Name: composite scaffolds of interfacial polyelectrolyte fibers for temporally controlled release of biomolecules
Uploaded: 2015-08-19T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Composite Scaffolds of Interfacial Polyelectrolyte Fibers for Temporally Controlled Release of Biomolecules at JoVE.com

Detta arbete stöddes av Singapore National Research Foundation administreras av en av sina forsknings Centers of Excellence, den Mechanobiology institutet, Singapore. MFAC stöds av byrån för vetenskap, teknologi och forskning (Singapore) och Myndigheten för forskning (Frankrike) gemensamt program under projektnummer 1122703037. BKKT stöds av Mechanobiology institutet. Vi tackar Daniel HC Wong för korrekturläsning manuskriptet och Ms. Dawn JH Neo för att bistå i videoproduktion.

1. Framställning av polyelektrolyt Solutions <ol><li> Rena kitosan, som beskrivs i Liao et al. I korthet skapar en 1% (vikt / volym) lösning av kitosan i 2% (volym / volym) ättiksyra och vakuumfilter med användning av grad 93 filterpapper. Neutralisera filtratet med användning av 5M NaOH tills pH stabiliserats till 7. Centrifugera den utfällda kitosanet vid 1200 xg under 10 minuter. Dekantera supernatanten och tillsätt avjoniserat vatten för att tvätta kitosan. Upprepa centrifugering och tvättsteget...

