Name: xenopus laevis as a model to identify translation impairment
Uploaded: 2015-09-27T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment at JoVE.com

This research was supported by grant from INSERM, University of Lille 1, University of Lille 2, Regional Hospital Center of Lille (CHR de Lille). MCCH acknowledges supports from the Fondation de France and wishes to thank IRCL, Pr. Sonenberg for the gift of the V5-plasmids, Dr. Dissous (Pasteur Institute, Lille) for the gift of anti-GFP antibodies, UMS 3387 (University of Rennes) where Xenopus oocytes are purchased and Dr Taymans (JPArc, Lille) for critical reading of the manuscript text.

Alle Xenopus Experimente wurden bei der Tierhaltung der Universität Lille 1 nach den Regeln des Gemeinschaftsrahmens des Europäischen (86/609 / EWG) für Labortierversuche durchgeführt. Das Tier-Protokoll wurde von der lokalen Ethikkommission genehmigt (Comité d&#39;Ethique en Experimentieren Animale Nord-Pas-de-Calais, CEEA 07/2010). 1. Oocyte Handhabung <ol><li> Bereiten Sie die Narkoselösung: 1 g Tricainmethansulphonat Pulver in einem 1 l sterilem Wasser. </li><li> Plunge ...

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Translation ist ein Mechanismus in der Pathophysiologie von zahlreichen menschlichen Erkrankungen einschließlich mehreren neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen beteiligt. Zum Beispiel in der Parkinson-Krankheit mehrere Berichte vorgeschlagen, die Wertminderung in der Übersetzung mit erblichen Mutationen 8,12,13 verbunden. Mehrere zelluläre Modelle stehen zur Verfügung, um die Translation zu studieren. Hier wird, um die translatorische Folgen einer Mutation in eIF4G1, die als dominan...

