Name: isolation of mitochondria from minimal quantities of mouse skeletal muscle for high throughput microplate respiratory measurements
Uploaded: 2015-11-13T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Mitochondria from Minimal Quantities of Mouse Skeletal Muscle for High Throughput Microplate Respiratory Measurements at JoVE.com

The Fralin Life Science Research Institute and The Metabolic Phenotyping Core at Virginia Tech supported this work.

Gli studi su animali sono stati effettuati nel quadro di un protocollo approvato dalla cura degli animali istituzionale e utilizzano Comitato al Virginia Polytechnic Institute e State University. 1. Setup (Tempo: ~ 45 min) <ol><li> Scongelare depositi congelati di 0,25% tripsina, isolamento tampone per mitocondri (IBM) 1 e IBM2 in un bagno d&#39;acqua a 37 ° C. </li><li> Sciacquare vetreria e strumenti di dissezione in etanolo al 70% e poi con acqua ad elevata purezza. </li><li> Preparare...

<ol>
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C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mitochondrial+genome+in+aging+and+senescence.">The mitochondrial genome in aging and senescence.</a> Ageing Res. Rev. 18, 1-15 (2014).</li><li>Dube, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+acute+lipid+overload+on+skeletal+muscle+insulin+resistance,+metabolic+flexibility,+and+mitochondrial+performance.">Effects of acute lipid overload on skeletal muscle insulin resistance, metabolic flexibility, and mitochondrial performance.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 12, 1117-1124 (2014).</li><li>Fernandez-Vizarra, E., Lopez-Perez, M. J., Enriquez, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+biogenetically+competent+mitochondria+from+mammalian+tissues+and+cultured+cells.">Isolation of biogenetically competent mitochondria from mammalian tissues and cultured cells.</a> Methods (San Diego, Calif). 26, 292-297 (2002).</li><li>Frezza, C., Cipolat, S., Scorrano, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organelle+isolation:+functional+mitochondria+from+mouse+liver,+muscle+and+cultured+fibroblasts.">Organelle isolation: functional mitochondria from mouse liver, muscle and cultured fibroblasts.</a> Nat. Protoc. 2, 287-295 (2007).</li><li>Rogers, G. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+throughput+microplate+respiratory+measurements+using+minimal+quantities+of+isolated+mitochondria.">High throughput microplate respiratory measurements using minimal quantities of isolated mitochondria.</a> PloS one. 6, e21746 (2011).</li><li>Guarino, R. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+for+determining+oxygen+consumption+rates+of+static+cultures+from+microplate+measurements+of+pericellular+dissolved+oxygen+concentration.">Method for determining oxygen consumption rates of static cultures from microplate measurements of pericellular dissolved oxygen concentration.</a> Biotechnol. and Bioeng. 86, 775-787 (2004).</li><li>Will, Y., Hynes, J., Ogurtsov, V. I., Papkovsky, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+mitochondrial+function+using+phosphorescent+oxygen-sensitive+probes.">Analysis of mitochondrial function using phosphorescent oxygen-sensitive probes.</a> Nat. Protoc. 1, 2563-2572 (2007).</li><li>Hulver, M. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elevated+stearoyl-CoA+desaturase-1+expression+in+skeletal+muscle+contributes+to+abnormal+fatty+acid+partitioning+in+obese+humans.">Elevated stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 expression in skeletal muscle contributes to abnormal fatty acid partitioning in obese humans.</a> Cell Metab. 2, 251-261 (2005).</li><li>Frisard, M. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toll-like+receptor+4+modulates+skeletal+muscle+substrate+metabolism.">Toll-like receptor 4 modulates skeletal muscle substrate metabolism.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 298, e988-e998 (2010).</li><li>Chance, B., Williams, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+respiratory+chain+and+oxidative+phosphorylation.">The respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation.</a> Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Subjects of Biochem. 17, 65-134 (1956).</li><li>Garcia-Cazarin, M. L., Snider, N. N., Andrade, F. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+isolation+from+skeletal+muscle.">Mitochondrial isolation from skeletal muscle.</a> JoVE. , (2011).</li><li>Gross, V. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+functional+mitochondria+from+rat+kidney+and+skeletal+muscle+without+manual+homogenization.">Isolation of functional mitochondria from rat kidney and skeletal muscle without manual homogenization.</a> Anal. Biochem. 418, 213-223 (2011).</li><li>Krieger, D. A., Tate, C. A., McMillin-Wood, J., Booth, F. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Populations+of+rat+skeletal+muscle+mitochondria+after+exercise+and+immobilization.">Populations of rat skeletal muscle mitochondria after exercise and immobilization.</a> J. Appl. Physiol.: Respir., Envir. and Ex. Physiol. 48, 23-28 (1980).</li><li>Asmann, Y. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skeletal+muscle+mitochondrial+functions,+mitochondrial+DNA+copy+numbers,+and+gene+transcript+profiles+in+type+2+diabetic+and+nondiabetic+subjects+at+equal+levels+of+low+or+high+insulin+and+euglycemia.">Skeletal muscle mitochondrial functions, mitochondrial DNA copy numbers, and gene transcript profiles in type 2 diabetic and nondiabetic subjects at equal levels of low or high insulin and euglycemia.</a> Diabetes. 55, 3309-3319 (2006).</li><li>Lanza, I. R., Nair, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+assessment+of+isolated+mitochondria+in+vitro.">Functional assessment of isolated mitochondria in vitro.</a> Methods Enzymol. 457, 349-372 (2009).</li></ol>

I metodi qui presentati forniscono una descrizione dettagliata di una procedura di isolamento mitocondriale da quantità minime (~ 75-100 mg) di topo muscoli scheletrici. Questa procedura di isolamento è in grado di produrre ad alto funzionamento, i mitocondri puro (~ 450 mg) come evidenziato da O 2 tassi di consumo, valori RCR, la massima attività citrato sintasi e di espressione proteica da immunoblotting. È importante sottolineare che i mitocondri isolati da questa procedura può essere utilizzato per p...

