Name: measurement of x-ray beam coherence along multiple directions using 2-d checkerboard phase grating
Uploaded: 2016-10-11T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating at JoVE.com

Use of the Advanced Photon Source and Center for Nanoscale Materials, Office of Science User Facilities operated for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory, was supported by the U.S. DOE under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. We acknowledge Dr. Han Wen, NHLBI / National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, for many helpful suggestions during the data processing.

1.实验计划<ol><li>确定同步加速器光束线。与束线科学家找到实验在该束线的适当性。 注：本稿件报道实验是在1 BM-B光束线，这是致力于光学和探测器的检测，APS的XSD下进行。 </li><li>提交用户的建议和梁的请求。 </li><li>制定出实验的细节与束线科学家和指定所需的仪器，包括用于光栅和检测器对齐，二维检测器（CCD或CMOS），覆盖所述检测器之间所需要的最小和最远的距离长平移台电动平?...

<ol>
	<li>Als-Nielsen, J., McMorrow, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Elements of Modern X-ray Physics. , (2011).</li><li>Born, M., Wolf, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Principle of Optics. , (1999).</li><li>Lin, J. J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+the+Spatial+Coherence+Function+of+Undulator+Radiation+using+a+Phase+Mask.">Measurement of the Spatial Coherence Function of Undulator Radiation using a Phase Mask.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 (7), 074801 (2003).</li><li>Cloetens, P., Guigay, J. P., De Martino, C., Baruchel, J., Schlenker, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fractional+Talbot+imaging+of+phase+gratings+with+hard+X-rays.">Fractional Talbot imaging of phase gratings with hard X-rays.</a> Opt. Lett. 22 (14), 1059-1061 (1997).</li><li>Guigay, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+partial+Talbot+effect+and+its+use+in+measuring+the+coherence+of+synchrotron+X-rays.">The partial Talbot effect and its use in measuring the coherence of synchrotron X-rays.</a> J. Synchrotron Rad. 11, 476-482 (2004).</li><li>Kluender, R., Masiello, F., Vaerenbergh, P. V., H&#228;rtwig, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+the+spatial+coherence+of+synchrotron+beams+using+the+Talbot+effect.">Measurement of the spatial coherence of synchrotron beams using the Talbot effect.</a> Phys. Status Solidi A. 206 (8), 1842-1845 (2009).</li><li>Pfeiffer, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shearing+Interferometer+for+Quantifying+the+Coherence+of+Hard+X-Ray+Beams.">Shearing Interferometer for Quantifying the Coherence of Hard X-Ray Beams.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 (1-4), 164801 (2005).</li><li>Marathe, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probing+transverse+coherence+of+x-ray+beam+with+2-D+phase+grating+interferometer.">Probing transverse coherence of x-ray beam with 2-D phase grating interferometer.</a> Opt. Express. 22 (12), 14041-14053 (2014).</li><li>Shi, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circular+grating+interferometer+for+mapping+transverse+coherence+area+of+X-ray+beams.">Circular grating interferometer for mapping transverse coherence area of X-ray beams.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 (1-6), 041116 (2014).</li><li>Zanette, I., David, C., Rutishauser, S., Weitkamp, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=2D+grating+simulation+for+X-ray+phase-contrast+and+dark-field+imaging+with+a+Talbot+interferometer.">2D grating simulation for X-ray phase-contrast and dark-field imaging with a Talbot interferometer.</a> , 73-79 (2010).</li></ol>

图5示出沿所有四个方向的估计横向相干长度。显然，90°的方向上具有较高的ξ相对于0°方向θ。由于束线光学对在光栅的相对位置的光束相干性的影响可以忽略，所测量的相干区域是成反比的源尺寸的区域。所呈现的X射线束相干测量技术准确映射这可以示出为沿垂直方向（参照图5）其长轴的椭圆。要注意的是与周围的自成像距离的自成像距离或几?...