Proteine ​​sind wesentliche Elemente des zellulären Lebens und damit zu größeren Maßstab des Organismus. Sie sorgen für die Mehrzahl von Zellfunktionen einschließlich der Struktur, Transport, Reaktionskatalyse, Regulierung der Genexpression usw. Ihre Expression ist das Ergebnis eines komplexen Mechanismus der Übersetzung für die Konvertierung einer mRNA in Protein. Die Übersetzung wird auf verschiedene Kontrollen unterzogen, sich anzupassen und die Genexpression nach den Zell Anforderungen während der Entwicklung und Differenzierung, Alterung, physiologischen Spannungen oder pathologischen Erscheinungen regulieren. Über Internal Ribosome Entry Segment (IRES) Strukturen und CAP-unabhängige Translation Enhancers (cap-abhängige, cap-unabhängig: Die Übersetzung wird in 3 Phasen (Initiation, Elongation und Termination) und präsentiert 3 Einleitung Übersetzungssysteme, um auf diese Bedürfnisse zu reagieren unterteilt CITE). Meisten eukaryotischen mRNA in einer cap-depe setztenndent Weise über die 7-Methylguanosin 5&#39;-Triphosphat Kappe, die als Erkennungsfunktion während der Proteinsynthese dient. Diese Kappe bindet an eIF4E, einer Komponente von eIF4F Komplex mit eIF4G1 und eIF4A. Mit anderen Partnern wie Poly (A) Binding Protein (PABP) verbunden sind, eIF2-GTP-Met-tRNA Met, damit diese Translationsinitiationsfaktoren, um mRNA zirkularisieren und 43S-Komplex zur Verbesserung seiner Zugänglichkeit zu Formen bis zum August Initiationscodon Anerkennung 1. Dieses Ereignis entspricht dem Ende der Translationsinitiations dh dem ersten Schritt der Übersetzung. CAP-unabhängige Translation von mRNA-Codierung für essentiellen Proteine ​​unter Stressbedingungen, die beispielsweise Zellproliferation und Apoptose induzieren. Dieser Mechanismus beinhaltet Sekundärstrukturen der mRNA-5&#39;-untranslatierten Region (UTR) bezeichnet IRES, dem Carboxy-terminalen Ende mit eIF4G1 eIF4A und dem 43S-Komplex assoziiert. Die Bindung dieser 43S vorge Einleitung complexe IRES leitet die Kappe unabhängige Translation ohne eIF4E Faktor 2,3. Schließlich ist ein weiterer Übersetzungsmechanismus noch nicht gut verstanden unterstützt diese CAP-unabhängige Translation Aktivität unter Stressbedingungen über CITE Strukturen innerhalb mRNA UTR 4 entfernt. Durch diese verschiedenen Formen der Übersetzung, die sich um ihre Initiationsschritte spielt Übersetzung eine entscheidende Rolle bei der zellulären Homöostase und jede Änderung in einer dieser Prozesse würde somit beeinflussen den Organismus mit kleinen bis großen Skaleneffekten. In der Tat ist die Einleitung einer geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Schritt über die richtigen Übersetzungsprozesse von mRNA in Proteine ​​und damit das Ziel von zahlreichen Kontrollen und Regulierungspunkte 5. Ob es sich für die letztere oder für Komponenten dieser Prozesse, wenn man stellt sich heraus, um defekt zu sein, wird es das vorgegebene Gleichgewicht in der Zelle zu stören und so konnten pathologische bedingungen führengen. In diesem Zusammenhang haben Mutationen in Translationsfaktoren in mehreren Erkrankungen einschließlich neurodegenerativer Störungen wie `Leukoenzephalopathie mit verschwindender weißen Materie&#39; (eIF2B1-5 Untereinheit) 6, in Walcott-Rallison Syndrom (EIF2AK3 kodierenden Gen PERK) 7, potentiell in involviert Parkinson-Krankheit (eIF4G1 p.R1205H) 8. Es ist daher wichtig, um zelluläre und molekulare Studien dieser mutierten Proteine ​​durchzuführen, um das Wissen über die Entwicklung der Krankheit und dem allgemeinen Verfahren der Translationsinitiation zu erhöhen. Zur Durchführung dieser Studien ist es wichtig, um die am besten geeigneten Modellen wählen, die Konsequenzen dieser Mutationen beobachten Xenopus laevis Oozyten sind besonders gut aufgrund ihrer physiologischen und biochemischen Eigenschaften angepasst:. Physiologische Synchronizität (in der Phase G2 des Zellzyklus blockiert) , hohe Kapazität der Proteinsynthese (200-400 ng / Tag / Eizelle), hohe Anzahl von extrahierten oocytes aus demselben Tier (800-1.000 Oozyten / weiblich) und der Zellgröße (1,2-1,4 mm Durchmesser), die ihre Handhabung vereinfacht. Mikroinjektion von Xenopus-Oozyten synthetisierte mRNA leicht durchgeführt werden, um die Translation Schritte zu zerlegen. In dieser Ansicht zeigt es andere Vorteile. Angesichts der Geschwindigkeit der Meiose Progression und der Übersetzung nach der mRNA Mikroinjektion (~ 24 Stunden), Xenopus-Oozyten eine schnelle System im Vergleich zu rekonstituierten Zellsystemen (aus E. coli extrahiert, Weizenkeime oder Kaninchen-Retikulozyten ...), in der eine mRNA ist setzten mit einer reduzierten Translationsrate und mit einer niedrigeren Geschwindigkeit. So werden die Auswirkungen einer Mutation in einer mRNA eingeführt schnell beobachtbar und einfach in verschiedenen Oozyten untersucht werden. Ein weiterer Vorteil des Xenopus-Oozyten, dass mütterliche mRNAs sind latent und Proteintranslation vor Progesteron Stimulation blockiert. Zugabe von Progesteron ist ein geeignetes Mittel zur Steuerung des Übersetzungs Induktion. Cytoplasmic polyadenylation nicht während der Oogenese auftreten. Es beginnt bei der Eizellreifung in Progesteron-stimulierten Eizellen in einer zeitlichen Reihenfolge und setzt sich während der frühen Entwicklung und könnte verwendet werden, um die verschiedenen Schritte der Übersetzung zu untersuchen. Die Polyadenylierung mos mRNA ist unter den ersten, auftreten, und es gehört mit Aurora A / Eg2, histonähnlichen B4 mRNA zur Klasse der &quot;frühen Reifung&quot; Gene als in Charlesworth et al definiert. (2004) 9. Die Translations Induktion der &quot;späten&quot; mRNA wie Cyclin A1 und Cyclin B1 tritt um die Zeit der Keimbläschen Aufteilung (GVBD). MOS-mRNA kodiert für ein Serin / Threonin-Proteinkinase. Die Übersetzung ist von entscheidender Bedeutung, da sie die MAP-Kinase-Kaskade, die indirekt aktiviert die Eizellreifung induziert. Zwar in Reaktion auf Progesteron, Polyadenylierung mos-mRNA wird durch ein Verfahren mit Aurora A / Eg2 regulatorische Proteine ​​und andere RNA-Bindungsproteine ​​mit verbesserten the 3&#39;UTR mos-mRNA. Diese erhöhte Polyadenylierung mos-mRNA führt zu einer Erhöhung des MOS Proteinebene, die wiederum aktiviert MEK1. Dieser Vorgang vermittelt die Aktivierung von extrazellulären signalregulierten Kinase 2 (ERK2) (Abbildung 1). Diese Signalkaskade kann dann lösen die Reifung M-Phasen-fördernde Faktoren, einen Komplex von Cyclin B und Cdc2 Kinase gebildet und schließlich zu meiotische Wiederaufnahme. Daher in Xenopus laevis Oozyten, könnte die Untersuchung der mütterlichen mRNA wie MOS leicht verwendet werden, um ihre Translatierbarkeit mit mehreren Endpunkten ihrer effiziente Polyadenylierung der Übersetzung mehrerer MOS-Signalkomponenten, darunter auch die Bestimmung des GVBD Geschwindigkeit testen. Dieses System ist daher interessant, die ersten Folgen von Mutationen in Translationsinitiationsfaktoren ohne Einmischung von neu transkribierten mRNA oder der Transfektionseffizienz zu bewerten, Probleme oft mit eukary vorkommendeOhrzellstudien. Hier wird ein Protokoll eingesetzt, wo eine Mutante eIF4G1 mRNAs mikroinjiziert in Xenopus laevis Oozyten und die Übersetzung der mütterlichen mRNA getestet. In Gegenwart von einem Defekt in GVBD Progression, mos mRNA Polyadenylierung, die durch die Eizelle meiotischen Zellzyklus und für die nachfolgende Übersetzung der frühen und späten Klasse mRNAs essentiell für Progression ermittelt. Die Phosphorylierung Aurora A / Eg2 und ERK wird auch untersucht, um die Folge der mos deregulation.Thus bestätigen Xenopus-Oozyten, sind ein einfacher Weg, um verschiedene Schritte der mRNA-Translation zu analysieren.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Tricaine methane sulphonate</td>
			<td>Sandoz</td>
			<td>MS-222</td>
			<td rowspan="8">oocytes handling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>Moria</td>
