Name: generation of local ca1 &#947; oscillations by tetanic stimulation
Uploaded: 2015-08-14T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Local CA1 ÃŽÂ³ Oscillations by Tetanic Stimulation at JoVE.com

Supported by APA to RJH, NHMRC program grant 400121 to SP, and NMHRC fellowship 1005050 to SP. CAR acknowledges the support of the ARC (FT0990628) and the DOWD fellowship scheme. The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health is supported by Victorian State Government infrastructure funds.

マウスの実験はすべてフローリー研究所動物倫理委員会によって承認されました。 脳スライスを切断するための1.セットアップ<ol><li> （MM）125コリン-Clで、2.5のKCl、0.4のCaCl 2、6のMgCl 2、1.25のNaH 2 PO 4、26 NaHCO 3で成る切削液を調製し、20 D-グルコースは、カルボゲンガス（95％O 2 -5で飽和します（MM）125のNaCl、2.5のKCl、2 CaCl...

<ol>
	<li>Buzsaki, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Theta+rhythm+of+navigation:+link+between+path+integration+and+landmark+navigation,+episodic+and+semantic+memory.">Theta rhythm of navigation: link between path integration and landmark navigation, episodic and semantic memory.</a> Hippocampus. 15 (7), 827-840 (2005).</li><li>Vanderwolf, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hippocampal+electrical+activity+and+voluntary+movement+in+the+rat.">Hippocampal electrical activity and voluntary movement in the rat.</a> Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 26 (4), 407-418 (1969).</li><li>Bartos, M., Vida, I., Jonas, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptic+mechanisms+of+synchronized+gamma+oscillations+in+inhibitory+interneuron+networks.">Synaptic mechanisms of synchronized gamma oscillations in inhibitory interneuron networks.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8 (1), 45-56 (2007).</li><li>Buzs&#225;ki, G., Wang, X. -. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+gamma+oscillations.">Mechanisms of gamma oscillations.</a> Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 35, 203-225 (2012).</li><li>Kobayashi, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+contribution+to+scalp+EEG+gamma+rhythms+associated+with+epileptic+spasms.">Cortical contribution to scalp EEG gamma rhythms associated with epileptic spasms.</a> Brain Dev. 35 (8), 762-770 (2013).</li><li>Andreou, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+Resting-State+Gamma-Band+Connectivity+in+First-Episode+Schizophrenia.">Increased Resting-State Gamma-Band Connectivity in First-Episode Schizophrenia.</a> Schizophr Bull. , (2014).</li><li>Alarcon, G., Binnie, C. D., Elwes, R. D., Polkey, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Power+spectrum+and+intracranial+EEG+patterns+at+seizure+onset+in+partial+epilepsy.">Power spectrum and intracranial EEG patterns at seizure onset in partial epilepsy.</a> Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 94 (5), 326-337 (1995).</li><li>Fisher, R. S., Webber, W. R., Lesser, R. P., Arroyo, S., Uematsu, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-frequency+EEG+activity+at+the+start+of+seizures.">High-frequency EEG activity at the start of seizures.</a> J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 9 (3), 441-448 (1992).</li><li>Kwan, P., Brodie, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+identification+of+refractory+epilepsy.">Early identification of refractory epilepsy.</a> N. Engl. J. Med. 342 (5), 314-319 (2000).</li><li>Traub, R. D., Kopell, N., Bibbig, A., Buhl, E. H., LeBeau, F. E., Whittington, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gap+junctions+between+interneuron+dendrites+can+enhance+synchrony+of+gamma+oscillations+in+distributed+networks.">Gap junctions between interneuron dendrites can enhance synchrony of gamma oscillations in distributed networks.</a> J. Neurosci. 21 (23), 9478-9486 (2001).</li><li>Traub, R. D., Whittington, M. A., Buhl, E. H., Jefferys, J. G., Faulkner, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+mechanism+of+the+gamma+--&gt;+beta+frequency+shift+in+neuronal+oscillations+induced+in+rat+hippocampal+slices+by+tetanic+stimulation.">On the mechanism of the gamma --&gt; beta frequency shift in neuronal oscillations induced in rat hippocampal slices by tetanic stimulation.</a> J. Neurosci. 19 (3), 1088-1105 (1999).</li><li>Whittington, M. A., Stanford, I. M., Colling, S. B., Jefferys, J. G., Traub, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatiotemporal+patterns+of+gamma+frequency+oscillations+tetanically+induced+in+the+rat+hippocampal+slice.">Spatiotemporal patterns of gamma frequency oscillations tetanically induced in the rat hippocampal slice.</a> J. Physiol. 502 (3), 591-607 (1997).</li><li>Avoli, M., Panuccio, G., Herrington, R., D&#8217;Antuono, M., de Guzman, P., L&#233;vesque, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two+different+interictal+spike+patterns+anticipate+ictal+activity+in+vitro.">Two different interictal spike patterns anticipate ictal activity in vitro.</a> Neurobiol. Dis. 52, 168-176 (2013).</li><li>Boido, D., Jesuthasan, N., de Curtis, M., Uva, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Network+Dynamics+During+the+Progression+of+Seizure-Like+Events+in+the+Hippocampal-Parahippocampal+Regions.">Network Dynamics During the Progression of Seizure-Like Events in the Hippocampal-Parahippocampal Regions.