Name: in vivo assessment of rodent plasmodium parasitemia and merozoite invasion by flow cytometry
Uploaded: 2015-04-05T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Assessment of Rodent Plasmodium Parasitemia and Merozoite Invasion by Flow Cytometry at JoVE.com

私たちは、国立保健医療研究評議会（APP605524、490037と1047082を付与）、オーストラリア研究会議（DP12010061を付与）、オーストラリア国立共同研究インフラ戦略とイノベーション省から教育投資ファンド、産業界からの支援に資金を提供しアクノリッジ、科学·研究。 PMLは、オーストラリアの大学院賞を受賞です。

すべての手順は、マッコーリー大学の方針に従って行われ、国立保健医療研究評議会（NHMRC）練習のオーストラリアのコードに適合​​した。仕事はなしARAが2012/017承認されておらず、マッコーリー大学の動物倫理委員会から得た同意の倫理で行った。特に明記しない限り、全ての実験は、SJL / Jマウスで行った。 1.マウスおよび実験マラリア感染<ol><li> 12：12時間の明暗サイクルで制御...

<ol>
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我々は、in vivoでのサンプルの両方寄生虫およびメロゾイトの侵入を測定するための方法を記載している。寄生虫血の測定に関しては、この方法は、それによって偽陽性事象の数を減少させる、PRBCを区別することができるHJ-赤血球における以前の方法10-13に優る利点を提供する。 HJ-RBCは、ヒトでは通常まれですが、いくつかの研究では、これらの細胞とげっ歯類寄生虫の正確な...

The clinical symptoms associated with malaria occur during the Plasmodium parasite&#8217;s asexual replicative cycle within red blood cells (RBCs). Merozoites, released during the liver stage of infection, quickly attach to and invade RBCs. After gaining entry into the cell, the parasite grows and matures, eventually undergoing schizogony, splitting open the cell, and releasing a cluster of newly formed merozoites which go on to repeat this cycle. As such, an assessment of malaria infection often involves monitoring both parasitemia, which is the percentage of RBCs appropriated by one or more parasites, and the rate of merozoite invasion into uninfected RBCs. 
Flow cytometry is a powerful tool which can be used to record the properties of vast numbers of cells in a short period of time. This technique has clear applicability for the measurement of malaria parasitemia and invasion, and offers several advantages over traditional microscopy techniques. These include the accurate measurement of very low parasitemia, which would be prohibitively time consuming by microscopy, the unbiased nature of the measurement, and the ability to measure multiple cell parameters simultaneously. Flow cytometry is widely used to determine both parasitemia and merozoite invasion in in vitro culture1-9, however, techniques for measuring these parameters in vivo are less well developed, and can be complicated by the presence of additional cell types which interfere with analysis. No assays have been described for measurement of in vivo invasion, and while some assays exist for the analysis of in vivo parasitemia, these lack the ability to distinguish between parasitized RBCs (pRBCs) and RBCs containing Howell-Jolly bodies (HJ-RBCs)10-13. The later issue is particularly important as in mice HJ-RBCs may account for up to 0.9% of mature RBCs14-16, thereby preventing the accurate measurement of low parasitemia. 
We have previously demonstrated an approach for the measurement of parasitemia and merozoite invasion in a rodent model of malaria infection14. Here, we provide a more detailed protocol and accompanying video. This approach builds on previous methodologies and allows for the accurate identification of parasitized RBCs, as distinct from leukocytes, RBC progenitors, and HJ-RBCs. Additionally, this assay allows the simultaneous measurement of merozoite invasion into two labeled RBC populations, a treated, or target, population, and a control population, thereby providing a robust platform for the assessment of invasion into different cell types.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>bisBenzimide H 33342 trihydrochloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>B2261</td>
			<td>Hoechst 33342. Store a 4mM stock solution at -20 &#176;C in distilled water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst 34580</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>63493</td>
			<td>Store a 2mM stock solution at -20 &#176;C in distilled water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>JC-1 Dye</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>T-3168</td>
			<td>Store small aliquots of 6mM stock solution at -20 &#176;C in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Mouse CD45 APC-eFluor 780</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>47-0451-80</td>
			<td>Clone 30-F11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Mouse CD71 PerCP-eFluor 710</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>46-0711-80</td>
			<td>Clone R17217</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Atto 633 NHS ester</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>1464</td>
			<td>Atto 633-NHS. Store a 2mg/ml stock solution at -20 &#176;C in DMF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EZ-Link Sulfo-NHS-LC-Biotin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>21335</td>
			<td>Biotin-NHS. Store a 25mg/ml stock solution at -20 &#176;C in DMF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptavidin PE-Cyanine7</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>25-4317-82</td>
			<td>Streptavidin PE-Cy7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H478</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35&#181;M filter cap tubes</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>352235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow cytometer: BD LSRFortessa</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow cytometer: BD FACSAria II</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow cytometer: BD Influx</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow cytometer: CyAn ADP Analyzer</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vivo assessment of rodent plasmodium parasitemia and merozoite invasion by flow cytometry

During blood stage infection, malaria parasites invade, mature, and replicate within red blood cells (RBCs). This results in a regular growth cycle and an exponential increase in the proportion of malaria infected RBCs, known as parasitemia. We describe a flow cytometry based protocol which utilizes a combination of the DNA dye Hoechst, and the mitochondrial membrane potential dye, JC-1, to identify RBCs which contain parasites and therefore the parasitemia, of in vivo blood samples from Plasmodium chabaudi adami DS infected mice. Using this approach, in combination with fluorescently conjugated antibodies, parasitized RBCs can be distinguished from leukocytes, RBC progenitors, and RBCs containing Howell-Jolly bodies (HJ-RBCs), with a limit of detection of 0.007% parasitemia. Additionally, we outline a method for the comparative assessment of merozoite invasion into two different RBC populations. In this assay RBCs, labeled with two distinct compounds identifiable by flow cytometry, are transfused into infected mice. The relative rate of invasion into the two populations can then be assessed by flow cytometry based on the proportion of parasitized RBCs in each population over time. This combined approach allows the accurate measurement of both parasitemia and merozoite invasion in an in vivo model of malaria infection.

