Name: screening foodstuffs for class 1 integrons and gene cassettes
Uploaded: 2015-06-19T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Screening Foodstuffs for Class 1 Integrons and Gene Cassettes at JoVE.com

미카엘라 홀, 라리사 스포 및 기술 지원에 대한 구스타보 타바레스에게 감사드립니다.

원시 먹거나 가볍게 조리 식품은 인간의 건강에 가장 관심사이다. 예를 들면 샐러드 야채, 과일, 어패류와 갑각류를 포함한다. 1. 샘플 컬렉션 <ol><li> 오염을 최소화 조건에서 샘플을 수집 및 전송시 별도의 청소 가방에 저장된다. 수집되면, 샘플은 4 ℃에서 보관하고 24 시간 이내에 처리해야한다. </li></ol> 2. 농축 문화 준비 <ol><li> 과일과 야채 : <ol><li> 튼?...

<ol>
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W., Gillings, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+flow,+mobile+genetic+elements+and+the+recruitment+of+antibiotic+resistance+genes+into+Gram-negative+pathogens.">Gene flow, mobile genetic elements and the recruitment of antibiotic resistance genes into Gram-negative pathogens.</a> FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 35 (5), 790-819 (2011).</li><li>Moura, A., Oliveira, C., Henriques, I., Smalla, K., Correia, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Broad+diversity+of+conjugative+plasmids+in+integron-carrying+bacteria+from+wastewater+environments.">Broad diversity of conjugative plasmids in integron-carrying bacteria from wastewater environments.</a> FEMS Microbiol. 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W., Baker-Austin, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aquatic+systems:+maintaining,+mixing+and+mobilising+antimicrobial+resistance.">Aquatic systems: maintaining, mixing and mobilising antimicrobial resistance.</a> TREE. 26 (6), 278-284 (2011).</li><li>Stalder, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+and+qualitative+impact+of+hospital+effluent+on+dissemination+of+the+integron+pool.">Quantitative and qualitative impact of hospital effluent on dissemination of the integron pool.</a> ISME J. 8, 768-777 (2014).</li><li>Allen, H. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Call+of+the+wild:+antibiotic+resistance+genes+in+natural+environments.">Call of the wild: antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments.</a> Nature Rev. Microbiol. 8, 251-259 (2010).</li><li>Wellington, E. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+the+natural+environment+in+the+emergence+of+antibiotic+resistance+in+Gram-negative+bacteria.">The role of the natural environment in the emergence of antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria.</a> Lancet Infect. Dis. 13 (2), 155-165 (2013).</li><li>Gillings, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mobilization+of+a+Tn402-like+class+1+integron+with+a+novel+cassette+array+via+flanking+miniature+inverted-repeat+transposable+element-like+structures.">Mobilization of a Tn402-like class 1 integron with a novel cassette array via flanking miniature inverted-repeat transposable element-like structures.</a> Appl. Env. Microbiol. 75 (18), 6002-6004 (2009).</li><li>Graham, D. W., Collignon, P., Davies, J., Larsson, D. J., Snape, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Underappreciated+role+of+regionally+poor+water+quality+on+globally+increasing+antibiotic+resistance.">Underappreciated role of regionally poor water quality on globally increasing antibiotic resistance.</a> Env. Sci. Technol. 48 (20), 11746-11747 (2014).</li><li>Perry, J. A., Westman, E. L., Wright, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+antibiotic+resistome:+what's+new.">The antibiotic resistome: what's new.</a> Curr. Opinion Microbiol. 21, 45-50 (2014).</li><li>Lorenz, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polymerase+chain+reaction:+basic+protocol+plus+troubleshooting+and+optimization+strategies.">Polymerase chain reaction: basic protocol plus troubleshooting and optimization strategies.</a> J. Vis. Exp. 63, e3998-e3998 (2011).</li><li>Gillings, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+Extraction+of+PCR-Competent+DNA+from+Recalcitrant+Environmental+Samples.">Rapid Extraction of PCR-Competent DNA from Recalcitrant Environmental Samples.</a> Env. Microbiol. 1096, 17-23 (2014).</li><li>Sajjad, A., Holley, M. P., Labbate, M., Stokes, H., Gillings, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preclinical+class+1+integron+with+a+complete+Tn402-like+transposition+module.">Preclinical class 1 integron with a complete Tn402-like transposition module.</a> Appl. Env. Microbiol. 77 (1), 335-337 (2011).</li><li>Wright, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibiotic+resistance+in+the+environment:+A+link+to+the+clinic.">Antibiotic resistance in the environment: A link to the clinic.</a> Curr. Opinion Microbiol. 13 (5), 589-594 (2010).</li><li>Stokes, H., Nesbo, C., Holley, M., Bahl, M., Gillings, M., Boucher, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Class+1+integrons+predating+the+association+with+Tn402.-like+transposition+genes+are+present+in+a+sediment+microbial+community.">Class 1 integrons predating the association with Tn402.-like transposition genes are present in a sediment microbial community.</a> Journal of Bacteriology. 188, 5722-5730 (2006).</li><li>Lane, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Nucleic Acid Techniques in Bacterial Systematics. , 115-175 (1991).</li><li>Holmes, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recombination+activity+of+a+distinctive+integron-gene+cassette+system+associated+with+stutzeri.+populations+in+soil.">Recombination activity of a distinctive integron-gene cassette system associated with stutzeri. populations in soil.</a> Journal of Bacteriology. 185, 918-928 (2003).</li></ol>