</a> Cereb Cortex. 24 (1), 162-173 (2014).</li><li>Gloveli, T., Albrecht, D., Heinemann, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Properties+of+low+Mg2++induced+epileptiform+activity+in+rat+hippocampal+and+entorhinal+cortex+slices+during+adolescence.">Properties of low Mg2+ induced epileptiform activity in rat hippocampal and entorhinal cortex slices during adolescence.</a> Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 87 (2), 145-152 (1995).</li><li>McLeod, F., Ganley, R., Williams, L., Selfridge, J., Bird, A., Cobb, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduced+seizure+threshold+and+altered+network+oscillatory+properties+in+a+mouse+model+of+Rett+syndrome.">Reduced seizure threshold and altered network oscillatory properties in a mouse model of Rett syndrome.</a> Neuroscience. 231, 195-205 (2013).</li><li>Bracci, E., Vreugdenhil, M., Hack, S. P., Jefferys, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+synchronizing+mechanisms+of+tetanically+induced+hippocampal+oscillations.">On the synchronizing mechanisms of tetanically induced hippocampal oscillations.</a> J. Neurosci. 19 (18), 8104-8113 (1999).</li><li>Main, M. J., Cryan, J. E., Dupere, J. R., Cox, B., Clare, J. J., Burbidge, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+KCNQ2/3+potassium+channels+by+the+novel+anticonvulsant+retigabine.">Modulation of KCNQ2/3 potassium channels by the novel anticonvulsant retigabine.</a> Mol. Pharmacol. 58 (2), 253-262 (2000).</li><li>Wickenden, A. D., Yu, W., Zou, A., Jegla, T., Wagoner, P. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retigabine,+a+novel+anti-convulsant,+enhances+activation+of+KCNQ2/Q3+potassium+channels.">Retigabine, a novel anti-convulsant, enhances activation of KCNQ2/Q3 potassium channels.</a> Mol. Pharmacol. 58 (3), 591-600 (2000).</li><li>Otto, J. F., Kimball, M. M., Wilcox, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+the+anticonvulsant+retigabine+on+cultured+cortical+neurons:+changes+in+electroresponsive+properties+and+synaptic+transmission.">Effects of the anticonvulsant retigabine on cultured cortical neurons: changes in electroresponsive properties and synaptic transmission.</a> Mol. Pharmacol. 61 (4), 921-927 (2002).</li><li>Pomper, J. K., Graulich, J., Kovacs, R., Hoffmann, U., Gabriel, S., Heinemann, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+oxygen+tension+leads+to+acute+cell+death+in+organotypic+hippocampal+slice+cultures.">High oxygen tension leads to acute cell death in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures.</a> Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 126 (1), 109-116 (2001).</li><li>Hatch, R. J., Reid, C. A., Petrou, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+in+vitro+CA1+network+activity+in+a+sodium+channel+&#946;1(C121W)+subunit+model+of+genetic+epilepsy.">Enhanced in vitro CA1 network activity in a sodium channel &#946;1(C121W) subunit model of genetic epilepsy.</a> Epilepsia. 55 (4), 601-608 (2014).</li><li>Lord, L. -. D., Expert, P., Huckins, J. F., Turkheimer, F. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebral+energy+metabolism+and+the+brain/'s+functional+network+architecture:+an+integrative+review.">Cerebral energy metabolism and the brain/'s functional network architecture: an integrative review.</a> J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 33 (9), 1347-1354 (2013).</li><li>H&#225;jos, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maintaining+network+activity+in+submerged+hippocampal+slices:+importance+of+oxygen+supply.">Maintaining network activity in submerged hippocampal slices: importance of oxygen supply.</a> Eur. J. Neurosci. 29 (2), 319-327 (2009).</li><li>H&#225;jos, N., Mody, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishing+a+physiological+environment+for+visualized+in+vitro+brain+slice+recordings+by+increasing+oxygen+supply+and+modifying+aCSF+content.">Establishing a physiological environment for visualized in vitro brain slice recordings by increasing oxygen supply and modifying aCSF content.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 183 (2), 107-113 (2009).</li><li>Boido, D., Jesuthasan, N., de Curtis, M., Uva, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Network+Dynamics+During+the+Progression+of+Seizure-Like+Events+in+the+Hippocampal-Parahippocampal+Regions.">Network Dynamics During the Progression of Seizure-Like Events in the Hippocampal-Parahippocampal Regions.</a> Cereb Cortex. 24 (1), 163-173 (2012).</li><li>Antuono, M., K&#246;hling, R., Ricalzone, S., Gotman, J., Biagini, G., Avoli, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antiepileptic+drugs+abolish+ictal+but+not+interictal+epileptiform+discharges+in+vitro.">Antiepileptic drugs abolish ictal but not interictal epileptiform discharges in vitro.</a> Epilepsia. 51 (3), 423-431 (2010).</li><li>Stenkamp, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+temporal+stability+of+cholinergic+hippocampal+gamma+oscillations+following+respiratory+alkalosis+in+vitro.">Enhanced temporal stability of cholinergic hippocampal gamma oscillations following respiratory alkalosis in vitro.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 85 (5), 2063-2069 (2001).</li></ol>

