Name: optical mapping of intra-sarcoplasmic reticulum ca2+ and transmembrane potential in the langendorff-perfused rabbit heart
Uploaded: 2015-09-10T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optical Mapping of Intra-Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ and Transmembrane Potential in the Langendorff-perfused Rabbit Heart at JoVE.com

This work was supported in part by the US National Institutes of Health (R01 HL 111600) and the American Heart Association (12SDG9010015).

Alle Verfahren, die Tiere wurden von der Animal Care und Verwenden Committee der University of California, Davis zugelassen und auf den Leitfaden für die Pflege und Verwendung von Labortieren durch die National Institutes of Health veröffentlicht geklebt. 1. Vorbereitung <ol><li> Bereiten Sie zwei konzentriert (25x) Aktien von modifizierten Tyrode-Lösung im Voraus und bei 4 ° C: (1) Auf I (in mM: NaCl 3205, CaCl 2 32,5, KCl 117,5, NaH 2 PO 4 29.75, MgCl 2</su...

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Die Schlüssel zur erfolgreichen Fluo-5N Farbstoffbeladung sind der kleinvolumige rezirkulierenden Perfusion Einrichtung, die für eine hohe Fluo-5N-Konzentration ermöglicht, ohne die Notwendigkeit für große Mengen an Farbstoff, der Länge der Ladezeit (1 h) und Ausführen des Lade bei RT. Wenn das Laden bei physiologischen Temperaturen, zellulären Enzymaktivität schnell spaltet die -AM-Tag, wenn der Farbstoff kreuzt die Zellmembran, Einfangen der Farbstoffmoleküle in das Cytosol und nicht so dass sie die Membran ...

