and+methods.">Assessing abnormal rod photoreceptor activity with the a-wave of the electroretinogram: Applications and methods.</a> Documenta Ophthalmologica. 92 (4), 253-267 (1996).</li><li>Robson, J. G., Frishman, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+rod-driven+a-wave+of+the+dark-adapted+mammalian+electroretinogram.">The rod-driven a-wave of the dark-adapted mammalian electroretinogram.</a> Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 39, 1-22 (2014).</li><li>Hood, D. C., Birch, D. 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Le flash méthode adaptée à l&#39;obscurité ERG décrit ci-dessus est une méthode fiable pour évaluer la fonction rétinienne chez les rats. Tant l&#39;un d&#39;onde et b-ondes ont été réduites par des dommages de la lumière. Distance préconditionnement ischémique atténué réductions induit des dommages-légers dans le un-ondes et b-ondes. Cette préservation de la fonction rétinienne suggère que le préconditionnement ischémique à distance a induit la neuroprotection, ressemblant à d&#39;autres formes...

L&#39;ERG est un potentiel électrique généré par la rétine en réponse à la lumière, et enregistré à partir de la surface de la cornée de l&#39;oeil. Lorsque les conditions d&#39;enregistrement sont gérés avec soin, l&#39;ERG peut être utilisé dans une variété de façons d&#39;évaluer la fonction rétinienne. Ici, nous avons décrit comment enregistrer l&#39;&#39;éclair ERG », le potentiel généré lorsque la rétine est exposée à un bref flash lumineux présenté dans un fond de Ganzfeld. Le Ganzfeld disperse la lumière de façon homogène et le flash de lumière atteint la rétine entière près uniformément. Si la rétine est sombre adapté avant l&#39;enregistrement, et l&#39;adaptation à l&#39;obscurité est maintenue tant que l&#39;animal est préparé pour l&#39;enregistrement, l&#39;ERG obtenue est générée par les deux photorécepteurs à bâtonnets et des cônes. La adaptés à l&#39;obscurité éclair ERG a une forme d&#39;onde caractéristique, qui a été analysée de deux manières. Tout d&#39;abord, précoces et tardives composants de la forme d&#39;onde ERG ont été distingués, et liée à la séquence de neuroneal activation de la rétine. Le premier composant est un court temps de latence devenant négative potentielle, l&#39;un d&#39;onde (Figure 1). Il est suivi par un potentiel positif en cours, appelé b-ondes. La phase de montée de l&#39;onde b montre des oscillations, qui sont considérés comme une composante distincte (des potentiels oscillatoires ou PO). L&#39;un d&#39;onde est considéré être généré par des photorécepteurs, la b-ondes par les cellules de la couche nucléaire interne, et les PO par les cellules amacrines 1. Sur la base de l&#39;intensité de stimulation, les réponses à éclairs très faibles dits la réponse scotopique de seuil sont possibles. La réponse du seuil scotopique est entendu être générés à partir des cellules ganglionnaires de la rétine 4.2. Deuxièmement, le flash ERG peut être séparé par adaptation à la lumière, ou par un protocole en deux flash décrit ci-dessous, en composants Rodgers et entraîné de cône. Dans des conditions photopiques, l&#39;un d&#39;onde est pas détectable chez les rats, parce que la population de cône est faible, mais les PO et un b-ondes sont5 clair. Chez les primates, dont les rétines ont des populations de cône supérieur, tant de bâtonnet et les voies de cône génèrent un détectable onde-6. Deux mesures utiles souvent extraites du flash ERG sont les amplitudes de la A et B-ondes, mesurées comme dans la figure 1, avec des réponses flash typiques de la figure 2. Lorsque la population de photorécepteur est réduite, par exemple par l&#39;exposition à dommageable lumineux la lumière, toutes les composantes de l&#39;ERG sont réduits. Interventions neuroprotecteurs, comme à distance préconditionnement ischémique (RIP), peuvent être validés par la préservation des amplitudes de la A et B-ondes (figure 3). En résumé, l&#39;analyse de l&#39;ERG permet des comparaisons entre la santé, la lumière et de la rétine endommagée neuroprotected.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>PC computer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Powerlab, 4 channel acquistion hardware</td>