			<td>Dumont MC40</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptomycin/penicillin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>781</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P2256</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Soybean trypsin inhibitor</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T9128</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetracyclin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T7660</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Veterinarian absorbable Vicryl thread</td>
			<td>Johnson&#38;Johson Intl</td>
			<td>JV1205</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase A</td>
			<td>Roche diagnostics</td>
			<td>10103586001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PmeI</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>R0560S</td>
			<td rowspan="14">Preparation of synthetic mRNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNAse/RNAse free H2O</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10977</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Acetate</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>6268</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Absolute ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>02854</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nano Drop</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TBE 10X</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>0032006.507</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethidium bromide 10 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15585-011</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mMESSAGE mMACHINE&#174; Kit</td>
			<td>Ambion by Life Technologies</td>
			<td>AM1344</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MOPS</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M1254</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Fluka</td>
			<td>03609</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>16500-500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formaldehyde 37%</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1.04003.1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formamide</td>
			<td>Fluka</td>
			<td>47671</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel Doc Imager</td>
			<td>Biorad</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oocyte Pipet with 100 8&#34; Glass Capillaries</td>
			<td>Drummond Scientific Company</td>
			<td>3-000-510-X</td>
			<td rowspan="4">microinjection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Replacement Glass 8&#34;</td>
			<td>Drummond Scientific Company</td>
			<td>3-000-210-G8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0,45 &#181;m filter</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SLHA025NB</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Progesterone</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P0130</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hepes</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H3375</td>
			<td rowspan="32">Western Blot</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S5886</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SDS</td>
			<td>Biorad</td>
			<td>161-0301</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A3294</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A4612</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>leupeptin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L8511</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>aprotinin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A1153</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>benzamidine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>B6506</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PMSF</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P7626</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium vanadate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S6508</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laemmli buffer</td>
			<td>Biorad</td>
			<td>161-0737</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NuPAGE Novex 4-12% Bis-Tris Protein Gels, 1.0 mm, 15 well</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>NP0323BOX</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, mini-Protean TGX</td>
			<td>Biorad</td>
			<td>456-1036 and -1096</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>horizontal semi-dry blotting system</td>
			<td>W.E.P. Compagny</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine</td>
			<td>Biorad</td>
			<td>161-0718</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-HCl</td>
			<td>Biorad</td>
			<td>161-0719</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hybond ECL Membrane</td>
			<td>Amersham Life Science</td>
			<td>10401180</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>20846-292</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ponceau Red (0,5%)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P3504</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 20</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P2287</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-GFP</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A11122</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-V5</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-58052</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-Eg2</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-27884</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-Eg2-P</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>C39D8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-ERK2</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-1647</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-ERK2-P (Tyr204)</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-7976</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-Rsk</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-231</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-mos</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-86</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-mouse horseradish peroxidase labeled secondary antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-2005</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-rabbit horseradish peroxidase labeled secondary antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-2812</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-goat horseradish peroxidase labeled secondary antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-2378</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Advanced ECL Detection System</td>
			<td>Amershan Life Science</td>
			<td>RPN2135</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS 1x</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P4417</td>
			<td rowspan="11">polyadenylation assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRIZOL (Qiazol Lysis Reagent)</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>79306</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>31998-8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropanol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>278475-1L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNeasy mini kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>74106</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RTL buffer&#160;</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>79216</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNAse free DNAse set</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>79254</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primers</td>
			<td>Eurogentec</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T4 RNA ligase 1&#160;</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M0204S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High capacity c-DNA Reverse Transcription kit</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems, Life Technologies</td>
			<td>4368813</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Taq polymerase</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10342020</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

