Name: motor and hippocampal dependent spatial learning and reference memory assessment in a transgenic rat model of alzheimer's disease with stroke
Uploaded: 2016-03-22T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Motor and Hippocampal Dependent Spatial Learning and Reference Memory Assessment in a Transgenic Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease with Stroke at JoVE.com

This work was made possible with funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) and the authors would like to thank CIHR for their funding support.

适当的制度动物伦理委员会应在开始试验之前批准所有的行为过程。这里描述的所有动物工作被批准由西方大学动物使用小组委员会和遵循加拿大议会关于动物保护的准则。这些动物实验在光照​​阶段进行。 1.气缸任务毛前肢运动评定<ol><li>设备安装<ol><li>获得一个有机玻璃圆筒的多孔盖，将容纳用于实验的大鼠的大小。圆筒的尺寸不应该允许大鼠来饲养时达到顶峰，它应该允许壁和大?...

<ol>
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A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain+infarction+and+the+clinical+expression+of+alzheimer+disease:+The+nun+study.">Brain infarction and the clinical expression of alzheimer disease: The nun study.</a> JAMA. 277 (10), 813 (1997).</li><li>Clarke, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overexpression+of+APP+provides+neuroprotection+in+the+absence+of+functional+benefit+following+middle+cerebral+artery+occlusion+in+rats.">Overexpression of APP provides neuroprotection in the absence of functional benefit following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.</a> Eur J Neurosci. 26 (7), 1845-1852 (2007).</li><li>Whitehead, S., Hachinski, V., Cechetto, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+Between+a+Rat+Model+of+Cerebral+Ischemia+and+&#946;-Amyloid+Toxicity+Inflammatory+Responses.">Interaction Between a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemia and &#946;-Amyloid Toxicity Inflammatory Responses.</a> Stroke. 36 (1), 107-112 (2005).</li><li>Agca, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+transgenic+rats+producing+human+&#946;-amyloid+precursor+protein+as+a+model+for+Alzheimer's+disease:+Transgene+and+endogenous+APP+genes+are+regulated+tissue-specifically.">Development of transgenic rats producing human &#946;-amyloid precursor protein as a model for Alzheimer's disease: Transgene and endogenous APP genes are regulated tissue-specifically.</a> BMC Neuroscience. 9 (1), 28 (2008).</li><li>Bayona, N. A., Gelb, A. W., Jiang, Z., Wilson, J. X., Urquhart, B. L., Cechetto, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Propofol+neuroprotection+in+cerebral+ischemia+and+its+effects+on+low-molecular-weight+antioxidants+and+skilled+motor+tasks.">Propofol neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia and its effects on low-molecular-weight antioxidants and skilled motor tasks.</a> Anesthesiology. 100 (5), 1151-1159 (2004).</li><li>Langdon, K., Clarke, J., Corbett, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+exposure+to+high+fat+diet+is+bad+for+your+brain:+exacerbation+of+focal+ischemic+brain+injury.">Long-term exposure to high fat diet is bad for your brain: exacerbation of focal ischemic brain injury.</a> Neuroscience. 182, 82-87 (2011).</li><li>Brownlow, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Partial+rescue+of+memory+deficits+induced+by+calorie+restriction+in+a+mouse+model+of+tau+deposition.">Partial rescue of memory deficits induced by calorie restriction in a mouse model of tau deposition.</a> Behav Brain Res. 271, 7988 (2014).</li><li>Halagappa, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intermittent+fasting+and+caloric+restriction+ameliorate+age-related+behavioral+deficits+in+the+triple-transgenic+mouse+model+of+Alzheimer's+disease.">Intermittent fasting and caloric restriction ameliorate age-related behavioral deficits in the triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.</a> Neurobiol Dis. 26 (1), (2007).</li><li>Maalouf, M., Rho, J., Mattson, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neuroprotective+properties+of+calorie+restriction,+the+ketogenic+diet,+and+ketone+bodies.">The neuroprotective properties of calorie restriction, the ketogenic diet, and ketone bodies.</a> Behav Brain Res. 59 (2), (2008).</li><li>Tillerson, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Forced+limb-use+effects+on+the+behavioral+and+neurochemical+effects+of+6-hydroxydopamine.">Forced limb-use effects on the behavioral and neurochemical effects of 6-hydroxydopamine.</a> Neuroscience. 21 (12), 4427-4435 (2001).</li><li>Sierksma, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improvement+of+spatial+memory+function+in+APPswe/PS1dE9+mice+after+chronic+inhibition+of+phosphodiesterase+type+4D.">Improvement of spatial memory function in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice after chronic inhibition of phosphodiesterase type 4D.</a> Neuropharmacology. 77, (2013).</li><li>D'Hooge, R., De Deyn, P. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applications+of+the+Morris+water+maze+in+the+study+of+learning+and+memory.">Applications of the Morris water maze in the study of learning and memory.</a> Behav Brain Res. 36 (1), 60-90 (2001).</li><li>Vorhees, C., Williams, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morris+water+maze:+procedures+for+assessing+spatial+and+related+forms+of+learning+and+memory.">Morris water maze: procedures for assessing spatial and related forms of learning and memory.</a> Nat Protoc. 1 (2), 848-858 (2006).</li></ol>