寄生虫の測定。 寄生虫血の測定のために、血液細胞が最初に選択されるべきであり、ノイズ、破片および血小板は、FSC / SSCの特性（ 図2A）に基づいて、除外した。使用するフローサイトメーターに応じて、単一の細胞を、次いで、面積比（ 図2C）のいずれかでトリガーパルス幅（ 図2B）、またはFSCピーク高さに基づいて選択されるべ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Assessment of Rodent Plasmodium Parasitemia and Merozoite Invasion by Flow Cytometry at JoVE.com

In Vivo Assessment of Rodent Plasmodium Parasitemia and Merozoite Invasion by Flow Cytometry

マラリア原虫が侵入し、赤血球内で複製する。メロゾイトの侵入および寄生虫の正確な評価は、マラリア感染の経過を評価するので、非常に重要です。ここでは、マラリアのマウスモデルにおいて、これらのパラメータを測定するためのフローサイトメトリーベースのプロトコルを説明する。

フローサイトメトリーによるげっ歯類マラリア原虫のin vivo評価とメロゾイト侵略で

During blood stage infection, malaria parasites invade, mature, and replicate within red blood cells (RBCs). This results in a regular growth cycle and an ...

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JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

In Vivo Assessment of Rodent Plasmodium Parasitemia and Merozoite Invasion by Flow Cytometry

Measuring Calpain Activity in Fixed and Living Cells by Flow Cytometry

フローサイトメトリーで固定し、生細胞におけるカルパイン活性の測定

Calpains are ubiquitous intracellular, calcium-sensitive, neutral cysteine proteases 1. Calpains play crucial roles in many physiological processes, ...

Quantitative Assessment of Immune Cells in the Injured Spinal Cord Tissue by Flow Cytometry:  a Novel Use for a Cell Purification Method

フローサイトメトリーによって負傷した脊髄組織における免疫細胞の定量的評価：セルの精製方法のための新しい使用法

Detection of immune cells in the injured central nervous system (CNS) using morphological or histological techniques has not always provided true ...

Human In Vitro Suppression as Screening Tool for the Recognition of an Early State of Immune Imbalance

Human In Vitro Suppression as Screening Tool for the Recognition of an Early State of Immune Imbalance

ヒトのインビトロ</em免疫バランスの初期状態の認識のためのスクリーニングツールとして>抑制

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical mediators of immune tolerance to self-antigens. In addition, they are crucial regulators of the immune response ...

Examination of Thymic Positive and Negative Selection by Flow Cytometry

フローサイトメトリーによる胸腺正と負の選択の検討

A healthy immune system requires that T cells respond to foreign  antigens while remaining tolerant to self-antigens. Random rearrangement of the  T cell ...

Phenotypic Characterization of Macrophages from Rat Kidney by Flow Cytometry

フローサイトメトリーによるラットの腎臓からのマクロファージの表現型の特徴

There is increasing evidence suggesting the important role of inflammation and, subsequently, macrophages in the development and progression of renal ...

Assessing Retinal Microglial Phagocytic Function In Vivo Using a Flow Cytometry-based Assay

Assessing Retinal Microglial Phagocytic Function In Vivo Using a Flow Cytometry-based Assay

網膜ミクログリアの貪食機能を評価します<em&gt;インビボ</em&gt;フローサイトメトリーベースのアッセイを使用しました

Microglia are the tissue resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) and they perform a variety of functions that support CNS homeostasis, ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Particle-bound Bet v 1 Allergen in PM10

PM10における粒子結合のBet V 1アレルゲンのフローサイトメトリー分析

Flow cytometry is a method widely used to quantify suspended solids such as cells or bacteria in a size range from 0.5 to several tens of micrometers in ...

Isolation and In Vitro Culture of Murine and Human Alveolar Macrophages

Isolation and In Vitro Culture of Murine and Human Alveolar Macrophages

離とマウスとヒトの肺胞マクロファージの体外培養

Alveolar macrophages are terminally differentiated, lung-resident macrophages of prenatal origin. Alveolar macrophages are unique in their long life and ...

Characterization of Human Monocyte Subsets by Whole Blood Flow Cytometry Analysis

全血によって人間の Monocyte のサブセットの解析フローのフローサイトメトリー解析

Monocytes are key contributors in various inflammatory disorders and alterations to these cells, including their subset proportions and functions, can ...

Discrimination of Seven Immune Cell Subsets by Two-fluorochrome Flow Cytometry

7 免疫細胞サブセット 2 螢光色素の差別フローサイトメトリー

Immune cell characterization heavily relies on multicolor flow cytometry to identify subpopulations based on differential expression of surface markers. ...