Name: exploring the effects of atmospheric forcings on evaporation: experimental integration of the atmospheric boundary layer and shallow subsurface
Uploaded: 2015-06-08T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface at JoVE.com

Denne forskning er finansieret af den amerikanske hær Research Office Award W911NF-04-1-0169, den Engineering Research og Development Center (ERDC) og National Science Foundation tilskud EAR-1029069. Desuden blev denne forskning støttet af en Summer programmer i Undergraduate Research indrømmer fra Colorado School of Mines. Forfatterne vil gerne takke Ryan Tolene og Paul Schulte for deres bidrag.

Bemærk: Laboratorieundersøgelser udføres under anvendelse af en todimensional bench-skala tanken interface med et klima kontrolleret apparat vindtunnel. Både bench-skala tank og vindtunnel er instrumenteret med forskellige sensorteknologier. Følgende protokol vil først diskutere opbygningen og forberedelse af tanken jord, efterfulgt af en diskussion af vindtunnelen og instrumenteringen af ​​begge. Tanken dimensioner, vindtunnel dimensioner, antal sensorer, og sensorteknologi typen præsenteret kan ændres så ...

<ol>
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N., Horton, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water+transport+in+unsaturated+non-isothermal+salty+soil:+experimental+results.">Water transport in unsaturated non-isothermal salty soil: experimental results.</a> Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53, 1323-1363 (1989).</li><li>Prunty, L., Horton, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Steady-state+Temperature+Distribution+in+Nonisothermal+unsaturated+closed+soil+cells.">Steady-state Temperature Distribution in Nonisothermal unsaturated closed soil cells.</a> Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58, 1358-1363 (1994).</li><li>Bachmann, J., Horton, R., Ren, T., van der Ploeg, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+the+thermal+properties+of+four+wettable+and+four+water-repellent+soils.">Comparison of the thermal properties of four wettable and four water-repellent soils.</a> Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 65 (6), 1675-1679 (2001).</li><li>Smits, K. M., Sakaki, T., Limsuwat, A., Illangasekare, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermal+conductivity+of+sands+under+varying+moisture+and+porosity+in+drainage-wetting+cycles.">Thermal conductivity of sands under varying moisture and porosity in drainage-wetting cycles.</a> Vadose Zone J. 9, 1-9 (2010).</li><li>Sakaki, T., Limsuwat, A., Smits, K. M., Illangasekare, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Empirical+two-point+&#945;-mixing+Model+for+calibrating+the+ECH2O+EC-5+soil+sensor+in+sands.">Empirical two-point &#945;-mixing Model for calibrating the ECH2O EC-5 soil sensor in sands.</a> Water Resources Research. 44, W00D08 (2008).</li><li>Shokri, N., Lehmann, P., Or, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaporation+from+layered+porous+media.">Evaporation from layered porous media.</a> J. Geophys. Res. 115, B06204 (2010).</li><li>Van Brakel, J., Mujumdar, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mass+transfer+in+convective+drying.">Mass transfer in convective drying.</a> Advances in Drying. 1, 217-267 (1980).</li><li>Yiotis, A. G., Subos, A. G. B. o. u. d. o. u. v. i. s. A. K., Tsimpanogiannis, I. N., Yortsos, Y. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+liquid+films+on+the+drying+of+porous+media.">The effect of liquid films on the drying of porous media.</a> AIChE J. 50, 2721-2737 (2004).</li><li>Ishihara, Y., Shimojima, E., Harada, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water+vapor+transfer+beneath+bare+soil+where+evaporation+is+influenced+by+a+turbulent+surface+wind.">Water vapor transfer beneath bare soil where evaporation is influenced by a turbulent surface wind.</a> J. Hydrol. 131 (1-4), 63-104 (1992).</li><li>Lehmann, P., Assouline, S., Or, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characteristic+lengths+affecting+evaporative+drying+of+porous+media.">Characteristic lengths affecting evaporative drying of porous media.</a> Phys. Rev. E. 77 (5 Pt 2), 056309 (2008).</li><li>Trautz, A. C., Smits, K. M., Schulte, P., Illangasekare, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensible+heat+balance+and+heat-pulse+method+applicability+to+in+situ+soil-water+evaporation.">Sensible heat balance and heat-pulse method applicability to in situ soil-water evaporation.</a> Vadose Zone J. 13, (2014).</li></ol>