xenopus laevis as a model to identify translation impairment

Die Proteinsynthese ist ein fundamentaler Prozess, um die Genexpression beeinflussen vielfältigen biologischen Prozesse, insbesondere die Anpassung an Umweltbedingungen. Die Initiierungsschritt, der den Zusammenbau der ribosomalen Untereinheiten auf der mRNA-Initiationscodon beteiligten Initiationsfaktor einschließlich eIF4G1 beinhaltet. Defekte in diesem geschwindigkeitsbestimmende Schritt der Translation an verschiedenen Erkrankungen verbunden. Um die möglichen Folgen eines solchen Deregulierungen studieren, Oozyten von Xenopus laevis bilden ein attraktives Modell mit hohem Grad von der Erhaltung der wesentlichen zellulären und molekularen Mechanismen mit menschlichen. Darüber hinaus soll während meiotischen Reifung Oozyten transkriptionell unterdrückt und alle notwendigen Proteine ​​aus bereits vorhandenen, maternalen mRNAs umgerechnet. Dieses preisgünstige Modell ermöglicht exogene mRNA, um perfekt mit einem effektiven Übersetzungs integriert werden. Hier ist ein Protokoll für die Bewertung der Übersetzung mit einem Faktor von Interesse (hier eIF4G1) mit stor beschriebened mütterlichen mRNA, die die ersten sind, um polyadenylierte und während Oocytenreifung als physiologischer Auslese übersetzt werden. Zuerst mRNA durch in vitro-Transkription von Plasmiden von Interesse (hier eIF4G1) synthetisiert werden in Oozyten und die Kinetik der Oocytenreifung von Keimbläschen Schlagerkennung injiziert wird bestimmt. Die untersuchten mütterlichen mRNA Ziel ist die Serin / Threonin-Proteinkinase mos. Seine Polyadenylierung und die anschließende Übersetzung zusammen mit der Expression und Phosphorylierung von Proteinen des MOS-Signalkaskade in Eizellreifung Beteiligten untersucht. Variationen des derzeitigen Protokolls zu unterbreiten Translationsfehlern werden ebenfalls vorgeschlagen, um der Allgemeinheit zu betonen. Angesichts der zunehmend Hinweise, dass aberrante Proteinsynthese kann in der Pathogenese von neurologischen Erkrankungen beteiligt sein, bietet ein solches Modell die Möglichkeit, leicht zu beurteilen diese Beeinträchtigung zu erkennen und neue Ziele.

