Name: protocols for robust herbicide resistance testing in different weed species
Uploaded: 2015-07-02T11:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocols for Robust Herbicide Resistance Testing in Different Weed Species at JoVE.com

The research was supported by the National Research Council (CNR) of Italy. The authors thank GIRE members for collecting seed samples and are grateful to Alison Garside for revising the English.

1. provtagning och lagring <ol><li> Övervaka odlade fält för omotiverad dåliga ogräsmedel prestanda, det vill säga, inte på grund av ogynnsamma väderförhållanden eller låga ogräsmedel behandlingar kvalitet. </li><li> Samla ett prov frö från en art i taget och tilldela en unik kod. Mogna frön brukar samlas före grödans skörd från växter som hade överlevt herbiciden behandling (s). Snabb bildskärmen för att observera om fröna fälls av moderplantan när mogna. </li><li> Fyll i ett formul...

<ol>
	<li>Massa, D., Kaiser, Y. I., And&#250;jar-S&#225;nchez, D., Carmona-Alf&#233;rez, R., Mehrtens, J., Gerhards, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+geo-referenced+database+for+weed+mapping+and+analysis+of+agronomic+factors+affecting+herbicide+resistance+in+Apera+spica-venti+L.+Beauv.+(Silky+Windgrass).">Development of a geo-referenced database for weed mapping and analysis of agronomic factors affecting herbicide resistance in Apera spica-venti L. Beauv. (Silky Windgrass).</a> Agronomy. 3 (1), 13-27 (2013).</li><li>Powles, S. B., Shaner, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Herbicides Resistance and World Grains. , 308 (2001).</li><li>Sattin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Herbicide+resistance+in+Europe:+an+overview.">Herbicide resistance in Europe: an overview.</a> Proc. BCPC International Congress. , 131-138 (2005).</li><li>Jasieniuk, M., Le Corre, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deciphering+the+evolution+of+herbicide+resistance+in+weeds.">Deciphering the evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds.</a> Trends Genet. 29 (11), 649-658 (2013).</li><li>Heap, I. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+documentation+of+herbicide+resistance.">Identification and documentation of herbicide resistance.</a> Phytoprotection. 75 (4), 85-90 (1994).</li><li>Beckie, H. J., Heap, I. M., Smeda, R. J., Hall, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Screening+for+herbicide+resistance+in+weeds.">Screening for herbicide resistance in weeds.</a> Weed Technol. 14 (2), 428-445 (2000).</li><li>Tal, A., Kotoula-Syka, E., Rubin, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Seed-bioassay+to+detect+grass+weeds+resistant+to+acetyl+coenzyme+A+carboxylase+inhibiting+herbicides.">Seed-bioassay to detect grass weeds resistant to acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase inhibiting herbicides.</a> Crop Prot. 19, 467-472 (2000).</li><li>Boutsalis, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Syngenta+Quick-Test:+a+rapid+whole-plant+test+for+herbicide+resistance.">Syngenta Quick-Test: a rapid whole-plant test for herbicide resistance.</a> Weed Technol. 15 (2), 257-263 (2001).</li><li>Menchari, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Weed+response+to+herbicides:+regional-scale+distribution+of+herbicide+resistance+alleles+in+the+grass+weed+Alopecurus+myosuroides.">Weed response to herbicides: regional-scale distribution of herbicide resistance alleles in the grass weed Alopecurus myosuroides.</a> New Phytol. 171 (4), 861-874 (2006).</li><li>Burgos, N. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Review:+confirmation+of+resistance+to+herbicides+and+evaluation+of+resistance+levels.">Review: confirmation of resistance to herbicides and evaluation of resistance levels.</a> Weed Sci. 61 (1), 4-20 (2013).</li><li>Owen, M. J., Martinez, N. J., Powles, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+herbicide-resistant+Lolium+rigidum.+(annual+ryegrass)+now+dominates+across+the+Western+Australian+grain+belt.">Multiple herbicide-resistant Lolium rigidum. (annual ryegrass) now dominates across the Western Australian grain belt.</a> Weed Res. 54 (3), 314-324 (2014).</li><li>Beckie, H. J., Tardif, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Herbicide+cross+resistance+in+weeds).">Herbicide cross resistance in weeds).</a> Crop Prot. 35, 15-28 (2012).</li><li>Moss, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+occurrence+of+herbicide-resistant+grass-weeds+in+the+United+Kingdom+and+a+new+system+for+designating+resistance+in+screening+assays.">The occurrence of herbicide-resistant grass-weeds in the United Kingdom and a new system for designating resistance in screening assays.</a> Proc. BCPC Weeds. , 179-184 (1999).</li><li>Baskin, C. C., Baskin, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Seeds, Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of dormancy and Germination. , 27-42 (1998).