<ol>
	<li>Annabi, N., Tamayol, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=25th+Anniversary+Article:+Rational+design+and+applications+of+hydrogels+in+regenerative+medicine.">25th Anniversary Article: Rational design and applications of hydrogels in regenerative medicine.</a> Adv. Mater. 26 (1), 85-124 (2014).</li><li>Teo, B. K. K., Tan, G. D. S., Yim, E. K. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+synergistic+effect+of+nanotopography+and+sustained+dual+release+of+hydrophobic+and+hydrophilic+neurotrophic+factors+on+human+mesenchymal+stem+cell+neuronal+lineage+commitment.">The synergistic effect of nanotopography and sustained dual release of hydrophobic and hydrophilic neurotrophic factors on human mesenchymal stem cell neuronal lineage commitment.</a> Tissue Eng. Part A. 20 (15-16), 2151-2161 (2014).</li><li>Lee, K., Silva, E. A., Mooney, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+factor+delivery-based+tissue+engineering:+general+approaches+and+a+review+of+recent+developments.">Growth factor delivery-based tissue engineering: general approaches and a review of recent developments.</a> J. R. Soc. Interface. 8 (55), 153-170 (2011).</li><li>Sun, Q., Chen, R. R., Shen, Y., Mooney, D. J., Rajagopalan, S., Grossman, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sustained+vascular+endothelial+growth+factor+delivery+enhances+angiogenesis+and+perfusion+in+ischemic+hind+limb.">Sustained vascular endothelial growth factor delivery enhances angiogenesis and perfusion in ischemic hind limb.</a> Pharm. Res. 22 (7), 1110-1116 (2005).</li><li>Rui, J., Dadsetan, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlled+release+of+vascular+endothelial+growth+factor+using+poly-lactic-co-glycolic+acid+microspheres:+in+vitro+characterization+and+application+in+polycaprolactone+fumarate+nerve+conduits.">Controlled release of vascular endothelial growth factor using poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid microspheres: in vitro characterization and application in polycaprolactone fumarate nerve conduits.</a> Acta Biomater. 8 (2), 511-518 (2012).</li><li>King, T. W., Patrick, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+in+vitro+characterization+of+vascular+endothelial+growth+factor+(VEGF)-loaded+poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic+acid)/poly(ethylene+glycol)+microspheres+using+a+solid+encapsulation/single+emulsion/solvent+extraction+technique.">Development and in vitro characterization of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-loaded poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid)/poly(ethylene glycol) microspheres using a solid encapsulation/single emulsion/solvent extraction technique.</a> J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 51 (3), 383-390 (2000).</li><li>Cutiongco, M. F. A., Tan, M. H., Ng, M. Y. K., Le Visage, C., Yim, E. K. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Composite+pullulan-dextran+polysaccharide+scaffold+with+interfacial+polyelectrolyte+complexation+fibers:+A+platform+with+enhanced+cell+interaction+and+spatial+distribution.">Composite pullulan-dextran polysaccharide scaffold with interfacial polyelectrolyte complexation fibers: A platform with enhanced cell interaction and spatial distribution.</a> Acta Biomater. 10 (10), 4410-4418 (2014).</li><li>Yow, S. Z., Quek, C. H., Yim, E. K. F., Lim, C. T., Leong, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Collagen-based+fibrous+scaffold+for+spatial+organization+of+encapsulated+and+seeded+human+mesenchymal+stem+cells.">Collagen-based fibrous scaffold for spatial organization of encapsulated and seeded human mesenchymal stem cells.</a> Biomaterials. 30 (6), 1133-1142 (2009).</li><li>Yim, E. K. F., Wan, A. C. A., Le Visage, C., Liao, I. C., Leong, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proliferation+and+differentiation+of+human+mesenchymal+stem+cell+encapsulated+in+polyelectrolyte+complexation+fibrous+scaffold.">Proliferation and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cell encapsulated in polyelectrolyte complexation fibrous scaffold.</a> Biomaterials. 27 (36), 6111-6122 (2006).</li><li>Liao, I. C., Wan, A. C., Yim, E. K. F., Leong, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlled+release+from+fibers+of+polyelectrolyte+complexes.">Controlled release from fibers of polyelectrolyte complexes.</a> J. Control. Release. 104 (2), 347-358 (2005).</li><li>Wan, A. C. A., Liao, I. C., Yim, E. K. F., Leong, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanism+of+fiber+formation+by+interfacial+polyelectrolyte+complexation.">Mechanism of fiber formation by interfacial polyelectrolyte complexation.</a> Macromolecules. 37 (18), 7019-7025 (2004).