急性脳スライスにおけるCA1のγ振動を生成するための堅牢な方法が記載されています。生成された振動が制御し、ネットワーク振動12の神経生理学的基礎を理解するためのより良い機会を可能にするローカル回路から生じます。 AMPA受容体、GABA A受容体は、I HとT型Ca 2+チャネルはすべて、このモデルにおけるγ振動のために必要とされます。ここで説明するロー...

脳のネットワーク振動が行動状態に相関異なった周波数帯域内で発生します。げっ歯類では、海馬θ振動（5から10 Hz）は、探索行動1,2の間に観察されたγ振動しながら-知覚と注意3,4を含むさまざまな認知過程、と（20〜80 Hz）と関連付けます。同期γのネットワーク活動はまた、てんかんや統合失調症5,6のような障害の病態に関与しています。例えば、γ振動が皮質てんかん焦点5,7,8の領域に対応すると考えられているとpharmacosensitivityや抵抗、てんかん研究9における調査の二つの重要な領域のマーカーとして使用することができます。 海馬脳スライスは、広くネットワーク活動10-12を調査するために使用されているモデルです。様々なプロトコルは、典型的には、I脳切片におけるγ振動を発生させるために開発されていますこのような低Mg 2+を 、4-アミノピリジン（4AP）、ビククリン、およびカイニン酸12-17としてnvolve薬理学的調節。薬理学的に引き起こさ振動の欠点は、それらが薬物適用後にランダムに発生し、確実に生成されるか、または経時的に安定していないということです。電気的γ振動は、これらの問題の多くを克服し、また時間的にエピソードの記録および分析を可能にする刺激イベントにロックされるという利点を有するトリガー。ここで、プロトコルは、海馬スライスにおける階層oriensにテタヌス刺激を提供することにより、CA1のγ振動を発生させるために記載されています。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>4-(N-Ethyl-N-phenylamino)-1,2- dimethyl-6-(methylamino) pyrimidinium chloride (ZD7288)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z3777</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biuculline</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>14340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxa- line-2,3-dione (CNQX)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C127</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nickel</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>266965</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbamazepine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C4024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(2R)-amino-5-phosphonopentano-ate (APV)</td>
			<td>Tocris Bioscience</td>
			<td>0105</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retigabine</td>
			<td>ChemPacific</td>
			<td>150812-12-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Choline-Cl</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C1879-5KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9333-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S9638-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S6297-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S7653-5KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G8270-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2.2H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>223506-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2.6H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M2670-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrode glass</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus&#160;</td>
			<td>GC150F-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Concentric bipolar stimulating metal electrode&#160;</td>
			<td>FHC</td>
			<td>CBBPF75</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital Isolator</td>
			<td>Getting Instruments</td>
			<td>Model BJN8-9V1&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Model 1800 amplifier</td>
			<td>A-M systems</td>
			<td>Model 1800 amplifier</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digitizer</td>
			<td>National Intruments</td>
			<td>NI USB-6211</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vibrotome</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>VT1200s</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of local ca1 &#947; oscillations by tetanic stimulation