</li><li>Sattin, M., Gasparetto, M. A., Campagna, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Situation+and+management+of+Avena+sterilis.+ssp.+ludoviciana.+and+Phalaris+paradoxa.+resistant+to+ACCase+inhibitors+in+Italy.">Situation and management of Avena sterilis. ssp. ludoviciana. and Phalaris paradoxa. resistant to ACCase inhibitors in Italy.</a> Proc. BCPC - Weeds. , 755-762 (2001).</li><li>Scarabel, L., Varotto, S., Sattin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+European+biotype+of+Amaranthus+retroflexus.+cross-resistant+to+ALS+inhibitors+and+response+to+alternative+herbicides.">A European biotype of Amaranthus retroflexus. cross-resistant to ALS inhibitors and response to alternative herbicides.</a> Weed Res. 47 (6), 527-533 (2007).</li><li>Collavo, A., Panozzo, S., Lucchesi, G., Scarabel, L., Sattin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterisation+and+management+of+Phalaris+paradoxa.+resistant+to+ACCase-inhibitors.">Characterisation and management of Phalaris paradoxa. resistant to ACCase-inhibitors.</a> Crop Prot. 30 (3), 293-299 (2011).</li><li>Scarabel, L., Carraro, N., Sattin, M., Varotto, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+basis+and+genetic+characterisation+of+evolved+resistance+to+ALS-inhibitors+in+Papaver+rhoeas.">Molecular basis and genetic characterisation of evolved resistance to ALS-inhibitors in Papaver rhoeas.</a> Plant Sci. 166 (3), 703-709 (2004).</li><li>Panozzo, S., Scarabel, L., Tranel, P. J., Sattin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Target-site+resistance+to+ALS+inhibitors+in+the+polyploid+species+Echinochloa+crus-galli.">Target-site resistance to ALS inhibitors in the polyploid species Echinochloa crus-galli.</a> Pestic. Biochem. Phys. 105 (2), 93-101 (2013).</li><li>Sattin, M., Berto, D., Zanin, G., Tabacchi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resistance+to+ALS+inhibitors+in+rice+in+north-western+Italy.">Resistance to ALS inhibitors in rice in north-western Italy.</a> Proc. BCPC. Weeds. , 783-790 (1999).</li><li>Scarabel, L., Berto, D., Sattin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dormancy+breaking+and+germination+of+Alisma+plantago-aquatica.+and+Scirpus+mucronatus.">Dormancy breaking and germination of Alisma plantago-aquatica. and Scirpus mucronatus.</a> Aspects of Applied Biology. 69, 285-292 (2003).</li><li>Collavo, A., Strek, H., Beffa, R., Sattin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Management+of+an+ACCase-inhibitor-resistant+Lolium+rigidum.+population+based+on+the+use+of+ALS+inhibitors:+weed+population+evolution+observed+over+a+7+years+field-scale+investigation.">Management of an ACCase-inhibitor-resistant Lolium rigidum. population based on the use of ALS inhibitors: weed population evolution observed over a 7 years field-scale investigation.</a> Pest Manag. Sci. 69 (2), 200-208 (2013).</li><li>Scarabel, L., Panozzo, S., Savoia, W., Sattin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Target-site+ACCase-resistant+Johnsongrass+(Sorghum+halepense).+selected+in+summer+dicot+crops.">Target-site ACCase-resistant Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense). selected in summer dicot crops.</a> Weed Technol. 28 (2), 307-315 (2014).</li><li>Hess, M., Barralis, H., Bleiholder, H., Buhur, L., Eggers, T., Hack, H., Strauss, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+the+extended+BBCH+scale+-+general+for+the+description+of+the+growth+stages+of+mono-+and+dicotyledonous+weed+species.">Use of the extended BBCH scale - general for the description of the growth stages of mono- and dicotyledonous weed species.</a> Weed Res. 37 (6), 433-441 (1997).</li><li>Collavo, A., Sattin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=First+glyphosate-resistant+Lolium.+spp.+biotypes+found+in+a+European+annual+arable+cropping+system+also+affected+by+ACCase+and+ALS+resistance.">First glyphosate-resistant Lolium. spp. biotypes found in a European annual arable cropping system also affected by ACCase and ALS resistance.</a> Weed Res. 54 (4), 325-334 (2014).</li><li>Scarabel, L., Cenghialta, C., Manuello, D., Sattin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+and+management+of+imidazolinone-resistant+red+rice+(Oryza+sativa.+L.,+var.+sylvatica.)+in+Clearfield&#174;+Italian+paddy+rice.">Monitoring and management of imidazolinone-resistant red rice (Oryza sativa. L., var. sylvatica.) in Clearfield&#174; Italian paddy rice.</a> Agronomy. 2 (4), 371-383 (2012).</li><li>Zelaya, I. A., Anderson, J. A. H., Owen, M. D. K., Landes, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+spectrophotometric+and+HPLC+methods+for+shikimic+acid+determination+in+plants:+Models+in+glyphosate-resistant+and-susceptible+crops.">Evaluation of spectrophotometric and HPLC methods for shikimic acid determination in plants: Models in glyphosate-resistant and-susceptible crops.</a> J. Agric. Food Chem. 59 (6), 2202-2212 (2011).</li></ol>

