Name: simultaneous ex vivo functional testing of two retinas by in vivo electroretinogram system
Uploaded: 2015-05-06T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System at JoVE.com

Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto da NIH sovvenzioni EY019312 e EY021126 (vjk), EY002687 al Dipartimento di Oftalmologia e Scienze Visive presso la Washington University, e da Research per prevenire la cecità.

Tutti i protocolli sperimentali sono stati in conformità con la guida per la cura e l&#39;uso di animali da laboratorio e sono stati approvati dal Comitato istituzionale Animal Studies presso la Washington University. 1. Impostazione perfusione e Campione di laboratorio <ol><li> Preparare la soluzione per perfusione retina fresco il giorno dell&#39;esperimento. Utilizzare acqua distillata e deionizzata. Utilizzare una delle seguenti tre soluzioni. <ol><li> Preparare Bicarbonato contenenti...

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<html> Dimostriamo qui i passaggi critici per l&#39;ottenimento di alta qualità ex registrazioni vivo ERG contemporaneamente da due retine isolate del mouse utilizzando componenti in vivo del sistema ERG insieme ad un ex vivo adattatore ERG. In questo studio abbiamo perfusione entrambe le retine da animali con la stessa soluzione (sia Ames &#39;, Locke o Ringer), ma è anche possibile perfusione ogni retina con una soluzione diversa per esempio, a scopo di test di droga. I pa...