			<td>AD Instruments</td>
			<td>PL 35044</td>
			<td>Acquistion of ERG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Animal Bio Amp</td>
			<td>AD Instruments</td>
			<td>FE 136</td>
			<td>Amplifier for ERG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lab chart</td>
			<td>AD Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Signal collection software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ganzfield</td>
			<td>Photometric solutions</td>
			<td>FS-250A</td>
			<td>Light stimulus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ganzfield operating system</td>
			<td>Photometric solutions</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Research Radiometer</td>
			<td>International light technologies</td>
			<td>ILT-1700</td>
			<td>calibrate light series</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lux meter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>LX-1010B&#160;</td>
			<td>check red light illumanation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Excel</td>
			<td>microsoft</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lead wires</td>
			<td>AD Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Connect postive, negative ground electrodes to amplifier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lead wires -aligator</td>
			<td>AD Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>ground ganzfield and acquistion hardware to computer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Platinum wire 95%</td>
			<td>A&#38;E metals</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>postive electrode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouth electrode Ag/AgCl Pellet</td>
			<td>SDR</td>
			<td>E205</td>
			<td>negative electode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>26 gauge needle</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>ground electode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water pump</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubing</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Homeothermic blanket system with flexible probe</td>
			<td>Harvard Appartus</td>
			<td>507222F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Atropine 1% w/v</td>
			<td>Bausch &#38; Lomb</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>topical mydriasis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proxmethycaine 0.5% w/v</td>
			<td>Bausch &#38; Lomb</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>topical anaesthetic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Visco tears eye drops</td>
			<td>Novartis</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>carbomer polymer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thread</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>retract eye lid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tweezers</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reusable adhesive</td>
			<td>Blu tac</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dim red headlamp. Affix electrodes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Absorbent bedding</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamil - ketamine 100 mg/ml - 50 ml</td>
			<td>Troy Laboratories Pty Ltd</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>dissociative</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylium - Xylazine 100 mg/ml - 50 ml</td>
			<td>Troy Laboratories Pty Ltd</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>muscle relaxant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scale</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using the electroretinogram to assess function in the rodent retina and the protective effects of remote limb ischemic preconditioning