Kinetic Reifung des Xenopus-Oozyten und die Bestimmung des Prozent Eizelle GVBD nach 24 Stunden von PG-Stimulation (2B, 2C): Um die translatorische Folgen der eIF4G1-DN Genmutationsversuch die Reaktion auf PG in Xenopus laevis Oozyten mit cRNA eIF4G1-DN mikroinjiziert wird eIF4G1-WT und auf andere Steuerbedingungen (H 2 O, GFP) verglichen. Die Kontrollen zu ermöglichen, das Auftreten von Oozyten Mikroinjektion unabhängig von der Art des eingesp...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment at JoVE.com

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Protein synthesis control occurs mainly at the translation initiation step, deficiencies in which are linked to diverse disorders. To better understand their etiology, we described here a protocol using Xenopus laevis oocytes assessing the translation of mos transcript in the presence of a mutant of translation initiation factor eIF4G1.

Xenopus laevis als Modell zur Übersetzung Impairment Identifizieren

Protein synthesis is a fundamental process to gene expression impacting diverse biological processes notably adaptation to environmental conditions. The ...

xenopus-laevis-as-a-model-to-identify-translation-impairment

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Dissection of Organizer and Animal Pole Explants from Xenopus laevis Embryos and Assembly of a Cell Adhesion Assay

This video demonstrates the technique used for preparation of organizer and animal pole explants from Xenopus laevis embryos, including the use of the eyebrow knife - a specialized dissection tool made of one's eyebrow. The protocol for assembling an adhesion assay is also given, which probes for the presence of key adhesion molecules present on the surface organizer or animal pole cells that are critical for proper development.

Präparation Organizer und Animal Pole Explantate aus Xenopus laevis Embryos und Montage eines Cell Adhesion Assay

Forschung

Biologie

Plastic Embedding and Sectioning of Xenopus laevis Embryos

Plastic sections maintain true tissue morphology in thin sections of tissue that can be immunostained with fluorescent secondary antibodies, making this method more useful than paraffin-embedded or frozen sections for many types of tissue. The method for staining, plastic embedding, and sectioning is demonstrated in this video.

Plastic Embedding und Schnitte von Xenopus laevis Embryonen

Obtaining Eggs from Xenopus laevis Females

The eggs of Xenopus laevis intact, lysed, and/or fractionated are useful for a wide variety of experiments. This protocol shows how to induce egg laying, collect and dejelly the eggs, and sort the eggs to remove any damaged eggs.

The eggs of Xenopus laevis intact, lysed, and/or fractionated are useful for a wide variety of experiments. This protocol shows how to induce egg laying, collect and dejelly the eggs, and sort the eggs to remove any damaged eggs.

Beziehen Eier von Xenopus laevis Weibchen

The eggs of Xenopus laevis intact, lysed, and/or fractionated are useful for a wide variety of experiments. This protocol shows how to induce egg laying, ...

Preparation and Fractionation of Xenopus laevis Egg Extracts

Crude and fractionated Xenopus egg extracts can be used to provide ingredients for reconstituting cellular processes for morphological and biochemical analysis. Egg lysis and differential centrifugation are used to prepare the crude extract which in turn in used to prepare fractionated extracts and light membrane preparations.

Crude and fractionated Xenopus egg extracts can be used to provide ingredients for reconstituting cellular processes for morphological and biochemical analysis. Egg lysis and differential centrifugation are used to prepare the crude extract which in turn in used to prepare fractionated extracts and light membrane preparations.

Vorbereitung und Fraktionierung von Xenopus laevis Egg Auszüge

Crude and fractionated Xenopus egg extracts can be used to provide ingredients for reconstituting cellular processes for morphological and biochemical ...

Microinjection of Xenopus Laevis Oocytes

Microinjection of Xenopus laevis oocytes followed by thin-sectioning electron microscopy (EM) is an excellent system for studying nucleocytoplasmic transport. Because of its large nucleus and high density of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), nuclear transport can be easily visualized in the Xenopus oocyte. Much insight into the mechanisms of nuclear import and export has been gained through use of this system (reviewed by Pant&eacute;, 2006). In addition, we have used microinjection of Xenopus oocytes to dissect the nuclear import pathways of several viruses that replicate in the host nucleus. 
Here we demonstrate the cytoplasmic microinjection of Xenopus oocytes with a nuclear import substrate. We also show preparation of the injected oocytes for visualization by thin-sectioning EM, including dissection, dehydration, and embedding of the oocytes into an epoxy embedding resin. Finally, we provide representative results for oocytes that have been microinjected with the capsid of the baculovirus Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) or the parvovirus Minute Virus of Mice (MVM), and discuss potential applications of the technique.