第三代硬X射线同步辐射光源，如ANL，莱蒙特，IL，USA（http://www.aps.anl.gov）的APS，都对X射线科学的发展影响巨大。的同步加速器辐射源产生的电磁辐射的光谱，从红外线到的X射线的波长，当带电粒子，例如电子，是由以光速附近移动中的圆形轨道。这些来源具有非常独特的性能，如高亮度，脉冲和皮秒定时结构，以及大的空间和时间相干性。 X射线束的空间相干性是在第三和第四代同步源的一个重要参数和实验利用这个特性，在过去的二十年1急剧增加的数量。这些来源，如计划多弯曲消色差透镜（MBA）的晶格为APS储存环的未来的升级，将显着增加光束相干通量（HTTP：//www.aps.anl.gov/Upgrade/）。的X射线束可使用一个晶体单色实现更高的时间相干性来调节。的同步加速器源的横向相干性比的，因为从源到实验站的低的电子束发射度和长传播距离的基于实验室X射线源显著更高。 通常情况下，杨氏双针孔或双缝实验用于通过干涉条纹2的可见性的检查来测量光束的空间相干性。以获得完整的复相干函数（CCF），需要与放置在与各分离，这一点，特别是对于硬X射线，麻烦和不实际的不同位置上的两个狭缝系统测量。均匀冗余阵列（URA）也可以通过使用它作为移相掩模3被用于光束相干性的测量。虽然该技术可以提供完整的CCF，它不是无模型。最近，基于Talbot效应干涉测量技术使用周期性对象的自成像特性被开发。这些干涉仪利用在光栅下游获得梁横向连贯性4-9一些自成像距离测量的干涉知名度。使用两个光栅系统横向连贯性的测量也有报道7。 映射横梁一致性，沿垂直和水平方向同时首先由日本特Guigay 等报道5。最近，科学家在光学组，X射线科学部（XSD），APS的报告两个新技术测量光束沿两个以上方向上同时使用两种方法横梁连贯性：一个具有棋盘相位光栅8，另具有圆形相位光栅9。 本文中的测量电键相和数据分析程序用于获得光束的横向相干沿0°，45°，90°，和135°方向相对于水平方向，同时说明。测量在APS的1-BM束线进行与棋盘π/ 2的相位光栅。在协议部分中列出这项技术的细节包括：1）实验规划; 2）制备的2-D棋盘相位光栅; 3）实验的设置和调整的同步加速器设施; 4）进行一致性测试; 5）数据分析。另外，代表性的结果示来说明该技术。这些程序可以在与光栅图案的最小变化许多同步加速器束线进行。

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measurement of x-ray beam coherence along multiple directions using 2-d checkerboard phase grating

一种用于一个技术过程使用一个单一的相位光栅干涉仪被报告给测量的同步辐射X射线源的横向相干性。测量是在先进光子源（APS）在阿贡国家实验室（ANL）的1-BM弯曲磁铁光束线证实。通过使用2-D棋盘π/ 2相移光栅，分别沿垂直和水平方向，以及沿45°和135°方向的水平方向上得到的横向相干长度。以下在本文中指定的技术细节，在相位沿着光束传播方向光栅的下游的不同位置进行测量干涉图。每个干涉的可见度值从分析其傅里叶变换图像的谐波峰提取。因此，沿各个方向上的相干长度可以从能见度的演变被提取的一个函数光栅到DETEC器的距离。连贯的同时测量长度在四个方向有助于确定高斯形的X射线源的相干性区域的椭圆形。多个方向干涉表征所报告的技术是选择适当的样本大小和方向，以及用于校正在相干散射实验部分相干效应很重要。还可以应用用于评估的X射线光学器件的相干性保持能力这种技术。

而详细的实验和仿真结果，可以在其他地方发现8，该部分仅显示选择的结果来说明上述测量和数据分析程序。 图1表示在APS 1-BM-B光束线实验设置。光束大小由一个1×1 平方毫米狭缝从弯曲磁体源放置在双晶单色（DCM）和25微米的上游限定。将DCM被调谐至18千电子伏的输出光子能量。 X射线束穿过放置在沿着光束路径的不同位置的几个铍窗（1毫米总厚度）。 <p class="jov...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating at JoVE.com

Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating

测量协议和数据分析程序，给出用于获得同步辐射X射线源的横向相干沿四个方向同时使用一个单一的2-D棋盘相位光栅。这个简单的技术可应用于的X射线源和X射线光学器件完成横向相干性的表征。

使用2-D棋盘相位光栅X射线束相干测量沿多个方向

A procedure for a technique to measure the transverse coherence of synchrotron radiation X-ray sources using a single phase grating interferometer is ...

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