</li><li>Yim, E. K. F., Reano, R., Pang, S., Yee, A., Chen, C., Leong, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanopattern-induced+changes+in+morphology+and+motility+of+smooth+muscle+cells.">Nanopattern-induced changes in morphology and motility of smooth muscle cells.</a> Biomaterials. 26 (26), 5405-5413 (2005).</li><li>Sun, H., Xu, F., Guo, D., Yu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+and+evaluation+of+NGF-microsphere+conduits+for+regeneration+of+defective+nerves.">Preparation and evaluation of NGF-microsphere conduits for regeneration of defective nerves.</a> Neurol. Res. 34 (5), 491-497 (2012).</li><li>Sim&#243;n-Yarza, T., Formiga, F. R., Tamayo, E., Pelacho, B., Prosper, F., Blanco-Prieto, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PEGylated-PLGA+microparticles+containing+VEGF+for+long+term+drug+delivery.">PEGylated-PLGA microparticles containing VEGF for long term drug delivery.</a> Int. J. Pharm. 440 (1), 13-18 (2013).</li><li>Patel, Z. S., Ueda, H., Yamamoto, M., Tabata, Y., Mikos, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+and+in+vivo+release+of+vascular+endothelial+growth+factor+from+gelatin+microparticles+and+biodegradable+composite+scaffolds.">In vitro and in vivo release of vascular endothelial growth factor from gelatin microparticles and biodegradable composite scaffolds.</a> Pharm. Res. 25 (10), 2370-2378 (2008).</li><li>Sun, H., Xu, F., Guo, D., Liu, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+evaluation+of+the+effects+of+various+additives+and+polymers+on+nerve+growth+factor+microspheres.">In vitro evaluation of the effects of various additives and polymers on nerve growth factor microspheres.</a> Drug Dev. Int. Pharm. 40 (4), 452-457 (2014).</li><li>Lee, P. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetics+of+drug+release+from+hydrogel+matrices.">Kinetics of drug release from hydrogel matrices.</a> J. Control. Release. 2, 277-288 (1985).</li><li>Cutiongco, M. F. A., Choo, R. K. T., Shen, N. J. X., Chua, B. M. X., Sju, E., Choo, A. W. L., Le Visage, C., Yim, E. K. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Composite+scaffold+of+poly(vinyl+alcohol)+and+interfacial+polyelectrolyte+complexation+fibers+for+controlled+biomolecule+delivery.">Composite scaffold of poly(vinyl alcohol) and interfacial polyelectrolyte complexation fibers for controlled biomolecule delivery.</a> Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 3 (3), 1-12 (2015).</li><li>Yow, S. Z., Lim, T. H., Yim, E. K. F., Lim, C. T., Leong, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+3D+Electroactive+Polypyrrole-Collagen+Fibrous+Scaffold+for+Tissue+Engineering.">A 3D Electroactive Polypyrrole-Collagen Fibrous Scaffold for Tissue Engineering.</a> Polymers. 3 (1), 527-544 (2011).</li><li>Leong, M. F., Toh, J. K. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterned+prevascularised+tissue+constructs+by+assembly+of+polyelectrolyte+hydrogel+fibres.">Patterned prevascularised tissue constructs by assembly of polyelectrolyte hydrogel fibres.</a> Nat. Commun. 4, 2353 (2013).</li><li>Di Benedetto, F., Biasco, A., Pisignano, D., Cingolani, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterning+polyacrylamide+hydrogels+by+soft+lithography.">Patterning polyacrylamide hydrogels by soft lithography.</a> Nanotechnology. 16 (5), S165 (2005).</li><li>Revzin, A., Russell, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+of+poly(ethylene+glycol)+hydrogel+microstructures+using+photolithography.">Fabrication of poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel microstructures using photolithography.</a> Langmuir. 17 (18), 5440-5447 (2001).</li><li>Yim, E. K. F., Liao, I. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+compatibility+of+interfacial+polyelectrolyte+complexation+fibrous+scaffold:+evaluation+of+blood+compatibility+and+biocompatibility.">Tissue compatibility of interfacial polyelectrolyte complexation fibrous scaffold: evaluation of blood compatibility and biocompatibility.</a> Tissue Eng. Part A. 13 (2), 423-433 (2007).</li><li>Chaouat, M., Le Visage, C., Autissier, A., Chaubet, F., Letourneur, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+evaluation+of+a+small-diameter+polysaccharide-based+arterial+graft+in+rats.">The evaluation of a small-diameter polysaccharide-based arterial graft in rats.</a> Biomaterials. 27, 5546-5553 (2006).</li><li>Eshraghi, S., Das, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+and+microstructural+properties+of+polycaprolactone+scaffolds+with+one-dimensional,+two+dimensional,+and+three-dimensional+orthogonally+oriented+porous+architectures+produced+by+selective+laser+sintering.">Mechanical and microstructural properties of polycaprolactone scaffolds with one-dimensional, two dimensional, and three-dimensional orthogonally oriented porous architectures produced by selective laser sintering.</a> Acta Biomater. 6, 2467-2476 (2010).</li></ol>