Here we demonstrate cytoplasmic microinjection of Xenopus laevis oocytes with a nuclear import substrate, as well as preparation of the injected oocytes for visualization by thin-sectioning electron microscopy.

Mikroinjektion von Xenopus laevis Oozyten

Microinjection of Xenopus laevis oocytes followed by thin-sectioning electron microscopy (EM) is an excellent system for studying nucleocytoplasmic ...

Tissue Determination Using the Animal Cap Transplant (ACT) Assay in Xenopus laevis

Many proteins play a dual role in embryonic development. Those that regulate cell fate determination in a specific tissue can also affect the development of a larger region of the embryo. This makes defining its role in a particular tissue difficult to analyze. For example, noggin overexpression in Xenopus laevis embryos causes the expansion of the entire anterior region, including the eye1,2. From this result, it is not known if Noggin plays a direct role in eye determination or that by causing an expansion of neural tissue, Noggin indirectly affects eye formation. Having this complex phenotype makes studying its eye-specific role in cell fate determination difficult to analyze. We have developed an assay that overcomes this problem. Taking advantage of the pluripotent nature of the Xenopus laevis animal cap 3, we have developed an assay to test the ability of gene product(s), like noggin or the eye field transcription factors (EFTFs), to transform caps into particular tissue or cell types by transplanting this tissue onto the side of the embryo 4. While we have found either Noggin protein treatment or a collection of transcription factors can determine retinal cell fate in animal caps, this procedure could be used to identify gene product(s) involved in specifying other tissues as well.

Tissue Determination Using the Animal Cap Transplant ACT Assay in Xenopus laevis

Animal caps overexpressing gene product(s) are transplanted to the flank of developing Xenopus laevis embryos in order to establish whether tissue is determined.

Tissue Bestimmung mit dem Tier Cap Transplant (ACT) Assay in Xenopus laevis</em

Many proteins play a dual role in embryonic development. Those that regulate cell fate determination in a specific tissue can also affect the development ...

Live-cell Imaging and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Epithelial Cells in Xenopus laevis

Embryonic epithelial cells serve as an ideal model to study morphogenesis where multi-cellular tissues undergo changes in their geometry, such as changes in cell surface area and cell height, and where cells undergo mitosis and migrate. Furthermore, epithelial cells can also regulate morphogenetic movements in adjacent tissues1. A traditional method to study epithelial cells and tissues involve chemical fixation and histological methods to determine cell morphology or localization of particular proteins of interest. These approaches continue to be useful and provide "snapshots" of cell shapes and tissue architecture, however, much remains to be understood about how cells acquire specific shapes, how various proteins move or localize to specific positions, and what paths cells follow toward their final differentiated fate. High resolution live imaging complements traditional methods and also allows more direct investigation into the dynamic cellular processes involved in the formation, maintenance, and morphogenesis of multicellular epithelial sheets. Here we demonstrate experimental methods from the isolation of animal cap tissues from Xenopus laevis embryos to confocal imaging of epithelial cells and simple measurement approaches that together can augment molecular and cellular studies of epithelial morphogenesis.

Live-cell Imaging and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Epithelial Cells in Xenopus laevis

Xenopus embryonic epithelia are an ideal model system to study cell behaviors such as polarity development and shape change during epithelial morphogenesis. Traditional histology of fixed samples is increasingly being complemented by live-cell confocal imaging. Here we demonstrate methods to isolate frog tissues and visualize live epithelial cells and their cytoskeleton using live-cell confocal microscopy.

Live-Cell-Imaging und Quantitative Analyse der embryonalen Epithelzellen in Xenopus laevis</em

Embryonic epithelial cells serve as an ideal model to study morphogenesis where multi-cellular tissues undergo changes in their geometry, such as changes ...