Dual optical mapping of intracellular Ca2+ and transmembrane potential (Vm) in the intact Langendorff-perfused heart has become a mainstay of investigations in cardiac electrophysiology, including mechanisms of arrhythmia and excitation-contraction coupling1-4. This approach has provided unprecedented knowledge into normal and abnormal electrophysiology and, importantly, into the bidirectional relationship between Vm and intracellular Ca2+. However, optical mapping of intracellular Ca2+ with high-affinity fluorescent indicators (such as Rhod-2 and Fluo-4) only reports on bulk changes in intracellular Ca2+ and is unable to distinguish whether these changes are due to transmembrane Ca2+ flux, release and reuptake into intracellular stores, or in most instances, some combination of both. Furthermore, high-affinity Ca2+ indicators have slow on-off kinetics and may not accurately report rapid changes in Ca2+ concentration5.
Each action potential triggers a rise in intracellular Ca2+, known as the intracellular Ca2+ transient (CaT). In the mammalian heart, approximately 70 &#8211; 90% of the total CaT is due to release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) via opening of ryanodine receptors (RyRs)6. Within the SR, approximately half of the total Ca2+ is bound to calsequestrin (CSQ) and other intra-SR buffers7, which play an important role in SR Ca2+ homeostasis8,9. The amount of free SR Ca2+ dictates the driving force for SR Ca2+ release as well as gating of RyR, and therefore has a significant impact on the intracellular CaT. Furthermore, alterations in SR Ca2+ release or reuptake can, in turn, impact Vm via the electrogenic Na+-Ca2+ exchange, which may have arrhythmogenic consequences. Therefore, in addition to the CaT, monitoring of free SR Ca2+ can provide important insights into contractile and electrophysiological dysfunction.
Over the past several years, investigators have made significant advances in the monitoring of SR Ca2+ in isolated cardiac myocytes and from a single location on the intact heart. One such method requires rapid pulses of caffeine to open RyRs and the SR Ca2+ content is then inferred or calculated from the immediate rise in intracellular Ca2+10. Another intriguing approach uses low-affinity Ca2+ indicators, such as Fluo-5N11 or Mag-Fluo412, which bind to free SR Ca2+. These indicators have dissociation constants (Kd) in the range of 10 &#8211; 400 &#956;M and therefore exhibit minimal fluorescence in the cytosol compared to the SR lumen, where the Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]SR) is in the millimolar range. Using low-affinity Ca2+ indicators, several aspects of SR Ca2+ cycling have been investigated at the level of the isolated myocyte, including fractional SR Ca2+ release and the mechanisms of Ca2+ alternans13,14. However, in order to fully understand the heterogeneous nature of SR Ca2+ cycling in the intact heart and the role of SR Ca2+ in spatially distinct arrhythmic phenomena, methods for imaging SR Ca2+ across the epicardial surface of the intact heart are required15.
This article describes methodology for dual optical mapping of free SR Ca2+ and Vm in the intact Langendorff-perfused rabbit heart with the low-affinity Ca2+ indicator Fluo-5N. In addition to revealing SR Ca2+ characteristics spatially across the epicardial surface of the heart, this approach has the advantage of simultaneous monitoring of Vm, allowing for investigations into the bidirectional relationship between Vm and SR Ca2+.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="956">
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		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:216px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">S271-1</td>
			<td style="width:423px;">Component of Tyrode&#39;s solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:216px;">CaCl2 (2H2O)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">C79-500</td>
			<td style="width:423px;">Component of Tyrode&#39;s solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:216px;">KCl</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">S217-500</td>
			<td style="width:423px;">Component of Tyrode&#39;s solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:216px;">MgCl2 (6H2O)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">M33-500</td>
			<td style="width:423px;">Component of Tyrode&#39;s solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:216px;">NaH2PO4 (H2O)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">S369-500</td>
			<td style="width:423px;">Component of Tyrode&#39;s solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:216px;">NaHCO3</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">S233-3</td>
			<td style="width:423px;">Component of Tyrode&#39;s solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:216px;">D-Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">D16-1</td>
			<td style="width:423px;">Component of Tyrode&#39;s solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:216px;">95% O2 5% CO2</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">AirGas</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">carbogen</td>
			<td style="width:423px;">For oxygenation and pH of Tyrode&#39;s solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:216px;">Blebbistatin</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Tocris Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">1760</td>
			<td style="width:423px;">Excitation-contraction uncoupler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:216px;">RH237</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Biotium</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">61018</td>
			<td style="width:423px;">Voltage-sensitive dye</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:216px;">Fluo-5N AM</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">F-26915</td>
			<td style="width:423px;">Low-affinity Ca2+ indicator; Alternative: Invitrogen F-14204; Loading must be performed at room temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:216px;">Pluronic F127</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Biotium</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">59004</td>
			<td style="width:423px;">For Ca2+ indicator loading; Warm until the solutiion is clear before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:216px;">Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">D2650</td>
			<td style="width:423px;">For dissolving blebbistatin and dyes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:216px;">Filter</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">EMD Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">NY1104700</td>
			<td style="width:423px;">11um in-line filter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:216px;">Pressure Transducer</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">WPI</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">BLPR2</td>
			<td style="width:423px;">For measuring perfusion pressure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:216px;">Transbridge Transducer Amplifier</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">WPI</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">SYS-TBM4M</td>
			<td style="width:423px;">For transducing/amplifing pressure signal; PowerLab may also be used with appropriate BioAmp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:216px;">PowerLab 26T</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">ADInstruments</td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td style="width:423px;">For continuous recording of pressure and ECG signals</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:216px;">THT Macroscope</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">SciMedia</td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td style="width:423px;">Macroscopic optical setup. Details: 0.63x objective (NA=0.31), 2x condensing objective, resultant field of view = 3.1x3.1 cm, depth of focus = ~1.5mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:216px;">MiCam Ultima-L CMOS</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">SciMedia</td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td style="width:423px;">Optical mapping cameras</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="57">
			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:216px;">Precision LED Spot Light</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Mightex</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">PLS-0470-030-15-S</td>
			<td style="width:423px;">LED light source</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

optical mapping of intra-sarcoplasmic reticulum ca2+ and transmembrane potential in the langendorff-perfused rabbit heart

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ handling plays a key role in normal excitation-contraction coupling and aberrant SR Ca2+ handling is known to play a significant role in certain types of arrhythmia. Because arrhythmias are spatially distinct, emergent phenomena, they must be investigated at the tissue level. However, methods for directly probing SR Ca2+ in the intact heart remain limited. This article describes the protocol for dual optical mapping of transmembrane potential (Vm) and free intra-SR [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]SR) in the Langendorff-perfused rabbit heart. This approach takes advantage of the low-affinity Ca2+ indicator Fluo-5N, which has minimal fluorescence in the cytosol where intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) is relatively low but exhibits significant fluorescence in the SR lumen where [Ca2+]SR is in the millimolar range. In addition to revealing SR Ca2+ characteristics spatially across the epicardial surface of the heart, this approach has the distinct advantage of simultaneous monitoring of Vm, allowing for investigations into the bidirectional relationship between Vm and SR Ca2+ and the role of SR Ca2+ in arrhythmogenic phenomena.