Formålet med denne protokol var at udvikle en eksperimentel apparatur og tilhørende procedurer for generering af høje data rumlige og tidsmæssige opløsning, der kræves for at studere jord-atmosfæriske interaktioner med hensyn til varme og massetransport processer. Den eksperimentelle apparat bestod af en jord tank og en lille vindtunnel, som begge var udstyret med et array af sensorer til måling af relevante jordbunds- og atmosfæriske variabler (f.eks vindhastighed, relativ fugtighed, jord og luft temp...

Forståelse af samspillet mellem land og atmosfæren er altafgørende for vores forståelse af mange aktuelle verdens problemer såsom lækage af geologisk-afsondret kuldioxid i jord, klimaændringer, vand og fødevareforsyning, nøjagtig detektering af landminer, og oprydning af grundvand og jord. Endvidere er de primære udveksling af varme og vand, der driver globale og regionale meteorologiske forhold forekommer ved jordens overflade. Mange vejr og klima fænomener (fx orkaner, El Ni &amp; # 241; o, tørke, etc.) hovedsagelig drevet af processer i forbindelse med atmosfærisk-land overfladeinteraktioner 1. Da mere end halvdelen af arealet på jorden er tørre eller halvtørre 2-4, præcist beskriver vandets kredsløb i disse regioner på grundlag af udvekslinger varme og vand mellem den atmosfæriske luft og jordoverfladen er afgørende for at forbedre vores forståelse af de førnævnte problemer,især i regioner sårbare over for udvidet tørke og ørkendannelse. Men på trods af årtiers forskning, der stadig mange viden huller i den nuværende forståelse af, hvordan de lavvandede undergrunden og atmosfære interagerer 5. Transportprocesser, der involverer flydende vand, vanddamp og varme i jorden er dynamiske og stærkt forbundet med hensyn til interaktioner med jorden og håndhæves randbetingelser (dvs. temperatur, relativ luftfugtighed, termisk stråling). Numeriske modeller varme- og massetransport almindeligt forsimpler eller overse en række af disse kompleksiteter dels skyldes manglende testning og videreudvikling af eksisterende teorier som følge af en mangel på høje data tidsmæssige og rumlige opløsning. Datasæt, der er udviklet til validering modellen oftentimes mangler kritisk atmosfærisk eller under overfladen oplysninger til korrekt teste teorierne, hvilket resulterer i numeriske modeller, der ikke rigtigt udgør important processer eller afhængig af brugen af ​​dårligt forståede parametre som reguleres eller udstyret i modellen. Denne fremgangsmåde er meget udbredt på grund af sin enkelhed og brugervenlighed og har i nogle programmer vises megen fortjeneste. Imidlertid kan denne tilgang forbedres ved bedre at forstå fysikken bag disse &quot;klumpet parameterizations&quot; ved at udføre godt kontrollerede eksperimenter under transiente forhold, der er i stand til test varme og vand overførsel teori 6. Omhyggelig eksperimenter i laboratoriet tillader præcision datasæt, der skal dannes, som efterfølgende kan anvendes til at validere numeriske modeller. Data fra marken websteder er ofte ufuldstændige og dyrt at opnå, og graden af ​​kontrol er nødvendig for at opnå en grundlæggende forståelse af processer og til at generere data til validering model kunne anses utilstrækkelig i nogle tilfælde. Laboratorium eksperimenter af naturfænomener såsom jord fordampning tillader atmosmosfæriske betingelser (dvs. temperatur, relativ luftfugtighed, vindhastighed) og jordbundsforhold (dvs. jordtype, porøsitet, pakning konfiguration), der skal kontrolleres omhyggeligt. Mange laboratorieteknikker bruges til at studere jordens fordampning og jord termiske og hydrauliske egenskaber bruger destruktiv prøveudtagning 7-10. Destruktive prøveudtagningsmetoder kræver, at en jordprøve udpakkes at indhente punktdata, forebygge målingen af ​​forbigående adfærd og forstyrre jordens fysiske egenskaber; denne tilgang introducerer fejl og usikkerhed til dataene. Destruktive målinger, ligesom metoden præsenteres her, giver mulighed for mere nøjagtig bestemmelse og undersøgelse af den gensidige afhængighed af jordens egenskaber og processer 11. Målet med dette arbejde er at udvikle en jord akvarium apparater og tilhørende protokol for generering af høje data rumlige og tidsmæssige opløsning vedrørende virkningerne af ændringer i atmosfærens og underjordiske betingelser påfordampning bare-jord. For dette arbejde, er en lille vindtunnel stand til at opretholde en konstant vindhastighed og temperatur interface med en apparat jord tank. Den vindtunnel og jord tanken er instrumenteret med en suite af state of the art sensorteknologier til selvstændigt og løbende indsamling af data. Vindhastighed måles ved anvendelse af en rustfri stål pitot-statiske rør fastgjort til en tryktransducer. Temperatur og relativ fugtighed overvåges i atmosfæren ved anvendelse af to typer af sensorer. Relativ fugtighed og temperatur overvåges også på jordoverfladen. Sensorer i undergrunden foranstaltning jordfugtighed og temperatur. Vejning af beholderen apparatet anvendes til at bestemme fordampning gennem en vand massebalance. For at demonstrere anvendeligheden af ​​denne eksperimentelle apparatur og protokol, præsenterer vi et eksempel på bare-jord fordampning under varierende forhold vindhastighed. Jorden tank, pakket homogent med en velkarakteriseret sand, var oprindeligt fuldt saturated og fik lov til at fordampe frit under omhyggeligt kontrollerede atmosfæriske betingelser (dvs. temperatur, vindhastighed).