Flera steg i protokollen är avgörande för en lyckad utvärdering av herbicidresistens i en population: 1) frön bör samlas in när mogen från växter som hade överlevt herbiciden behandling (s). Mognad av fröna på moderplantan är avgörande för att undvika svårigheter i frögroning senare; 2) rätt förvaring av frön rekommenderas att undvika spridning av formar som skulle förhindra groning; 3) plantor bör behandlas på rätt tillväxtfas, enligt uppgifter på etiketten bekämpningsmedlet paketet. Man mås...

<html> Herbicider är mest flitigt ogräsbekämpning åtgärd, som står för upp till 50% av den globala växtskyddsmarknaden 1. De är relativt billiga verktyg, undvika arbetsintensiva och tidskrävande markodlingsmetoder, och i slutändan leda till kostnadseffektiv, säker och lönsam livsmedelsproduktion 2. Den stora fenologiska och genetisk variation som finns i många ogräsarter, tillsammans med en övertro på användningen av bekämpningsmedel, men resulterar ofta i valet av herbicidresistenta ogräspopulationer. Införandet av selektiva herbicider med en mycket specifik metabolisk mål 3-5 har dramatiskt ökat antalet motstånds fall under årens lopp. Hittills har 240 ogräsarter (140 dikotyledoner och 100 monokotyledoner) över hela världen utvecklats resistens mot olika ogräsmedel webbplatser Aktions (SOA) 4. Detta är ett stort problem för ogräsbekämpning och mer allmänt för hållbar produktion av grödor. e_content &quot;&gt; Tidig upptäckt av motstånd, baserad på tillförlitliga tester, som utförs ofta i ett växthus, är ett viktigt steg för att hantera herbicidresistenta ogräs. Olika metoder har utvecklats i enlighet med de mål, krävs noggrannhet, tid och resurser, som samt ogräsarter anses 6-12. Men när det krävs bekräftelse på motstånd status som ny ogräs biotyp (dvs en grupp av individer som delar flera fysiologiska egenskaper, inklusive förmågan att överleva en eller flera herbicider som tillhör en särskild grupp användes i en dos som normalt skulle kontrollera dem), behöver en robust hel växt bioanalys som skall utföras i en kontrollerad miljö 4, 11. En biotyp är sällan resistent mot bara ett ogräsmedel. Varje biotyp kännetecknas därför av ett visst motstånd mönster, det vill säga antal och typ av SoA av ogräsmedel det är resistent mot, och en viss motståndskraftnivå till varje herbicid 13. Den tidiga och tillförlitlig bestämning av mönstret av korset eller flera motstånd 5, är viktigt för fältresistenshantering 14. Det är värt att nämna att herbicidresistens har ingenting att göra med den naturliga tolerans som vissa ogräsarter uppvisar mot vissa ogräsmedel, t.ex. dicot arter vs. ACCas-hämmande herbicider, monokotyledona arter jämfört med 2,4-D, åkerfräken vs. glyfosat. Denna uppsats presenterar en robust metod för att testa förmodade herbicidresistenta biotoper samplade i områden där dålig kontroll av ogräsmedel (s) hade rapporterats. Relevanta varianter till standardprotokoll i förhållande till ogräsarter inblandade presenteras. Fördelarna jämfört med alternativa tekniker / protokoll baserade på antingen hela växt bioanalyser som använder endast ett ogräsmedel dos 15 eller behandla frön i petriskålar 8 är relaterade till högre reliabbilitet och möjlighet att dra slutsatsen motståndsnivån på grund av införandet av två ogräsmedel doser i experimenten. Men för rutinresistenstestning, samma metoder kan tillämpas på endast ett ogräsmedel dos, så minskar kostnaderna. Samt att tillåta bekräftelse av motståndet status, kan den information som erhålls kan användas för både optimering följande forsknings steg och / eller utforma ljudresistenshanteringsstrategier.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Paper bags</td>
			<td>Celcar SAS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic dishes</td>
			<td>ISI plast S.p.A.</td>
			<td>SO600</td>
			<td>Transparent plastic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sulfuric acid 95-98%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>320501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non-woven fabric</td>
			<td>Carretta Tessitura</td>
			<td>Art.TNT17</td>
			<td>Weight&#160; 17 gr m-&#178;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform &#62;99.5%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C2432</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A1296</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium nitrate &#62;99.0%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P8394</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic containers</td>
			<td>Giganplast</td>
			<td>1875/M</td>
			<td>600 x 400 x 110 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic trays</td>
			<td>Piber plast</td>
			<td>G1210A</td>
			<td>325 x 265 x 95 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polystyrene trays</td>
			<td>Plastisavio</td>
			<td>S24</td>
			<td>537x328x72 mm, 24 round cells (6x4)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Copper sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>451657</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agriperlite</td>
			<td>Blu Agroingross sas</td>
			<td>AGRI100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peat</td>
			<td>Blu Agroingross sas</td>
			<td>TORBA250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Germination cabinet</td>
			<td>KW</td>
			<td>W87R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nozzles</td>
			<td>Teejet</td>
			<td>&#160;XR11002-VK, TP11001-VH</td>
			<td>The second type of nozzles are used only for glyphosate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Barcode generator</td>
			<td>Toshiba TEC</td>
			<td>SX4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Labels with barcode</td>
			<td>Felga</td>
			<td>TT20200</td>
			<td>Stick-in labels with rounded corners</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Barcode reader</td>
			<td>Cipherlab</td>
			<td>8300-L</td>
			<td>Portable data terminal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bench sprayer</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Built in house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">HERBICIDES INCLUDED IN THE RESULTS:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Commercial product</td>
			<td>Active ingredient</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Altorex</td>
			<td>imazamox</td>
			<td>BASF</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Azimut&#160;</td>
			<td>florasulam</td>
			<td>Dow AgroSciences</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biopower</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Bayer Crop Science</td>
			<td>Surfact to be used with Hussar WG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dash</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>BASF</td>
			<td>Surfact to be used with Altorex</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Granstar&#160;</td>
			<td>tribenuron-methyl</td>
			<td>Dupont</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gulliver&#160;</td>
			<td>azimsulfuron</td>
			<td>Dupont</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hussar WG&#160;</td>
			<td>iodosulfuron</td>
			<td>Bayer Crop Science</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nominee&#160;</td>
			<td>bispyribac-Na</td>
			<td>Bayer Crop Science</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roundup</td>
			<td>glyphosate</td>
			<td>Monsanto</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trend</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dupont</td>
			<td>Surfact to be used with Granstar and Gulliver</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Viper&#160;</td>
			<td>penoxsulam</td>
			<td>Dow AgroSciences</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Weedone LV4</td>
			<td>2,4-D</td>
			<td>Isagro</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