integrons과 연관된 유전자 카세트의 식별은 잠재적으로 새로운 기회 병원체의 출현을 예측 인간 먹이 사슬에 병원체에 대한 경로를 추적 및 식별하는 새로운 저항에 중요한 단계이며 독성이 8,21,26를 결정. 이 논문의 목적은, 클래스 1 integrons에 대한 샘플을 선별 자신의 카세트 배열을 특성화하고 상주하는 세균의 종을 식별하기위한 효율적인 방법을 설명했다. 프로토콜의 중요한 단계는 좋...

항생제의 발견은 20 세기의 가장 위대한 과학적 업적 중 하나였다. 그러나, 항생제의 사용 및 남용 항생제 내성균의 급속한 발전을 주도하고 있으며, 이들은 지금 21 세기 공중 보건에 심각한 위협. 대부분의 치료 옵션에 대한 내성 균주의 증가는 우리가 항균 약물이 더 이상 1,2 효과적 시대를 입력 할 수있는 가능성을 제기한다. 항생제 내성을 부여 유전 기계 년 3 수백만의 인간과 항생제 선택 압력을 낳은, 고대 시스템입니다. 이러한 플라스미드, 트랜스포존, 게놈 섬, 통합 공역 요소와 integrons 모바일 유전 적 요소, 내 세균 종 4 사이에 모두 항생제 내성 유전자 (ARG)를 배포 할 수 있습니다. 이들 중에서는 integrons 불구 ARG의 확산에 중요한 역할을 해왔다그들은 박테리아 게놈 5에 플라스미드 및 동원 및 삽입 트랜스포존에 의존한다는 사실. Integrons는 integron-인테그라를 이용한 유전자 카세트를 캡처하고 인코딩 integron -6,7- 프로모터 (도 1)를 이용하여 카세트를 표현한다. 유전자 Integron 카세트는 누구의 제품 항생제 나 소독제 (8)에 대한 내성을 부여 할 수 있습니다 단일 오픈 리딩 프레임 (ORF)로 구성된 소형 모바일 요소입니다. 클래스 1 integrons은 가장 일반적으로 그들이 집단적으로 (130) 다른 항생제 내성 유전자 카세트 (9)을 통해 획득 한 임상 분리 5에서 회복 integrons 있습니다. 인간 관련된 공생과 병원성 세균에 클래스 1 integrons의 확산은 이러한 유전 적 요소 (10)의 큰 숫자를 포함하는 인간의 폐기물을 생성합니다. 클래스 1 integrons를 포함 약 10 (19) 박테리아는 하수 슬러지 매년 전을 통해 출시n은 영국 (11). 그것은 항생제 저항을 부여 클래스 1 integrons 지금은 야생 조류, 물고기, 그리고 다른 나라의 야생 동물 12-14의 미생물 검출되고 있다는 것을 따라서 놀라운 일이 아니다. 새로운 유전자 카세트 및 기타 모바일 요소와 복잡한 재 배열의 인수는 특히 하수 처리장 및 기타 수역 15-18에서 계속 발생 이후 다시 환경으로 integrons을 떼면, 중요한 공중 보건 위협. 자연 환경은 새로운 저항의 결정 요인과 기회 병원균 (19, 20)를위한 비옥 한 모집 땅이된다. 소설 integron 함유 세균과 새로운 인수는 오염 된 물과 음식 (21, 22)을 통해 인간 사회에 다시 동그라미를 할 수 있습니다. 환경 감시 인수의 이해와 미래 23 항생제 내성을 관리하는 키 전략이다. 특히,주의 원 먹거나되는 식품에 지불해야한다이러한 새로운 모바일 요소와 병원체의 전송을위한 가장 큰 위협이 있기 때문에 가볍게 요리. 이 프로토콜, 1 integrons 및 식품에 연관된 유전자 카세트, 탐지 식별하고 클래스의 특성에 대한 효율적인 접근 방법 (그림 2) 설명되어 있습니다. 배양 및 중합 효소 연쇄 반응 (PCR)의 조합을 사용하여, 신속 integrons 복잡한 세균 공동체 및 개별 분리 물에서 검출 될 수있다. 박테리아와 integron 관련 유전자 카세트의 형태와 정체성의 종류를 식별하기위한 방법이 제공됩니다. 방법은 식물과 동물 식품 광범위한 적합하고, 통상적 인 작업 흐름의 예는 이들 식품 유형마다 주어진다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>GoTaq Colourless Mastermix</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>M7132</td>
			<td>Used in all PCRs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNAse (Ribonuclease A from bovine pancreas)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>R6513-10MG</td>
			<td>Used in all PCRs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HinFI restriction enzyme</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>R6201</td>
			<td>Used to digest 16S rDNA PCR poducts. Enzyme comes with optimal buffer and BSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 bp ladder</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>27400701</td>
			<td>Used as a size standard on all agarose gels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GelRed DNA stain</td>
			<td>Biotium</td>
			<td>41003</td>