神経回路網の振動は、健康と疾患における脳活動の重要な特徴であり、臨床的に使用される薬物の範囲によって調節することができます。 （ - 80ヘルツ20）プロトコルはCA1のγ振動を研究するためのモデルを生成するために設けられています。これらのγ振動は、少なくとも30分間安定しており、ペースメーカー電流の活性化に加えて、興奮性と抑制性シナプス活性に依存します。 Tetanically刺激振動は、ネットワーク状態に報告スパイク·カウント、発振期間、待ち時間および周波数を含む再現性、容易に定量化可能な特性の数を持っています。電気的に刺激振動の利点は、安定性、再現性とネットワーク機能の強固な特性評価を可能にするエピソードの取得を含みます。 CA1のγ振動のこのモデルは、細胞メカニズムを研究し、体系的疾患および薬物によって変更される方法を神経回路網の活動を調査するために使用することができます。疾患状態の薬理学を容易に特に病気のメカニズムを標的とする薬剤の選択を可能にするように遺伝的に改変された、または介入の動物モデルからの脳切片を使用して組み込むことができます。

地層oriensのテタヌス刺激は（35.4±2.2 Hz）で、堅牢で再現性のγ振動を生成し、 図3Bを参照してください。振動はCA3からの入力が屈曲32 G針を用いCA2領域のスライ​​スを切断することによって切断されたCA1ローカルネットワーク内で生成されたことを実証するために。振動が局所的に生成されていることを示し、カットスライスの振動特性は、切断されていないスライス（切断さ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Local CA1 ÃŽÂ³ Oscillations by Tetanic Stimulation at JoVE.com

Generation of Local CA1 ÃƒÅ½Ã‚Â³ Oscillations by Tetanic Stimulation

振動は、基本的なネットワークのプロパティであり、病気や薬物によって調節されます。脳スライス振動を研究することは、制御された条件下で分離されたネットワークの特徴付けを可能にします。プロトコルはCA1のγ振動を誘発するための急性脳切片の調製のために提供されます。

テタヌス刺激による局所CA1γ振動の発生

Neuronal network oscillations are important features of brain activity in health and disease and can be modulated by a range of clinically used drugs. A ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Generation of Local CA1 &#947; Oscillations by Tetanic Stimulation

A Novel Approach for Documenting Phosphenes Induced by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

経頭蓋磁気刺激による閃光を文書化するための斬新なアプローチ

Stimulation of the human visual cortex produces a transient perception of light, known as a phosphene. Phosphenes are induced by invasive electrical ...

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

デフォルトモードのネットワークを検査する経頭蓋磁気刺激とfMRIを組み合わせ

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

TMS: Using the Theta-Burst Protocol to Explore Mechanism of Plasticity in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism

TMS：脆弱X症候群と自閉症の可塑性のMechasnismを探検するシータバーストプロトコルを使用する

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS ...

The NeuroStar TMS Device: Conducting the FDA Approved Protocol for Treatment of Depression

NeuroStar TMSデバイス：うつ病の治療薬としてFDA承認されたプロトコルを実施

The Neuronetics NeuroStar Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) System is a class II medical device that produces brief duration, pulsed magnetic ...

Recording Gamma Band Oscillations in Pedunculopontine Nucleus Neurons

脚橋核ニューロンにガンマバンド振動を記録

Synaptic efferents from the PPN are known to modulate the neuronal activity of several intralaminar thalamic regions (e.g., the ...

Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

経頭蓋交流電流刺激オンライン結合による一次運動野の経頭蓋磁気刺激の効果

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific ...

Ocular Kinematics Measured by In Vitro Stimulation of the Cranial Nerves in the Turtle

Ocular Kinematics Measured by In Vitro Stimulation of the Cranial Nerves in the Turtle

カメの中で脳神経のIn Vitro刺激を用いて眼球運動

After animals are euthanized, their tissues begin to die. Turtles offer an advantage because of a longer survival time of their tissues, especially when ...

Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice

行動するマウスにおける海馬シータ振動の光同調

Extensive data on relationships of neural network oscillations to behavior and organization of neuronal discharge across brain regions call for new tools ...

Recording Spatially Restricted Oscillations in the Hippocampus of Behaving Mice

行動中マウスの海馬における振動を制限空間録音

The local field potential (LFP) emerges from ion movements across neural membranes. Since the voltage recorded by LFP electrodes reflects the summed ...

Dissection of Local Ca2+ Signals in Cultured Cells by Membrane-targeted Ca2+ Indicators

Dissection of Local Ca2+ Signals in Cultured Cells by Membrane-targeted Ca2+ Indicators

膜をターゲットとした Ca2 +インジケーターによる培養細胞のローカル Ca2 +シグナルの解剖

Calcium ion (Ca2+) is a universal intracellular messenger molecule that drives multiple signaling pathways, leading to diverse biological outputs. The ...