protocols for robust herbicide resistance testing in different weed species

Robust protocols to test putative herbicide resistant weed populations at whole plant level are essential to confirm the resistance status. The presented protocols, based on whole-plant bioassays performed in a greenhouse, can be readily adapted to a wide range of weed species and herbicides through appropriate variants. Seed samples from plants that survived a field herbicide treatment are collected and stored dry at low temperature until used. Germination methods differ according to weed species and seed dormancy type. Seedlings at similar growth stage are transplanted and maintained in the greenhouse under appropriate conditions until plants have reached the right growth stage for herbicide treatment. Accuracy is required to prepare the herbicide solution to avoid unverifiable mistakes. Other critical steps such as the application volume and spray speed are also evaluated. The advantages of this protocol, compared to others based on whole plant bioassays using one herbicide dose, are related to the higher reliability and the possibility of inferring the resistance level. Quicker and less expensive in vivo or in vitro diagnostic screening tests have been proposed (Petri dish bioassays, spectrophotometric tests), but they provide only qualitative information and their widespread use is hindered by the laborious set-up that some species may require. For routine resistance testing, the proposed whole plant bioassay can be applied at only one herbicide dose, so reducing the costs.

För att bedöma motståndet status av en förmodad resistent befolkningen, är det mycket viktigt att inkludera en känslig kontroll i analysen för att verifiera ogräsmedel effekt. Resultaten av en screeningtest som utförs på P. rhoeas populationer, ett ogräs angriper vetefält, redovisas i Figur 2, där effekten av fyra efter uppkomst ogräsmedel på en känslig kontroll (09-36) och på den misstänkta resistenta en (10-91) presenteras. Populationen 09-36 var helt kontrolleras av ALS-hä...

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Protocols for Robust Herbicide Resistance Testing in Different Weed Species

A robust and flexible approach to confirm herbicide resistance in weed populations is presented. This protocol allows the herbicide resistance levels to be inferred and applied to a wide range of weed species and herbicides with minor adaptations.

Protokoll för Robust herbicidresistens Testning i olika ogräsarter

Robust protocols to test putative herbicide resistant weed populations at whole plant level are essential to confirm the resistance status. The presented ...

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