			<td>CAUTION: Personal protection must be worn when handling this material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Guanidinium Thiocyanate</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>AM9422</td>
			<td>CAUTION: Personal protection must be worn when handling this material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CLS-TC Solution</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>6540409</td>
			<td>Resuspension solution used at the begining of the genomic DNA extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lysing Matrix E FastPrep tubes</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>116914500</td>
			<td>Tube required for mechanical disruption of bacterial cell walls. This code is used for packs of 500 tubes, smaller quantities are available.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>binding matrix</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>116540408</td>
			<td>Diluted 1:5 with 6M guanidinium thiocyanate and used in the genomic DNA extraction method.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fast Prep machine</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>Number of options available</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals has a number of FastPrep machines available to purchase. Visit http://www.mpbio.com for more information</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

screening foodstuffs for class 1 integrons and gene cassettes

Antibiotic resistance is one of the greatest threats to health in the 21st century. Acquisition of resistance genes via lateral gene transfer is a major factor in the spread of diverse resistance mechanisms. Amongst the DNA elements facilitating lateral transfer, the class 1 integrons have largely been responsible for spreading antibiotic resistance determinants amongst Gram negative pathogens. In total, these integrons have acquired and disseminated over 130 different antibiotic resistance genes. With continued antibiotic use, class 1 integrons have become ubiquitous in commensals and pathogens of humans and their domesticated animals. As a consequence, they can now be found in all human waste streams, where they continue to acquire new genes, and have the potential to cycle back into humans via the food chain. This protocol details a streamlined approach for detecting class 1 integrons and their associated resistance gene cassettes in foodstuffs, using culturing and PCR. Using this protocol, researchers should be able to: collect and prepare samples to make enriched cultures and screen for class 1 integrons; isolate single bacterial colonies to identify integron-positive isolates; identify bacterial species that contain class 1 integrons; and characterize these integrons and their associated gene cassettes.