Production of Xenopus tropicalis Egg Extracts to Identify Microtubule-associated RNAs

Many organisms localize mRNAs to specific subcellular destinations to spatially and temporally control gene expression. Recent studies have demonstrated that the majority of the transcriptome is localized to a nonrandom position in cells and embryos. One approach to identify localized mRNAs is to biochemically purify a cellular structure of interest and to identify all associated transcripts. Using recently developed high-throughput sequencing technologies it is now straightforward to identify all RNAs associated with a subcellular structure. To facilitate transcript identification it is necessary to work with an organism with a fully sequenced genome. One attractive system for the biochemical purification of subcellular structures are egg extracts produced from the frog Xenopus laevis. However, X. laevis currently does not have a fully sequenced genome, which hampers transcript identification. In this article we describe a method to produce egg extracts from a related frog, X. tropicalis, that has a fully sequenced genome. We provide details for microtubule polymerization, purification and transcript isolation. While this article describes a specific method for identification of microtubule-associated transcripts, we believe that it will be easily applied to other subcellular structures and will provide a powerful method for identification of localized RNAs.

Production of Xenopus tropicalis Egg Extracts to Identify Microtubule-associated RNAs

We describe the collection of unfertilized Xenopus tropicalis eggs and production of a meiosis II-arrested egg extract. This egg extract can be used to purify microtubules and microtubule-associated RNAs.

Produktion von<em&gt; Xenopus tropicalis</em&gt; Egg Extrakte Mikrotubuli-assoziierten RNAs identifizieren

Many  organisms localize mRNAs to specific subcellular destinations to spatially and  temporally control gene expression. Recent studies have demonstrated ...

Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos

Craniofacial birth defects occur in 1 out of every 700 live births, but etiology is rarely known due to limited understanding of craniofacial development. To identify where signaling pathways and tissues act during patterning of the developing face, a 'face transplant' technique has been developed in embryos of the frog Xenopus laevis. A region of presumptive facial tissue (the "Extreme Anterior Domain" (EAD)) is removed from a donor embryo at tailbud stage, and transplanted to a host embryo of the same stage, from which the equivalent region has been removed. This can be used to generate a chimeric face where the host or donor tissue has a loss or gain of function in a gene, and/or includes a lineage label. After healing, the outcome of development is monitored, and indicates roles of the signaling pathway within the donor or surrounding host tissues. Xenopus is a valuable model for face development, as the facial region is large and readily accessible for micromanipulation. Many embryos can be assayed, over a short time period since development occurs rapidly. Findings in the frog are relevant to human development, since craniofacial processes appear conserved between Xenopus and mammals.

Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos

A technique for transplanting "Extreme Anterior Domain" facial tissue between Xenopus laevis embryos has been developed. Tissue can be moved from one gene expression background into another, allowing the study of local requirements for craniofacial development and for signaling interactions between facial regions.

Gesichtstransplantation in<em&gt; Xenopus laevis</em&gt; Embryonen

Craniofacial birth defects occur in 1 out of every 700 live births, but etiology is rarely known due to limited understanding of craniofacial development. ...

Using plusTipTracker Software to Measure Microtubule Dynamics in Xenopus laevis Growth Cones

Microtubule (MT) plus-end-tracking proteins (+TIPs) localize to the growing plus-ends of MTs and regulate MT dynamics1,2. One of the most well-known and widely-utilized +TIPs for analyzing MT dynamics is the End-Binding protein, EB1, which binds all growing MT plus-ends, and thus, is a marker for MT polymerization1. Many studies of EB1 behavior within growth cones have used time-consuming and biased computer-assisted, hand-tracking methods to analyze individual MTs1-3. Our approach is to quantify global parameters of MT dynamics using the software package, plusTipTracker4, following the acquisition of high-resolution, live images of tagged EB1 in cultured embryonic growth cones5. This software is a MATLAB-based, open-source, user-friendly package that combines automated detection, tracking, visualization, and analysis for movies of fluorescently-labeled +TIPs. Here, we present the protocol for using plusTipTracker for the analysis of fluorescently-labeled +TIP comets in cultured Xenopus laevis growth cones. However, this software can also be used to characterize MT dynamics in various cell types6-8.

Using plusTipTracker Software to Measure Microtubule Dynamics in Xenopus laevis Growth Cones

The MATLAB-based, open source software package, plusTipTracker, can be used to analyze image series of fluorescently-labeled +TIPs to quantify microtubule dynamics.

Verwendung plusTipTracker Software zum Messen in die Dynamik der Mikrotubuli<em&gt; Xenopus laevis</em&gt; Wachstumskegel

Microtubule (MT) plus-end-tracking proteins (+TIPs) localize to the growing plus-ends of MTs and regulate MT dynamics1,2. One of the most well-known and ...