The ERG is the sum of all retinal activity. The ERG is usually recorded from the cornea, which acts as an antenna that collects and sums signals from the retina. The ERG is a sensitive measure of changes in retinal function that are pan-retinal, but is less effective for detecting damage confined to a small area of retina. In the present work we describe how to record the &#8216;flash&#8217; ERG, which is the potential generated when the retina is exposed to a brief light flash. We describe methods of anaesthesia, mydriasis and corneal management during recording; how to keep the retina dark adapted; electrode materials and placement; the range and calibration of stimulus energy; recording parameters and the extraction of data. We also describe a method of inducing ischemia in one limb, and how to use the ERG to assess the effects of this remote-from-the-retina ischemia on retinal function after light damage. A two-flash protocol is described which allows isolation of the cone-driven component of the dark-adapted ERG, and thereby the separation of the rod and cone components. Because it can be recorded with techniques that are minimally invasive, the ERG has been widely used in studies of the physiology, pharmacology and toxicology of the retina. We describe one example of this usefulness, in which the ERG is used to assess the function of the light-damaged retina, with and without a neuroprotective intervention; preconditioning by remote ischemia.

Le protocole peut être utilisé pour mesurer la fonction visuelle de la rétine rongeur in vivo. L&#39;un-ondes, une mesure de la fonction des photorécepteurs et le b-ondes, une mesure de la fonction de la rétine interne, sont annotés dans la figure 1. Les ERG augmentations de signaux de tige-dominé avec le stimulus lumineux croissante, comme le montre la figure 2A. L&#39;un d&#39;onde devient apparente à ~ 0,4 log scot cd.sm -2 et ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using the Electroretinogram to Assess Function in the Rodent Retina and the Protective Effects of Remote Limb Ischemic Preconditioning at JoVE.com

Using the Electroretinogram to Assess Function in the Rodent Retina and the Protective Effects of Remote Limb Ischemic Preconditioning

The electroretinogram (ERG) is an electrical potential generated by the retina in response to light. This paper describes how to use the ERG to assess retinal function, in dark-adapted rats, and how it can be can be used to assess a neuroprotective intervention, in the present case remote ischemic preconditioning.

Utilisation de la Électrorétinogramme pour évaluer la fonction dans le Retina rongeurs et les effets protecteurs de la distance préconditionnement ischémique Limb

The ERG is the sum of all retinal activity. The ERG is usually recorded from the cornea, which acts as an antenna that collects and sums signals from the ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Strategies for Study of Neuroprotection from Cold-preconditioning

Stratégies pour l&#39;étude de neuroprotection du froid préconditionnement

Neurological injury is a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality from general anesthesia and related surgical procedures that could be alleviated by ...

Recherche

Neurosciences

Tissue Preparation and Immunostaining of Mouse Sensory Nerve Fibers Innervating Skin and Limb Bones

Préparation des tissus et des fibres Immunocoloration souris nerveuses sensitives innervant la peau et les os du membre

Detection and primary processing of physical, chemical and thermal sensory stimuli by peripheral sensory nerve fibers is key to sensory perception in ...

Direct Intraventricular Delivery of Drugs to the Rodent Central Nervous System

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Due to an inability to cross the blood brain barrier, certain drugs need to be directly delivered into the central nervous system (CNS). Our lab focuses ...

Assessment of Vascular Regeneration in the CNS Using the Mouse Retina

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The rodent retina is perhaps the most accessible mammalian system in which to investigate neurovascular interplay within the central nervous system (CNS). ...

Electroretinogram Analysis of the Visual Response in Zebrafish Larvae

Électrorétinogramme Analyse de la réponse visuelle chez le poisson zèbre larves

The electroretinogram (ERG) is a noninvasive electrophysiological method for determining retinal function. Through the placement of an electrode on the ...

Imaging Serotonergic Fibers in the Mouse Spinal Cord Using the CLARITY/CUBIC Technique

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Long descending fibers to the spinal cord are essential for locomotion, pain perception, and other behaviors. The fiber termination pattern in the spinal ...

Preparation of Acute Brain Slices Using an Optimized N-Methyl-D-glucamine Protective Recovery Method

Preparation of Acute Brain Slices Using an Optimized N-Methyl-D-glucamine Protective Recovery Method

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This protocol is a practical guide to the N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. Numerous recent studies have ...

In Vivo Gene Transfer to Schwann Cells in the Rodent Sciatic Nerve by Electroporation

In Vivo Gene Transfer to Schwann Cells in the Rodent Sciatic Nerve by Electroporation

In Vivo Transfert de gènes à des cellules de Schwann dans le nerf sciatique Rongeur par électroporation

The formation of the myelin sheath by Schwann cells (SCs) is essential for rapid conduction of nerve impulses along axons in the peripheral nervous ...

Effects of Blast-induced Neurotrauma on Pressurized Rodent Middle Cerebral Arteries

Effets de neurotraumatologie induite par le souffle sur les rongeurs sous pression du milieu des artères cérébrales

Though there have been studies on the histopathological and behavioral effects of blast exposure, fewer have been dedicated to blast&#39;s cerebral ...

3D Kinematic Analysis for the Functional Evaluation in the Rat Model of Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury

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Compared to the Sciatic Functional Index (SFI), kinematic analysis is a more reliable and sensitive method for performing functional evaluations of ...