Name: whole retinal explants from chicken embryos for electroporation and chemical reagent treatments
Uploaded: 2015-09-30T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole Retinal Explants from Chicken Embryos for Electroporation and Chemical Reagent Treatments at JoVE.com

The work was supported by Barncancerfonden (PR2013-0104), Swedish Research Council (12187-18-3), &#246;gonfonden, Kronprinsessan Margaretas arbetsn&#228;mnd f&#246;r synskadade, Synfr&#228;mjandets forskningsfond and St Eriks &#246;gonsjukhus forskningsstipendier.

该协议是根据“指南为协会的实验动物的护理和使用的研究视觉与眼科”，在这些建议进行的。 1.鸡蛋处理和眼收集<ol><li>存储白来航鸡蛋在12-14℃下不超过1周。如果可能，请使用冷藏酒柜储存受精卵。 注：更高的存储温度导致胚胎发育异常，而较低温度增加了死亡率。延长贮存时间增加了死亡率和畸形发展。 </li><li>孵育在37.5℃下的鸡蛋和60％湿度的蛋孵化器轻轻摇?...

<ol>
	<li>Muramatsu, T., Mizutani, Y., Ohmori, Y., Okumura, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+three+nonviral+transfection+methods+for+foreign+gene+expression+in+early+chicken+embryos+in+ovo.">Comparison of three nonviral transfection methods for foreign gene expression in early chicken embryos in ovo.</a> Biochem Biophys Res Commu. 230, 376-380 (1997).</li><li>Nakamura, H., Funahashi, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Introduction+of+DNA+into+chick+embryos+by+in+ovo+electroporation.">Introduction of DNA into chick embryos by in ovo electroporation.</a> Method. 24, 43-48 (2001).</li><li>Kohl, A., Hadas, Y., Klar, A., Sela-Donenfeld, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axonal+patterns+and+targets+of+dA1+interneurons+in+the+chick+hindbrain.">Axonal patterns and targets of dA1 interneurons in the chick hindbrain.</a> J Neurosc. 32, 5757-5771 (2012).</li><li>Islam, M. M., Doh, S. T., Cai, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+ovo+electroporation+in+embryonic+chick+retina.">In ovo electroporation in embryonic chick retina.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2012).</li><li>Sparrow, J. R., Hicks, D., Barnstable, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+commitment+and+differentiation+in+explants+of+embryonic+rat+neural+retina.+Comparison+with+the+developmental+potential+of+dissociated+retina.">Cell commitment and differentiation in explants of embryonic rat neural retina. Comparison with the developmental potential of dissociated retina.</a> Brain res Dev brain re. 51, 69-84 (1990).</li><li>Tomita, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mammalian+hairy+and+Enhancer+of+split+homolog+1+regulates+differentiation+of+retinal+neurons+and+is+essential+for+eye+morphogenesis.">Mammalian hairy and Enhancer of split homolog 1 regulates differentiation of retinal neurons and is essential for eye morphogenesis.</a> Neuro. 16, 723-734 (1996).</li><li>Matsuda, T., Cepko, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electroporation+and+RNA+interference+in+the+rodent+retina+in+vivo+and+in+vitro.">Electroporation and RNA interference in the rodent retina in vivo and in vitro.</a> Proc Nat Acad Sci US. 101, 16-22 (2004).</li><li>Donovan, S. L., Dyer, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+and+square+wave+electroporation+of+retinal+explant+cultures.">Preparation and square wave electroporation of retinal explant cultures.</a> Nature protocol. 1, 2710-2718 (2006).</li><li>Thangaraj, G., Greif, A., Layer, P. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+explant+culture+of+the+embryonic+chicken+retina+with+long-term+preservation+of+photoreceptors.">Simple explant culture of the embryonic chicken retina with long-term preservation of photoreceptors.</a> Exp eye re. 93, 556-564 (2011).</li><li>Shirazi Fard, S., All-Ericsson, C., Hallbook, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+heterogenic+final+cell+cycle+of+chicken+retinal+Lim1+horizontal+cells+is+not+regulated+by+the+DNA+damage+response+pathway.">The heterogenic final cell cycle of chicken retinal Lim1 horizontal cells is not regulated by the DNA damage response pathway.</a> Cell Cycl. 13, 408-417 (2014).</li><li>Shirazi Fard, S., Thyselius, M., All-Ericsson, C., Hallbook, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+terminal+basal+mitosis+of+chicken+retinal+Lim1+horizontal+cells+is+not+sensitive+to+cisplatin-induced+cell+cycle+arrest.">The terminal basal mitosis of chicken retinal Lim1 horizontal cells is not sensitive to cisplatin-induced cell cycle arrest.</a> Cell Cycl. 13, 3698-3706 (2014).</li><li>Hamburger, V., Hamilton, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+series+of+normal+stages+in+the+development+of+the+chick+embryo.">A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo.</a> J. Morphol. 88, 49-92 (1951).</li><li>Gavet, O., Pines, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+cyclin+B1-Cdk1+synchronizes+events+in+the+nucleus+and+the+cytoplasm+at+mitosis.">Activation of cyclin B1-Cdk1 synchronizes events in the nucleus and the cytoplasm at mitosis.</a> J Cell Bio. 189, 247-259 (2010).</li><li>Sauer, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitosis+in+the+neural+tube.">Mitosis in the neural tube.</a> J Comp Neurol. 62, 377-405 (1935).</li><li>Baye, L. M., Link, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interkinetic+nuclear+migration+and+the+selection+of+neurogenic+cell+divisions+during+vertebrate+retinogenesis.">Interkinetic nuclear migration and the selection of neurogenic cell divisions during vertebrate retinogenesis.</a> J Neurosc. 27, 10143-10152 (2007).</li></ol>