中风和阿尔茨海默氏病的结果中很明显的行为的病症可影响这两个马达和根据各状况的严重程度的认知功能的组合。因此，有必要利用各种行为任务，以确定这些条件的个别贡献，以及提供一些洞察在共病态状况合并的和潜在的互动效果。呈现的数据证明三个成本效率，时间效率的和敏感的行为任务，以评估在一个新颖共同病态APP21转基因大鼠中风模型运动功能和海马依赖性空间学习和参考记忆?...

阿尔茨海默氏病（AD）是老年人人口痴呆和衰弱的神经变性疾病的最普遍的形式。组织病理学上，AD呈现为淀粉样蛋白斑，神经原纤维缠结和神经元的损失。淀粉样蛋白斑由已经通过由β分泌酶和γ分泌酶1,2,3淀粉样前体蛋白（APP）的改变的蛋白水解切割产生的β-淀粉样肽（Aβ）的主要。裂解产物，Aβ，在大脑中沉积产生病理淀粉样蛋白斑和对脑，可导致特性学习障碍和记忆丧失毒性作用。所有的这些步骤一起被称为“淀粉样蛋白级联假说”3,4。当调查广告时这个假设是很重要的，已被发现的其他细胞变化先于从原来的淀粉样蛋白级联途径偏离这些斑块地层。这些其他细胞变化被认为有助于早期记忆丧失，学习障碍和之前斑块形成3,5,6参与AD其它认知功能障碍。 随着AD越来越普遍，为开发AD的危险因素正成为研究的一个非常重要的焦点。虽然年龄是AD的散发性形式的主要危险因素，其他危险因素已被识别，包括中风7,8。中风不仅是一个危险因素，但它也可以加剧已经存在痴呆。例如，临床上，AD的进展已被证明是谁曾经历中风9例差。此外，增加的APP表达和Aβ积聚已Aβ毒性与诱发中风10,11结合的实验动物模型中找到。由于存在中风和AD之间的这种重要的相互作用，这是至关重要的，这两种病症进一步研究在共同病态模式，可以更好地了解病理生理学和行为在这两个条件牵连。 调查共同病态条件下，一个合适的模型，必须开发，其中中风可以与Aβ相互作用以产生AD样病理。对于第一次，使用具有并入其DNA中的突变的人APP基因的APP21转基因大鼠实现AD一种合适的型号。突变是瑞典双错义和印第安纳单错义突变，这都被在公元4,8,12家族形式牵连。在没有额外的侮辱，而不发展特色Aβ斑块或神经原纤维这种大鼠模型的年龄缠结12。因此，在努力以诱导AD样行为病理学，小冲程被引入右纹状体模仿小皮层下笔划常常存在于痴呆病人9。在APP21转基因RA的行程吨体现了共同病态条件，并允许不同类型的两种疾病状况牵连行为变化的研究。特别地，该感应AD样病理和认知缺陷的成年大鼠允许我们调查前述AD的最早的分子和认知改变。 由于该目标是确定的行为的变化的第一个迹象，并且自两冲程和AD具有非常明显的行为病状，研究共同病态模型时，行为任务需要评估各种行为表型。有很多，可以做分析运动和认知行为在涉及各种范例和设备的啮齿动物模型相对敏感测试电池。要具体分析前肢及后肢运动功能，气缸任务和梁步行任务已落实来检测运动障碍，并在这个模型监测运动。专门设计用来评估细FO等敏感任务relimb运动技能（ 即楼梯任务和单颗粒到达任务）要求食物匮乏11,13,14。为了避免任何对疾病的病理15,16,17食物匮乏的已知作用，这些测试已被视为不适合这项研究。气缸任务评估了一个新的环境中饲养过程中自发利用老鼠的前肢，可检测大鼠前肢之间的不对称性单侧中风10,18。这个任务的一个主要的好处是，该装置可用于其他行为任务，如Porsolt强迫游泳任务19。相反在气缸任务，光束步行任务还可以后肢和前肢电机控制的分析，除了locmotion 10,14。平衡木行走包括运动部件，组件平衡和熟练的脚的位置。这两个测试都是成本效益，简单，时间效率和阐明中风和AD对D的影响<html> ifferences肢体功能。 除了运动功能的改变，AD涉及记忆障碍，可以出现在疾病进展的早期阶段。当在啮齿动物模型寻址AD样病理，至关重要的是，海马依赖性学习和记忆的评估，因为海马是一个重要的脑结构很大程度上影响在公元2。海马是空间学习和记忆，其功能的重要脑区能够在啮齿动物使用各种迷宫范式进行测试。其中，针对不同疾病的啮齿动物模型中使用最广泛的迷宫任务是Morris水迷宫20。 Morris水迷宫利用空间线索协助大鼠在定位的静止隐藏平台和当平台被移除测试空间参考存储器。水迷宫设置的一个有价值的好处是，它是高度适应取决于提出研究问题20。 帐篷“&gt;这是第一次，所描述的技术已经被用于评估运动和认知功能的中风和AD的新的共病的大鼠模型。在一个APP21转基因大鼠模型，涉及小笔。共同发病率是通过诱导来实现血管中的纹状体的血管收缩以产生APP21转基因大鼠的小行程，该行程模型已经很好地建立在公元11的可替换的大鼠模型中的共同病态状态。进展到这种新颖的APP21转基因大鼠模型意产生更平移有价值的模型。虽然行为任务使用一个共同病态冲程和AD大鼠模型描述，这些任务可进一步应用于中风的其它模型或其他神经系统疾病的模型（ 即帕金森病）。一般描述的方法将广泛适用于这些其他疾病状态，但行为时间表和范式可能基础上，提出资源需要改动问题操作搜索和型号。除了是适应性强，所描述的任务是有效地展现次要缺陷的同时，还具有成本和时间效率。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="817">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="125">
			<td height="125" style="height:125px;width:216px;">Cylinder</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Western University</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Plexiglas Cylinder 
			Cylinder Diameter: 23 cm 
			Cylinder Height: 40 cm 
			Platform Height: 30 cm 
			Mirror Length: 35 cm 
			Mirror Width: 26.5 cm</td>
			<td style="width:320px;">This was made specifically by Western University Machine Services for our lab. Please contact your own chosen manufacturer to design this product.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Handheld Video Camera</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">JVC</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">GZ-E200</td>
			<td style="width:320px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Video Camera Tripod</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Slik</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">F163</td>
			<td style="width:320px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">AM/FM Clock Radio</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Sylvania</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">SCR1388</td>
			<td style="width:320px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">White Board</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Walmart</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Width: 71.12 cm 
			Height: 55.88 cm</td>