Elettroretinogramma (ERG) è una tecnica ben consolidata che può essere utilizzato per registrare l&#39;attività elettrica della retina innescata dalla luce. Il segnale ERG è generato principalmente dalle variazioni di tensione causate da correnti radiali (lungo l&#39;asse dei fotorecettori e cellule bipolari) scorre nello spazio extracellulare resistivo della retina. Il primo segnale ERG è stato registrato nel 1865 dal Holmgren dalla superficie di un occhio di pesce 1. Einthoven e Jolly 1908 2 diviso la risposta ERG all&#39;insorgenza di luce in tre differenti onde, denominato a-, b-, e c-onde, che sono ormai noti per riflettere principalmente l&#39;attività dei fotorecettori, cellule bipolari ON, e dell&#39;epitelio pigmentato cellule, rispettivamente 3-8. ERG può essere registrato dagli occhi di animali o esseri umani (in vivo) anestetizzati, dalla preparazione isolato occhio 9, attraverso isolato retina intatto (ex vivo) 3,10-15 o attraverso strati della retina specifici con i microelettrodi (localeERG) 4,16. Di questi, in vivo ERG è attualmente il metodo più usato per valutare la funzione della retina. Si tratta di una tecnica non invasiva che può essere usato per scopi diagnostici o per seguire la progressione di malattie retiniche negli animali o pazienti. Tuttavia, in vivo registrazioni ERG producono un segnale complicato con diversi componenti sovrapposti, spesso contaminato da rumore extraocular fisiologico (ad esempio, la respirazione e l&#39;attività cardiaca). ERG locale può essere utilizzato per registrare il segnale attraverso strati specifici della retina ma è il più invasivo e ha il segnale-rumore più basso (SNR) rispetto alle altre configurazioni di registrazione ERG. ERG locale è anche tecnicamente impegnativo e richiede costose attrezzature (ad esempio, microscopio e micromanipolatori). Transretinal ERG dal intatto, isolato retina (ex vivo ERG) offre un compromesso tra in vivo e metodi ERG locali permettendo stabile e high SNR registrazioni da retine intatte di animali o esseri umani 17. Recentemente, questo metodo è stato utilizzato con successo per studiare l&#39;asta e cono fotorecettori funzione in mammiferi, primati e umani retine 18-20. In aggiunta, a causa dell&#39;assenza di dell&#39;epitelio pigmentato in ex vivo retina, il componente c-onda positiva del segnale ERG viene rimosso e un componente importante negativo lento PIII è rivelato nelle ex vivo registrazioni. Il componente lenta PIII è stato dimostrato che provengono dalla attività delle cellule glia Müller nella retina 21-23. Così, ex vivo metodo ERG potrebbe essere utilizzato anche per studiare le cellule Müller nella retina intatto. Diversi studi hanno anche dimostrato che ex vivo registrazioni ERG potrebbero essere utilizzati per misurare la concentrazione di agenti farmacologici in giro per la retina 24 e testare la sicurezza e l&#39;efficacia dei farmaci 25-27. Commerciale multipla sistemi in vivo sono disponibili eutilizzato in molti laboratori che non hanno necessariamente vasta elettrofisiologia sfondo. Al contrario, ex vivo dispositivi non sono stati disponibili fino a poco 17 e come risultato solo pochi laboratori sono attualmente in corso vantaggio di questa tecnica potente. Sarebbe utile per effettuare registrazioni ex vivo ERG disponibile per più laboratori per far avanzare le nostre conoscenze sulla fisiologia della retina e la patologia, e di sviluppare nuove terapie per le malattie accecante. Dimostriamo qui un dispositivo semplice ed economico ex vivo ERG 17 e mostriamo come può essere utilizzato in combinazione con diversi sistemi disponibili in commercio in vivo ERG per registrare la segnalazione Rod- e cono-mediata (a- e b-onde) e la funzione di cellule Müller (lenta PIII) da intatte retine di topo wild-type.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>In vivo ERG system</td>
			<td>OcuScience</td>
			<td>HMsERG</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.ocuscience.us/id77.html">www.ocuscience.us/id77.html</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>In vivo ERG system</td>
			<td>LKC Technologies</td>
			<td>UTAS-E 3000</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.lkc.com/products/UTAS/bigshot.html">www.lkc.com/products/UTAS/bigshot.html</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ex vivo adapter</td>
			<td>OcuScience</td>
			<td>Ex VIVO ERG adapter</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.ocuscience.us/id107.html">www.ocuscience.us/id107.html</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection microscope</td>
			<td>North Central Instruments</td>
			<td>Leica M80</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.ncimicro.com/store/ListProduct.asp?bSub=T&amp;idCategory=27">May use any brand</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IR emitter</td>
			<td>Opto Diode Corp.</td>
			<td>OD-50L</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.optodiode.com/">www.optodiode.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prowler Night Vision Scopes</td>
			<td>B.E. Meyers Electro Optics</td>
			<td>D4300-I</td>
			<td>Military grade product.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red filter</td>
			<td>Rosco Laboratories</td>
			<td>Roscolux #27 Medium Red</td>
			<td>May be used instead of IR system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red head light</td>
			<td>OcuScience</td>
			<td>ERGX011</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.ocuscience.us/catalog/i29.html">www.ocuscience.us/catalog/i29.html</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscissors</td>
			<td>WPI, Inc.</td>
			<td>500086</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.wpiinc.com/">www.wpiinc.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont tweezers #5</td>
			<td>WPI, Inc.</td>
			<td>14101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Razor blades</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>72000</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.emsdiasum.com/">www.emsdiasum.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scale</td>
			<td>Metler Toledo</td>
			<td>AB54-S/FACT</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/">May use any brand</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pH meter and electrode</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>pHI 350</td>
			<td>May use any brand</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S7653</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/">May use any brand</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>60129</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/">May use any brand</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>63020</td>
			<td>1.0 M solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>21114</td>
			<td>1.0 M solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>431788</td>
			<td>May use any brand</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3375</td>
			<td>May use any brand</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S6297</td>
			<td>May use any brand</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ames medium</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A1420</td>
			<td>May use any brand</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BaCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>B0750</td>
			<td>May use any brand</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DL-AP4</td>
			<td>Tocris Bioscience</td>
			<td>101</td>
			<td>May use any brand</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Succinic acid disodium salt</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>224731</td>
			<td>May use any brand</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G2834</td>
			<td>May use any brand</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-(+)-Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7528</td>
			<td>May use any brand</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leibovitz culture medium L-15</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L4386</td>
			<td>May use any brand</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM vitamins</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M6895</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM amino acids</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M5550</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbogen</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>UN3156</td>
			<td>5% CO2</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

simultaneous ex vivo functional testing of two retinas by in vivo electroretinogram system