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>ECH2O EC-5 Soil Moisture Sensor (25)</td>
			<td>Decagon Devices Inc. Decagon.com</td>
			<td>40593</td>
			<td>For specifics visit: http://www.decagon.com/products/soils/volumetric-water-content-sensors/ec-5-soil-moisture-small-area-of-influence/. Sampling frequency on 10 minute intervals, accuracy is &#177;3%, and collect data using the Em50 dataloggers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ECT Soil/Air Temperature Sensor (19)</td>
			<td>Decagon Devices Inc. Decagon.com</td>
			<td>40651</td>
			<td>For specifications visit http://www.decagon.com/products/canopy-atmosphere/temperature/ect-air-temperature/. Sampling frequency on 10 minute intervals, accuracy is &#177;0.5&#176;C, Measure within a temperature of 5 and 40&#176;C, and collect data using the Em50 dataloggers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EHT Relative Humidity and Temperature Sensor (5)</td>
			<td>Decagon Devices Inc. Decagon.com</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Sampling Frequency on 10 minute intervals, accuracy is &#177;3% between 5 and 100% relative humidity, and collect data using Em50 data loggers. For more information visit decagon.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Em50 Data Logger (10)</td>
			<td>Decagon Devices Inc. Decagon.com</td>
			<td>40800</td>
			<td>For specifics visit http://www.decagon.com/products/data-management/data-loggers/em50-digital-analog-data-logger/. ECH2O decagon devices, pulls data from the ECT, EC-5, and EHT sensors, and each data logger has 5 sensor connections and a com port that connects from the logger to USB to computer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sartorius Weighing Scale (1)</td>
			<td>Sartorius Corporation</td>
			<td>11209-95</td>
			<td>Sartorius Model 11209-95, Range = 65kg, Resolution = &#177;1g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infrared SalamandernCeramic Radiative Heater (1)</td>
			<td>Mor Electric Heating Assoc., Inc. http://www.morelectricheating.com/</td>
			<td>FTE 500-240</td>
			<td>5 heaters needed, adjust to ge thte right ambient/free-flow temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2104 Temperature Control System (1)</td>
			<td>Chromalox</td>
			<td>2104</td>
			<td>Controls the heaters</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infrared Temperature Sensor Regulator (1)</td>
			<td>Exergen Corporation</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Monitors the heaters temperatures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless Steel Pitot-Static Tube (1)</td>
			<td>Dwyer Instruments, Inc. http://www.dwyer-inst.com/</td>
			<td>Series 160</td>
			<td>For specifics visit http://www.dwyer-inst.com/Product/%20TestEquipment/PitotTubes/Series160. Sensor sampling frequency is every 10 minutes, must be connected to differential pressure transducer and anemometer, and convert the pressure data collected into win velocities using Bernoulli&#39;s equation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/2 inch Acrylic (1)</td>
			<td>Colorado Plastics http://www.coloradoplastics.com/</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Specific heat of 1464 J kg^-1K^-1, thermal conductivity of 0.2 W m^-1K-1, and a density of 1150 kg m_-3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Galvanized Steel Ducting Material (1)</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Material used to build wind- tunnel, and both round and rectangular ducting were used in construction and connected using square-to-round reducer duct</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Variable Speed Controller Connected to an In-Line Duct Fan (1)</td>
			<td>Suncourt, Inc. http://www.suncourt.com/</td>
			<td>VS200</td>
			<td>15.3 cm in Diameter Placed in-line with round duct</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Galvanized Steel Damper (1)</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Used to control/reduce speeds in the wind tunnel for low velocity data</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Accusand #30/40 (1)</td>
			<td>Unimin Corporation http://www.unimin.com/</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>This sand is silica sand and is 99.8% quartz, its grain shape is classified as rounded, the uniformity coefficient is approximately 1.2, and the grain density is 2.66 g/cm3.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