			<td style="width:320px;">These can be purchased at any store (i.e. Walmart, University bookstores)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Dry-erase Marker</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Expo</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Expo Dry-erase Original Marker</td>
			<td style="width:320px;">These can be purchased at any store (i.e. Walmart, University bookstores)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Wooden Beam</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Rona</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Plywood 
			Width: 2 cm 
			Length: 100cm</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">VWR General Purpose Laboratory Tape</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">VWR Intl.</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">89097-920</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">iMovie &#39;11</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Apple Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Version 9.0.9 (1795)</td>
			<td style="width:320px;">This is the version used in this manuscript, but any other iMovie version or video editing software could be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="44">
			<td height="44" style="height:44px;width:216px;">Morris Water Maze Pool with Platform</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Stoelting Co.</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">60136/60035</td>
			<td style="width:320px;">These are not the exact products used in the video, but these are essentially identical.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Platform Cue</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:320px;">The platform cue used was created using a small metal stand and white spherical foam ball. These can likely be purchased at any store with home improvement materials (i.e. Walmart, Rona etc.)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mainstays 71&#34; Floor Lamp</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Walmart</td>
			<td>HW-F0377SLV</td>
			<td style="width:320px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">ANY-Maze Behavioural Tracking Software</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Stoelting Co.</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">60000</td>
			<td style="width:320px;">There are ANY-maze&#174; bundles that include the camera with or without a computer and accessories.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Compact Video Camera</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Logitech</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">V-U0023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Laptop</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Hewlett-Packard</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">HP&#174; Pavilion dv6 Notebook PC</td>
			<td style="width:320px;">Laptop Specifics: AMD A6-3420M APU with Radeon&#8482; HD Graphics 1.50 GHz, 6.00 GB RAM, 64-bit operating system.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="62">
			<td height="62" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Americana Non-toxic Acrylic Paint</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">DecoArt</td>
			<td>DAO67-9</td>
			<td style="width:320px;">This can be ordered on the DecoArt site or purchased in store at DecoArt&#174; retailers.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Poster Board</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Walmart</td>
			<td>PA-1961</td>
			<td style="width:320px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

motor and hippocampal dependent spatial learning and reference memory assessment in a transgenic rat model of alzheimer's disease with stroke