在这项工作中对于夹层，电穿孔或化学处理，并从鸡胚整个视网膜外植培养一个详细的协议，提出。该协议是简单，快捷，可为高的成功率和可重复性 结果。 全视网膜外植体电穿孔产生大面积细胞表达目的基因构建的。这是很容易正确地定位在电极和到视网膜的特定部分暴露到规定DNA质粒浓度。这种方法允许一种可靠的方法，调查与相比卵电穿孔一个通?...

视网膜是中枢神经系统的一部分，它是，与它相对简单和充分表征的细胞结构，一个流行的用于研究的中枢神经系统的发展模式。鸡胚胎的眼睛是相比于胚胎的其余部分比较大。因此， 在卵内进行实验操作，如注射或电方便，而且作为一个优秀的工具来获取知识有关的视网膜细胞和体内发育生物学。尽管有这些主要优势，胚胎的存活率可低时的实验是侵入性的，如与电穿孔，重复注射，或结合实验操作。 电穿孔DNA质粒的进入蛋内的鸡胚是一个重要的和成熟的技术1。它允许神经元的标签，在中央NERV跟踪细胞命运以及神经脊髓束的OU系统和它允许异位基因表达来分析蛋白质的功能在体内 。该技术已用于神经管2的研究，后脑3和视网膜4。胚胎视网膜卵内电穿孔具有的相关的体内情况的一些实验困难。眼睛的位置，由于胚胎的颅折叠，相对靠近心脏。这样的接近会增加心脏骤停的下列电穿孔的风险，并与胚胎的年龄的风险增加。此外，访问眼，有必要打开胚胎膜，从而增加出血，畸形和随后的存活率下降的风险。当测试和经常优化新的DNA的质粒没有已知的表型的结果，这些限制可能会降低该方法的有效性和功率甚至对于有经验的实验者。作为呈现在这个协议中，的瓦特的培养孔视网膜外植体，其定义为整个神经视网膜与色素上皮除去，是在卵内的方法补充了一种有效的方法。 化学试剂眼内注射是比较容易的卵内进行。然而，神经视网膜内注射试剂的有效和确切浓度可能难以完全控制。所注入的体积可能由于渗漏和注射的确切位点可以影响眼睛内的试剂的两个分布并通过玻璃体的扩散。变异将对时即一种酶抑制剂的剂量反应曲线被确定的结果的解释主要影响;特别是如果效果小及效果的时间窗口很窄。而且，只有一个单一的眼睛可以从每个胚卵实验执行时使用，由于通过血液流潜在的全身效应到对侧眼。研究开发与处理和控制的胚胎可能会导致额外的实验变异之间的个体差异时，年龄匹配是非常重要的。 由于这些原因， 卵内的方法的当然基于来自鸡胚视网膜植被开发，其中，所述视网膜神经可暴露于均匀的和体外控制的实验条件下。本协议是根据以前的协议5-9开发。来自阶段视网膜外植体（ST）20（胚胎天[E] 3）〜ST31（E7）鸡胚进行解剖，培养和电穿孔以限定的DNA质粒浓度或暴露于包含一个限定的化学试剂的浓度的介质。这里介绍的协议已经成功地实施了最近的出版物，使用几种不同的化学试剂，包括DNA损伤通路的调节，如KU55933，SB 218078和NSC 109555 DITOsylate，和细胞周期，如CDK1 / 2抑制剂III 10,11。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="859">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1xPBS (tablet)</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>18912-014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10xDPBS</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>14080-048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 mm Petri dish</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>734-0006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 &#956;L pipette tips</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>613-0798</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL disposable plastic cuvette</td>
			<td>Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td>8495V01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well plate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D7039</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35 mm Petri dish</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>391-1998</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70% ethanol</td>
			<td>Solveco</td>
			<td>1054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cdk1/2 inhibitor III</td>
			<td>217714</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>300nM in 0.01% DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo Forma</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>41966-029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrodes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Platina, custom made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electro square porator ECM 830</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>F12 Nutrient mix</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>31331-028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>16140-071</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>AgnThos</td>
			<td>0108-5-PS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freezing medium NEG50</td>
			<td>Cellab, Sweden</td>
			<td>6502</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GFP expressing DNA plasmid (pZGs)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Humidified incubator</td>
			<td>Grumbach Brutgeraete GmbH, Asslar, Germany</td>
			<td>8204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>I9278-5ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25030024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mounting medium ProLong Gold with DAPI</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>P36935</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraffin film</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>291-1214P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>16005-1KG-R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peel-A-Way embedding mold&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>E6032</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin streptomycin</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PhosphoHistone 3 (PH3)&#160;</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>06-570</td>
			<td>Dilution 1/4000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Platinum electrodes (custom made from &#34;rondelles&#34;)</td>
			<td>Sargenta</td>
			<td>390-R (rondeller)</td>
			<td>Dia: 4mm, 0.1 mm thickness</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Platimun electrodes&#160;</td>
			<td>Sonidel</td>
			<td>CUY700P4L</td>
			<td>Dia: 4 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyethylene pasteur pipette</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>612-2853</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotator shaker</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>444-2900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small spoon</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>231-2151</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>443815S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>White Leghorn eggs</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Local supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wine cooler</td>
			<td>WineMaster 24, Caso, Berlin Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