IPC fibrerna formas genom samverkan mellan två motsatt laddade polyelektrolyter. Processen utnyttjar extraktion av komplexet från gränsytan mellan de polyelektrolyter, vilket underlättar en självorganiserande processen för stabil fiberbildning. Mekanismen för IPC fiberbildning säkerställer att varje biomolekyl lagt till en liknande laddad polyelektrolyt kan införlivas under komplexprocessen. 10,11 Omvänt, tillsats av en biomolekyl i motsatt laddad polyelektrolyt kommer att resultera i omedelbar utf...

The extracellular matrix has inherent biochemical and biophysical cues that direct cell behaviors. Mimicking this physiological three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment is a widely explored strategy for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications. For example, both naturally-derived and synthetic substrates have been modified with topographical cues as a means to mimic the biophysical cellular environment.1 For example, polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds can be easily patterned by casting on patterned PDMS substrates.2 However, most synthetic scaffolds inadequately recapitulate the controlled biochemical environment in vivo. Bulk or surface modification of synthetic materials only present biochemical cues for cell attachment but still lack temporal regulation of biochemical delivery.3 Thus, there is a need for optimal scaffolds that can mimic the temporally regulated biochemical delivery system of the extracellular matrix. 
Biochemical delivery systems such as microspheres are plagued by problems of loss of bioactivity and low incorporation efficiency due to the severity and complexity of multi-step synthesis process.4-6 Alternative methods that use a one-step fabrication and incorporation method were proven to have excellent potential to create a favorable biochemical microenvironment without the accompanying inefficiency in incorporation and loss of bioactivity. One viable solution is the use of interfacial polyelectrolyte complexation (IPC) fibers to deliver and protect biological agents. When two oppositely charged polyelectrolyte aqueous solutions are brought together, IPC fibers can be drawn out from the interface. Virtually any type of hydrophlic biomolecule in aqueous solution can be added into either the negatively- or positively-charged polyelectrolyte solution, thus facilitating the incorporation of useful biomolecules into the IPC fiber during the complexation process. Furthermore, this process only requires aqueous and ambient conditions, thereby decreasing the risk of loss of bioactivity. Using this method, active growth factors2,7 even cells8,9 have been successfully delivered. In addition, the simple method of forming IPC fibers allows molding into any shape or orientation. The stability of such fibers has been advantageous in its incorporation into both hydrophobic2 and hydrophilic polymers7 to create composite scaffolds. These composite scaffolds with IPC fibers are beneficial for creating a physiologically relevant biochemical environment while providing physical anchorage for cells. 
In this study, we show a method to incorporate IPC fibers into a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic scaffold with topography for controlled release of active biomolecules. As a proof-of-concept, we incorporate IPC fibers made from chitosan and alginate into the biocompatible, non-immunogenic and non-antigenic pullulan-dextran hydrophilic hydrogel or the biocompatible polycaprolactone hydrophobic scaffold.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Pullulan&#160;</td>
			<td>Hayashibara Inc Okayama Japan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Molecular weight (MW) 200 kDa. This material is pharmaceutical grade pullulan used to make pullulan frames and PD-IPC scaffolds.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dextran</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D1037</td>
			<td>MW 500 kDa. This material is no longer being produced by Sigma Aldrich. Alternative suggested is catalog number 31392 (Sigma Aldrich). This material is used to make PD-IPC scaffolds.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Bicarbonate&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5761</td>
			<td>Sodium bicarbonate must be slowly added to the pullulan-dextran polysaccharide solution. Rapid addition of sodium bicarbonate will result in precipitation.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Trimetaphosphate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>T5508</td>
			<td>This chemical is hygroscopic and must be stored in the dehumidifying cabinet. Aqueous solution of sodium trimetaphosphate must always be made fresh.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Hydroxide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5881</td>
			<td>This material is hazardous and must be handled with proper protective equipment such as nitrile gloves.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chitosan</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>448877</td>
			<td>MW 190-310 kDa. Acetylation degree of 75 to 85%. Purification of chitosan is required to create stable IPC fibers.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic Acid</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>This can be replaced by another brand type. This material is corrosive and flammable. Protective equipment such as face shield, nitrile gloves, lab coat and shoe cover must be worn when handling this chemical in the fume hood.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alginic acid sodium salt from brown algae, low viscosity</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A2158</td>