An In vivo electroretinogram (ERG) signal is composed of several overlapping components originating from different retinal cell types, as well as noise from extra-retinal sources. Ex vivo ERG provides an efficient method to dissect the function of retinal cells directly from an intact isolated retina of animals or donor eyes. In addition, ex vivo ERG can be used to test the efficacy and safety of potential therapeutic agents on retina tissue from animals or humans. We show here how commercially available in vivo ERG systems can be used to conduct ex vivo ERG recordings from isolated mouse retinas. We combine the light stimulation, electronic and heating units of a standard in vivo system with custom-designed specimen holder, gravity-controlled perfusion system and electromagnetic noise shielding to record low-noise ex vivo ERG signals simultaneously from two retinas with the acquisition software included in commercial in vivo systems. Further, we demonstrate how to use this method in combination with pharmacological treatments that remove specific ERG components in order to dissect the function of certain retinal cell types.

Abbiamo registrato risposte flash di tipo selvaggio adattata al buio (WT) C57BL / 6 retine topo seguendo i protocolli sperimentali sopra descritte ed illustrate in figura 1 utilizzando diverse soluzioni standard di perfusione (Figura 2). Le forme d&#39;onda di risposta e la cinetica e sensibilità bastoncelli apparsi simili in Ames &#39;e mezzi di Locke (Figura 2A e B). D&#39;altra parte, in soluzione di Ringer HEPES-buffered (senza bicarbonato o 5% CO ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System at JoVE.com

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

Ex vivo ERG can be used to record electrical activity of retinal cells directly from isolated intact retinas of animals or humans. We demonstrate here how common in vivo ERG systems can be adapted for ex vivo ERG recordings in order to dissect the electrical activity of retinal cells.

Simultaneo<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Test funzionale di due retine per<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Sistema Elettroretinogramma

An In vivo electroretinogram (ERG) signal is composed of several overlapping components originating from different retinal cell types, as well as noise ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

Trasfezione delle cellule gangliari della retina di topo In vivo Elettroporazione

The targeting and refinement of RGC projections to the midbrain is a popular and powerful model system for studying how precise patterns of neural ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

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Neuroimaging funzionale con l&#39;impiego dell&#39;ecografia emato-encefalica e la barriera di Turbativa del Manganese-enhanced MRI

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains ...

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Multiple processes are involved in gene expression including transcription, translation and stability of mRNAs and proteins. Each of these steps are ...

Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intact Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory Bulb

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Ex Vivo preparati della lampadina vomeronasale Organo e accessori olfattivo intatto

The mouse accessory olfactory system (AOS) is a specialized sensory pathway for detecting nonvolatile social odors, pheromones, and kairomones. The first ...

Simultaneous Two-photon In Vivo Imaging of Synaptic Inputs and Postsynaptic Targets in the Mouse Retrosplenial Cortex

Simultaneous Two-photon In Vivo Imaging of Synaptic Inputs and Postsynaptic Targets in the Mouse Retrosplenial Cortex

Simultanea a due fotoni<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Imaging di Synaptic ingressi e degli obiettivi postsinaptici nella corteccia mouse retrosplenial

This video shows the craniotomy procedure that allows chronic imaging of neurons in the mouse retrosplenial cortex (RSC) using in vivo two-photon ...

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Optogenetic approaches are now widely used to study the function of neural populations and circuits by combining targeted expression of light-activated ...

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In Vivo Due-fotone Imaging dei neuroni corticali in topi neonatali

Two-photon imaging is a powerful tool for the in vivo analysis of neuronal circuits in the mammalian brain. However, a limited number of in vivo imaging ...

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From subtle behavioral alterations to late-stage dementia, vascular cognitive impairment typically develops following cerebral ischemia. Stroke and ...

Transpupillary Two-Photon In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Retina

Transpupillare Due fotoni In vivo Imaging della retina del topo

The retina transforms light signals from the environment into electrical signals that are propagated to the brain. Diseases of the retina are prevalent ...

Optimizing the Setup and Conditions for Ex Vivo Electroretinogram to Study Retina Function in Small and Large Eyes

Optimizing the Setup and Conditions for Ex Vivo Electroretinogram to Study Retina Function in Small and Large Eyes

Ottimizzazione della configurazione e delle condizioni per l'elettroretinogramma ex vivo per studiare la funzione della retina in occhi piccoli e grandi

Measurements of retinal neuronal light responses are critical to investigating the physiology of the healthy retina, determining pathological changes in ...