혼합 문화와 intI1에 대한 박테리아 균주의 선별 프라이머 세트 HS463a / HS464 PCR은 클래스 1 integron-인테그라 유전자 intI1 (도 1)의 존재를 검출하는데 사용될 수있다. 이 프라이머 세트는 혼합 된 문화에서 intI1을 검출 잘 작동하고, 또한 확산 판 (그림 2)에서 수확 박테리아 콜로니를 선별하는 데 사용됩니다. 긍정적 인 균주는이 프라이머 세트 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Screening Foodstuffs for Class 1 Integrons and Gene Cassettes at JoVE.com

Screening Foodstuffs for Class 1 Integrons and Gene Cassettes

This protocol describes the detection of class 1 integrons and their associated gene cassettes in foodstuffs.

클래스 1 Integrons 유전자 카세트 식품을 선별

Antibiotic resistance is one of the greatest threats to health in the 21st century. Acquisition of resistance genes via lateral gene transfer is a major ...

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Environment

Transient Gene Expression in Tobacco using Gibson Assembly and the Gene Gun

깁슨 조립 및 유전자 총을 사용하여 담배 일시적인 유전자 발현

In order to target a single protein to multiple subcellular organelles, plants typically duplicate the relevant genes, and express each gene separately ...

연구

환경과학

Semi-High Throughput Screening for Potential Drought-tolerance in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) Germplasm Collections

Semi-High Throughput Screening for Potential Drought-tolerance in Lettuce Lactuca sativa Germplasm Collections

추 잠재적 가뭄 내성 세미 높은 처리량 검열 (<em&gt; 왕 고들빼기 속 sativa로구나</em&gt;) 유전자 원의 컬렉션

This protocol describes a method by which a large collection of the leafy green vegetable lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) germplasm was screened for likely ...

High-throughput Screening of Recalcitrance Variations in Lignocellulosic Biomass: Total Lignin, Lignin Monomers, and Enzymatic Sugar Release

총 리그닌, 리그닌 단량체, 및 효소 설탕 자료 : 리그 노 셀룰로오스 바이오 매스의 반항의 변화의 높은 처리량 검열

The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels, chemicals, and other commodities has been explored as one possible pathway toward reductions in the ...

Assaying Predatory Feeding Behaviors in Pristionchus and Other Nematodes

Assaying Predatory Feeding Behaviors in Pristionchus and Other Nematodes

에서 약탈 먹이 행동을 분석<em&gt; Pristionchus</em&gt; 및 기타 선충

This protocol provides multiple methods for the analysis and quantification of predatory feeding behaviors in nematodes. Many nematode species including ...

Screening for Endocrine Activity in Water Using Commercially-available In Vitro Transactivation Bioassays

Screening for Endocrine Activity in Water Using Commercially-available In Vitro Transactivation Bioassays

물 사용에 내분비 활동에 대한 선별 시판<em&gt; 체외</em&gt; 전이 활성화 생물학적 정량

In vitro transactivation bioassays have shown promise as water quality monitoring tools, however their adoption and widespread application has been ...

Protocol for Microplastics Sampling on the Sea Surface and Sample Analysis

바다 표면 및 샘플 분석에 Microplastics 샘플링을위한 프로토콜

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of ...

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis

플라스틱 펠렛 및 플라스틱 유형 분석에서 유기 염소 농약의 추출

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment ...

Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols

대기 에어로졸의 추출 및 계면 활성제의 특성

Surface-active compounds, or surfactants, present in atmospheric aerosols are expected to play important roles in the formation of liquid water clouds in ...

The Barnacle Balanus improvisus as a Marine Model - Culturing and Gene Expression

The Barnacle Balanus improvisus as a Marine Model - Culturing and Gene Expression

해양 모델-따개 비 Balanus improvisus 경작 및 유전자 발현

Barnacles are marine crustaceans with a sessile adult and free-swimming, planktonic larvae. The barnacle Balanus (Amphibalanus) improvisus is particularly ...

Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation of Potato and the Promoter Activity of a Suberin Gene by GUS Staining

Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation of Potato and the Promoter Activity of a Suberin Gene by GUS Staining

Agrobacterium tumefaciens 및 Agrobacterium rhizogenes-감자의 변환 중재와 거 스 얼룩에 의해 Suberin 유전자의 발기인 활동

Agrobacterium sp. is one of the most widely used methods to obtain transgenic plants as it has the ability to transfer and integrate its own T-DNA into ...