			<td>Dissolve in water overnight. Filter through sterile 0.2&#181;m syringe filter before use. Store at 4 &#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dissolve in sterile PBS and filter using 0.2 &#181;m syringe filter before use.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BCA assay kit</td>
			<td>Pierce</td>
			<td>23225</td>
			<td>This kit was used to measure BSA release from PD-IPC scaffolds.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Recombinant Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor</td>
			<td>R&#38;D systems</td>
			<td>293-VE</td>
			<td>Dissolve growth factor in 0.2% heparin solution to a final concentration of 5 mg/ml.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin Sodium Salt From Porcine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3393</td>
			<td>This can be replaced by another brand type. Dissolve heparin salt in sterile water at a final concentration of 1% and filter through 0.2 &#181;m syringe filter before use.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC)</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>C2517A</td>
			<td>This primary cell type was used in the assay to determine VEGF bioactivity after release from PD-IPC scaffolds.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alamar blue</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>DAL1025</td>
			<td>This is used to measure cell metabolic activity. Incubate Alamar blue with cells and maintain in standard cell culture conditions for 2 to 4 hours. Measure absorbance at 570 nm to determine Alamar blue percent reduction, which is correlated to the cell activity.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ScanVac Coolsafe Lyophilizer</td>
			<td>Labogene</td>
			<td>7.001.200.060</td>
			<td>This is a non-programmable freeze dryer that operates at -105 to -110 &#176;C, This can be replaced by other standard lab lyophilizers.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polycaprolactone (PCL)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>181609</td>
			<td>MW 65 kDa. This is no longer being manufactured by Sigma Aldrich. This can be replaced by Sigma Aldrich catalog number 704105.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dichloromethane</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>V800151</td>
			<td>This can be replaced by another brand type. This material is hazardous and must be handled in the fume hood. Protective equipment must be worn at all times when handling this chemical.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS; 184 Silicone Elastomer Kit)</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>(240)4019862</td>
			<td>The elastomer kit comes with polymer base and crosslinker. Mixing the polymer base and crosslinker in different ratios will result in different stiffness of the PDMS.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Recombinant Beta-Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)</td>
			<td>R&#38;D systems</td>
			<td>256-GF</td>
			<td>Reconstituted in sterile DI water to a final concentration of 100 &#181;g/ml. Aliquot and store in -20 &#176;C until use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hMSC)</td>
			<td>Cambrex</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>This cell type was used in the assay to determine synergistic effect of NGF and nanotopography.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat PC12 Pheochromocytoma Cells&#160;</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>This cell type was used in the neurite outgrowth assay to determine bioactivity of NGF. After exposure to release media with NGF, measure number of cells with neurite extensions and normalize to total number of cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grade 93 filter paper</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td>Z699675</td>
			<td>This is used for the purification of chitosan after its precipitation with sodium hydroxide at pH 7.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Swing bucket centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5810R</td>
			<td>To be used during the purification of chitosan using 1200 x g speed.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Motor with mandrel rotating at constant speed</td>
			<td>Rhymebus</td>
			<td>RM5E</td>
			<td>The motor is used for the fabrication of IPC fibers on pullulan or PCL frame.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td>FirstBase</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Sterilize through filtration (0.2 &#181;m filter) and autoclave.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10-mm diameter Tissue Culture Polystyrene Dish (TCPS)</td>
			<td>Greiner</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>The TCPS dish is used for casting of pullulan frame.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human VEGF ELISA kit</td>
			<td>R&#38;D systems</td>
			<td>DVE00</td>
			<td>The ELISA kit is used for detection of VEGF in the release medium.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human NGF ELISA kit</td>
			<td>R&#38;D systems</td>
			<td>DY256</td>
			<td>&#160;The ELISA kit is used for detection of NGF in the release medium.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic Coated Adhesive Tape</td>
			<td>Bel-Art</td>
			<td>9040336</td>
			<td>The adhesive tape is used to securely stick the alligator clip to the rotating mandrel</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