exploring the effects of atmospheric forcings on evaporation: experimental integration of the atmospheric boundary layer and shallow subsurface

Evaporation is directly influenced by the interactions between the atmosphere, land surface and soil subsurface. This work aims to experimentally study evaporation under various surface boundary conditions to improve our current understanding and characterization of this multiphase phenomenon as well as to validate numerical heat and mass transfer theories that couple Navier-Stokes flow in the atmosphere and Darcian flow in the porous media. Experimental data were collected using a unique soil tank apparatus interfaced with a small climate controlled wind tunnel. The experimental apparatus was instrumented with a suite of state of the art sensor technologies for the continuous and autonomous collection of soil moisture, soil thermal properties, soil and air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. This experimental apparatus can be used to generate data under well controlled boundary conditions, allowing for better control and gathering of accurate data at scales of interest not feasible in the field. Induced airflow at several distinct wind speeds over the soil surface resulted in unique behavior of heat and mass transfer during the different evaporative stages.

Formålet med forsøget præsenteres her var at undersøge virkningen af ​​vindhastigheden på fordampning fra bar jord. Vigtige egenskaber af testen anvendte jord i den foreliggende undersøgelse er opsummeret i tabel 2. En række forsøg blev udført, hvor forskellige randbetingelser i jordoverfladen (dvs., vindhastighed og temperatur) blev påført (tabel 3). Selvom fire forsøg ved forskellige vindhastigheder og temperaturer blev udført, at størstedelen af ​​ekspe...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface at JoVE.com

Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface

En protokol til design og konstruktion af en jord beholder forbundet med en lille klima kontrollerede vindtunnel for at studere virkningerne af atmosfæriske påvirkninger på fordampning præsenteres. Både jorden tank og vindtunnel er instrumenteret med sensorteknologier til kontinuerlig in situ måling af miljøforholdene.

Udforskning virkningerne af Atmosfæriske Drivkræfter på Fordampning: Eksperimentel Integration af det atmosfæriske grænselag og Shallow Subsurface

Evaporation is directly influenced by the interactions between the atmosphere, land surface and soil subsurface. This work aims to experimentally study ...

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