whole retinal explants from chicken embryos for electroporation and chemical reagent treatments

视网膜是显影中枢神经系统的良好模型。眼睛的大尺寸和最重要的是可访问的实验操作卵/体内使鸡胚胎视网膜一种多用途和非常有效的实验模型。虽然鸡视网膜容易靶向卵内通过眼内注射或电穿孔，视网膜内的试剂的有效和确切浓度可能难以完全控制。这可能是由于精确注射部位，泄漏从眼睛或物质的不均匀扩散的变体。此外，畸形和死亡率的侵入性操作，如电穿孔后的频率是相当高的。 这个协议描述一个前卵技术培养来自鸡胚整个视网膜植并提供对视网膜试剂的受控曝光的方法。该原COL介绍如何解剖，实验操作，并从鸡胚培养全视网膜植。外植体可以培养约24小时，并可以以不同的操作，例如电穿孔。的主要优点是，该实验是不依赖于胚胎的生存，并且所引入的试剂的浓度可以变化，并为了确定和优化的有效浓度来控制。此外，该技术具有快速，价格便宜，再加上其高实验的成功率，它保证可重复 结果。应当强调的是，它作为一个很好的补充卵内进行的实验。

这个协议描述了从鸡胚整个视网膜植制备（图1A-F）和培养。此协议已被成功地用于整个视网膜植从ST20（E3）的胚胎ST31（E7）。 DNA质粒成整体视网膜外植体电穿孔允许视网膜祖细胞的标记和追踪或过度表达的不同基因产物。对于电的实验中，色素上皮细胞进行了仔细的从ST25（E4½）胚胎的去核眼中除去。整个视网膜外植体，然后放置在含有该DNA的质粒...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole Retinal Explants from Chicken Embryos for Electroporation and Chemical Reagent Treatments at JoVE.com

Whole Retinal Explants from Chicken Embryos for Electroporation and Chemical Reagent Treatments

本协议描述的方法来剖析，实验操作和鸡胚培养全视网膜植。当高的成功率，有效性和再现性都需要测试质粒电穿孔和/或试剂的物质， 即，酶抑制剂的效应的外植体培养是有用的。

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In Ovo Electroporation in the Chicken Auditory Brainstem

在奥运电击鸡听觉脑干中

Electroporation is a method that introduces genes of interest into biologically relevant organisms like the chicken embryo. It is long established that ...

Visualizing the Node and Notochordal Plate In Gastrulating Mouse Embryos Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Whole Mount Immunofluorescence

用扫描电镜和全贴免疫荧光技术可视化小鼠胚胎中的节点和外型板

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is ...

Fast and Efficient Expression of Multiple Proteins in Avian Embryos Using mRNA Electroporation

使用mRNA电穿孔快速有效地表达Avian胚胎中的多种蛋白质

We report that mRNA electroporation permits fluorescent proteins to label cells in living quail embryos more quickly and broadly than DNA electroporation. ...

Isolation and Differentiation of Primary Myoblasts from Mouse Skeletal Muscle Explants

小鼠骨骼肌肉外泄原发性肌基器的分离和分化

Primary myoblasts are undifferentiated proliferating precursors of skeletal muscle. They can be cultured and studied as muscle precursors or induced to ...

A Layered Mounting Method for Extended Time-Lapse Confocal Microscopy of Whole Zebrafish Embryos

全斑马鱼胚胎的延长时移共聚焦显微镜的分层安装方法

Dynamics of development can be followed by confocal time-lapse microscopy of live transgenic zebrafish embryos expressing fluorescence in specific tissues ...

Whole Mount Immunohistochemistry in Zebrafish Embryos and Larvae

斑马鱼胚胎和幼虫的整个山免疫性化学

Immunohistochemistry is a widely used technique to explore protein expression and localization during both normal developmental and disease states. ...