composite scaffolds of interfacial polyelectrolyte fibers for temporally controlled release of biomolecules

Various scaffolds used in tissue engineering require a controlled biochemical environment to mimic the physiological cell niche. Interfacial polyelectrolyte complexation (IPC) fibers can be used for controlled delivery of various biological agents such as small molecule drugs, cells, proteins and growth factors. The simplicity of the methodology in making IPC fibers gives flexibility in its application for controlled biomolecule delivery. Here, we describe a method of incorporating IPC fibers into two different polymeric scaffolds, hydrophilic polysaccharide and hydrophobic polycaprolactone, to create a multi-component composite scaffold. We showed that IPC fibers can be easily embedded into these polymeric structures, enhancing the capability for sustained release and improved preservation of biomolecules. We also created a composite polymeric scaffold with topographical cues and sustained biochemical release that can have synergistic effects on cell behavior. Composite polymeric scaffolds with IPC fibers represent a novel and simple method of recreating the cellular niche.

I denna artikel försökte vi skapa sammansatta ställningar med IPC fibrer för den fördröjda frisättningen av olika biomolekyler. Egenskaper hos biomolekylerna som används i denna studie återfinns i Tabell 1. IPC fibrerna först inbäddade i en hydrofil PD hydrogel för att skapa en PD-IPC kompositbyggnadsställning (Figur 1B). Modell molekyl BSA först testas för att avgöra om det är möjligt att använda en sammansatt byggnadsställning för kontrollerad biomolekyler release...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Composite Scaffolds of Interfacial Polyelectrolyte Fibers for Temporally Controlled Release of Biomolecules at JoVE.com

Composite Scaffolds of Interfacial Polyelectrolyte Fibers for Temporally Controlled Release of Biomolecules

Scaffolds for tissue engineering need to recapitulate the complex biochemical and biophysical microenvironment of the cellular niche. Here, we show the use of interfacial polyelectrolyte complexation fibers as a platform to create composite, multi-component polymeric scaffolds with sustained biochemical release.

Komposit Ställningar av Interfacial Polyelectrolyte Fibrer för Temporärt kontrollerad frisättning av biomolekyler

Various scaffolds used in tissue engineering require a controlled biochemical environment to mimic the physiological cell niche. Interfacial ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Elastomeric PGS Scaffolds in Arterial Tissue Engineering

Elastomerisk PGS Byggnadsställningar i arteriellt Tissue Engineering

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading cause of mortality in the US and especially, coronary artery disease increases with an aging population and ...

Preparation of 3D Fibrin Scaffolds for Stem Cell Culture Applications

Beredning av 3D Fibrin ställningar för Kultur Stem Cell Applications

Stem cells are found in naturally occurring 3D microenvironments in vivo, which are often referred to as the stem cell niche 1. Culturing stem cells ...

Non-contact, Label-free Monitoring of Cells and Extracellular Matrix using Raman Spectroscopy

Beröringsfri, Label-free övervakning av celler och extracellulär matris med Raman-spektroskopi

Non-destructive, non-contact and label-free technologies to monitor cell and tissue cultures are needed in the field of biomedical research.1-5 However, ...

Self-reporting Scaffolds for 3-Dimensional Cell Culture

Självrapporterings Ställningar för 3-dimensionell cellodling

Culturing cells in 3D on appropriate scaffolds is thought to better mimic the in vivo microenvironment and increase cell-cell interactions. The resulting ...

Preparation of Light-responsive Membranes by a Combined Surface Grafting and Postmodification Process

Beredning av Light-responsiva Membran av en Kombinerad Surface Ympning och Postmodification Process

In order to modify the surface tension of commercial available track-edged polymer membranes, a procedure of surface-initiated polymerization is ...

Generation of a Three-dimensional Full Thickness Skin Equivalent and Automated Wounding

Generering av ett tredimensionellt Full Tjocklek hudekvivalent och automatiserade sårar

In vitro models are a cost effective and ethical alternative to study cutaneous wound healing processes. Moreover, by using human cells, these models ...

Alternating Magnetic Field-Responsive Hybrid Gelatin Microgels for Controlled Drug Release

Alternerande magnetfält-Responsive Hybrid Gelatin Mikrogeler för kontrollerad läkemedelsdosering

Magnetically-responsive nano/micro-engineered biomaterials that enable a tightly controlled, on-demand drug delivery have been developed as new types of ...

Generation of ESC-derived Mouse Airway Epithelial Cells Using Decellularized Lung Scaffolds

Generation av ESC-derived mus epitelceller i luftvägarna med hjälp decellulariserade Lung Ställningar

Lung lineage differentiation requires integration of complex environmental cues that include growth factor signaling, cell-cell interactions and ...

Polyelectrolyte Complex for Heparin Binding Domain Osteogenic Growth Factor Delivery

Polyelektrolytkomplex för Heparin Binding Domain osteogent Growth Factor Leverans

During reconstructive bone surgeries, supraphysiological amounts of growth factors are empirically loaded onto scaffolds to promote successful bone ...

Neonatal Cardiac Scaffolds: Novel Matrices for Regenerative Studies

Neonatal Cardiac Ställningar: Nya Matriser för regenerativ studier

The only definitive therapy for end stage heart failure is orthotopic heart transplantation.  Each year, it is estimated that more than 100,000 donor ...