1A zeigt eine schematische Darstellung der optischen Anordnung für Dual V m und SR Ca 2+ Kartierung. Mit diesem Setup, gibt es komplette spektrale Trennung der V m und SR Ca 2+ Signale (Abbildung 1B). Ein Diagramm des Dual-Schleifen Perfusionssystem für Fluo-5N Farbstoffbeladung verwendet wird, in Figur 1C veranschaulicht. Figur 1D zeigt die horizontale Ausrichtung des Herzens in das Perfusionssystem Schale....

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optical Mapping of Intra-Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ and Transmembrane Potential in the Langendorff-perfused Rabbit Heart at JoVE.com

Optical Mapping of Intra-Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ and Transmembrane Potential in the Langendorff-perfused Rabbit Heart

Dieser Artikel beschreibt das detaillierte Protokoll und Anlagen für die duale optische Abbildung von Transmembranpotential (V m) und freie inner Retikulum (SR) notwendig Ca 2+ in der Langendorff-perfundierten Kaninchenherzen. Dieses Verfahren ermöglicht die direkte Beobachtung und Quantifizierung von V m und SR Ca 2+ Dynamik im intakten Herzens.

Optische Kartierung der Intra-Retikulum Ca<sup&gt; 2+</sup&gt; Und Transmembranpotential in der Langendorff-perfundierten Kaninchen Herz

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ handling plays a key role in normal excitation-contraction coupling and aberrant SR Ca2+ handling is known to play a ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Optical Mapping of Intra-Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ and Transmembrane Potential in the Langendorff-perfused Rabbit Heart

Proper Care and Cleaning of the Microscope

Richtige Pflege und Reinigung des Mikroskops

Keeping the microscope optics clean is important for high-quality imaging. Dust, fingerprints, excess immersion oil, or mounting medium on or in a ...

Forschung

Biologie

Optical Mapping of Langendorff-perfused Rat Hearts

Optische Abbildung von Langendorff-perfundierten Rattenherzen

Optical mapping of the cardiac surface with voltage-sensitive fluorescent dyes has become an important tool to investigate electrical excitation in ...

Semi-automated Optical Heartbeat Analysis of Small Hearts

Semi-automatische optische Heartbeat-Analyse von kleinen Herzen

We have developed a method for analyzing high speed optical recordings from Drosophila, zebrafish and embryonic mouse hearts (Fink, et. al., 2009). Our ...

Preparation of embryos for Electron Microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube

Preparation of embryos for Electron Microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube

Vorbereitung der Embryonen für Elektronenmikroskopie der Drosophila Embryonale Herz Rohr

The morphogenesis of the Drosophila  embryonic heart tube has emerged as a valuable model system for studying cell migration, cell-cell adhesion and cell ...

Quantification of &gamma;H2AX Foci in Response to Ionising Radiation

Quantification of ÃƒÅ½Ã‚Â³H2AX Foci in Response to Ionising Radiation

Die Quantifizierung der γH2AX Foci in Response to ionisierender Strahlung

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are induced by either endogenous metabolic processes or by exogenous sources, are one of the most critical DNA ...

Evaluation of the Spatial Distribution of &gamma;H2AX following Ionizing Radiation

Evaluation of the Spatial Distribution of ÃƒÅ½Ã‚Â³H2AX following Ionizing Radiation

Auswertung der räumlichen Verteilung der γH2AX folgenden ionisierender Strahlung

An early molecular response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is phosphorylation of the Ser-139 residue within the terminal SQEY motif of the histone ...

Clonogenic Assay: Adherent Cells

Klonogene Test: adhärenter Zellen

The clonogenic (or colony forming) assay has been established for more than 50 years; the original paper describing the technique was published in 19561. ...

Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Subdomains in Cultured Cells

Visualisierung des endoplasmatischen Reticulum Subdomains in kultivierten Zellen

The lipids and proteins in eukaryotic cells are continuously exchanged between cell compartments, although these retain their distinctive composition and ...