阿尔茨海默氏病（AD）是一种使人衰弱的神经变性疾病，其导致神经变性和记忆丧失。而年龄是AD的主要危险因素，中风也被牵连作为危险因素和一种加剧因素。在恶化卒中相关的电动机控制和AD相关的认知缺陷中风和AD结果的共病时相比单独各条件。为了模拟中风和AD，AD的新的转基因大鼠模型中，与淀粉样蛋白前体蛋白结合到它的DNA（涉及AD的发展的关键蛋白质）的突变形式的组合条件下，被赋予一个小单方面纹状体中风。 对于笔触和AD的组合模式，即评估中风有关的电机控制，运动和AD相关的认知功能行为测试必须执行。气缸任务涉及到评估自发前肢电机使用具有成本效益，多功能设备。在此任务，将大鼠放置在圆筒形装置，其中所述鼠将自发后部和联系其前肢汽缸的壁。这些接触被认为是前肢电机使用，在测试过程中经过视频分析量化。实施另一项经济高效的电机任务是梁行走任务，评估前肢控制，后肢控制和运动。此任务涉及跨木梁允许肢体运动控制的评估，通过前肢单，后肢滑倒分析大鼠行走。学习和记忆的评估完成后用Morris水迷宫这一行为模式。该协议始于空间学习，从而使老鼠找到一个固定的平台隐藏。空间学习后，该平台被去除，短期和长期的空间参考存储器进行评估。所有这三个任务是行为上的差异敏感，在28天内对这一模式完成，使这对digm时间效率和成本效益。

所描述的行为任务被用来表明笔划的阿尔茨海默氏病的APP21转基因大鼠模型中的作用。行程和APP21转基因的组合，预计将导致患肢更大的运动障碍，以及增加记忆障碍。 气缸任务评估毛前肢运动功能和被表示为使用受影响的前肢的。此外，光束的步行任务用于特异性评估后肢运动功能和运动。由于行程是在右纹状体诱导，左前?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Motor and Hippocampal Dependent Spatial Learning and Reference Memory Assessment in a Transgenic Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease with Stroke at JoVE.com

Motor and Hippocampal Dependent Spatial Learning and Reference Memory Assessment in a Transgenic Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease with Stroke

调查在一个新颖模型共同病态阿尔茨海默氏病（AD）和中风的条件，都描述了三种行为任务评估两个电动机控制和认知行为。这些任务包括梁行走任务，气缸任务和Morris水迷宫。

汽车和海马依赖空间学习和记忆参考评估与中风阿尔茨海默氏病的转基因大鼠模型

Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease that results in neurodegeneration and memory loss. While age is a major risk ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease

情节记忆的特点，采用事件相关电位研究在阿尔茨海默氏症患者

Our laboratory uses event-related EEG potentials (ERPs) to understand and support behavioral investigations of episodic memory in patients with amnestic ...

科研

医学

Endothelin-1 Induced Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model for Ischemic Stroke with Laser Doppler Flowmetry Guidance in Rat

内皮素-1诱导大脑中动脉闭塞模型缺血性中风激光多普勒血流仪在大鼠指导

Stroke is the number one cause of disability and third leading cause of death in the world, costing an estimated $70 billion in the United States in ...

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

斑马鱼模型的糖尿病和代谢记忆

Diabetes mellitus currently affects 346 million individuals and this is projected to increase to 400 million by 2030. Evidence from both the laboratory ...

A Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

蛛网膜下腔出血的小鼠模型

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid  hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of  Willis ...

Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly

病变资源管理器：一个视频引导，标准化为老年痴呆症准确，可靠的MRI衍生Volumetrics和正常老年人协议

Obtaining in vivo human brain tissue volumetrics from MRI is often complicated by various technical and biological issues. These challenges are ...

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

脑Microslices的兴奋性刺激作为<em&gt;在体外</em&gt;中风模型

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As ...

Controlling Parkinson's Disease With Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation

控制帕金森氏症与自适应深部脑刺激

Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) has the potential to improve the treatment of Parkinson&#39;s disease by optimizing stimulation in real time ...

Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

血管功能在慢性肾脏疾病的评估

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population, and this ...

Method of Isolated Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion in a Rat Model: Lessons Learned from Developing a Rat EVLP Program

Method of Isolated Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion in a Rat Model: Lessons Learned from Developing a Rat EVLP Program

的隔离方法<em&gt;离体</em&gt;肺灌注的大鼠模型：教训制定鼠EVLP课程中学

The number of acceptable donor lungs available for lung transplantation is severely limited due to poor quality. Ex-Vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP) has allowed ...

Establishment and Characterization of UTI and CAUTI in a Mouse Model

建立和UTI和CAUTI表征在小鼠模型

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are highly prevalent, a significant cause of morbidity and are increasingly resistant to treatment with antibiotics. ...