The primary function of mitochondria is to produce ATP from oxidative phosphorylation. However, mitochondria have many other important cellular functions including but not limited to: the production and detoxification of reactive oxygen species, the regulation of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial calcium, organelle trafficking, ionic homeostasis, and involvement in apoptosis1,2. Therefore, it is not surprising that dysfunctional mitochondria play a role in many disease pathologies, such as aging, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease, cancer, obesity, and diabetes3,4. Importantly, skeletal muscle mitochondria specifically are involved in many of these pathologies3-5.
Mitochondrial respiration assays using isolated mitochondria allow for the assessment of electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation function, and the determination of mechanism(s) of action of drugs and proteins that modulate metabolism. Mitochondrial isolation procedures exist for multiple tissue and cell types for a variety of species6,7. However, these procedures often require large quantities of tissue/cells for a high quality mitochondria yield necessary for classic respirometric assays. 
Microplate based respirometirc assays allow for high throughput measurements using minimal quantities of isolated mitochondria, often just several &#181;g per well8. Therefore, we present a modification of previously published methods7 to allow for high quality mitochondria to be isolated from smaller quantities of mouse skeletal muscle for use in microplate based respirometirc assays. In addition, methods are provided to establish the quality of the mitochondrial isolation preparation and the integrity of the mitochondrial membranes. Given that skeletal muscle mitochondria are involved in many pathological conditions, the measurement of O2 consumption in mechanistically driven studies is becoming more prevalent in biomedical research9,10.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Essentially Fatty</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td rowspan="2">A6003</td>
			<td rowspan="2">N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acid Free- BSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris/HCl</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>H5123</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCL</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9541</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris Base</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>H5135</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>E6511</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGTA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>E4378</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S7903</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Mannitol</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>63559</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%), phenol red</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>25200-056</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride 
			White Crystals or Crystalline Powder 
			&#8805;99.0 %</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP3581</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium dodecyl sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>L3771&#160;</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium deoxycholate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D6750&#160;</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyoxyethylene (12) nonylphenyl ether, branched</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>238651</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Single Edge Razor Blades</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-640</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon- 100 uM Nylon Cell Strainers</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>352360</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Halt Protease &#38; Phosphatse Inhibitor Cocktail</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td rowspan="2">1861284</td>
			<td rowspan="2">N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">1.5mL microcentrifuge tubes with screw cap</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td rowspan="2">3474</td>
			<td rowspan="2">N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Zirconium Oxide beads</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td rowspan="2">C9012112</td>
			<td rowspan="2">N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GAPDH antibody (1D4)</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-59540</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti- COXIV antibody</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>4844s</td>
			<td>Any mitochondrial inner membrane protein will suffice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Peroxidase conjugated affinipure Donkey, Anti Rabbit IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Jackson ImmunoResearh</td>
			<td rowspan="2">711-035-152</td>
			<td rowspan="2">N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Peroxidase conjugated affinipure Goat, Anti Mouse IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Jackson ImmunoResearh</td>
			<td rowspan="2">115-001-003</td>
			<td rowspan="2">N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton-X100</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>X100</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>23225</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pyruvic Acid, 98%</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>107360</td>
			<td>Store at 4&#176;C,pH to 7.4 with KOH prior to use in respirometric assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Succinic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S9512</td>
			<td>Store at room temperature, pH to 7.4 with KOH prior to use in respirometric assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L(-) Malic Acid, BioXtra, &#8805;95%</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M6413</td>
			<td>Store at room temperature, to 7.4 with KOH prior to use in respirometric assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">L-Glutamic acid</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td rowspan="2">G1251</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Store at room temperature, to 7.4 with KOH prior to use in respirometric assay, to 7.4 with KOH prior to use in respirometric assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Palmitoyl L-carnitine chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P1645</td>
			<td>Store at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oligomycin A, &#8805; 95% (HPLC)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>75351</td>
			<td>Store at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)</td>
			<td rowspan="3">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td rowspan="3">C2920</td>
			<td rowspan="3">Store at 2-8&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phenylhydrazone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#8805;98% (TLC), powder [FCCP]</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antimycin A from streptomyces sp.</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A8674</td>
			<td>Store at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Adenosine 5&#8242;-diphosphate monopotassium salt dehydrate [ADP]</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td rowspan="2">A5285</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Store at -20&#176;C, to 7.4 with KOH prior to use in respirometric assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotenone</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>R8875</td>
			<td>Store at room temperature</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation of mitochondria from minimal quantities of mouse skeletal muscle for high throughput microplate respiratory measurements

Disfunzionali mitocondri dei muscoli scheletrici hanno un ruolo nel metabolismo alterato osservata con l&#39;invecchiamento, l&#39;obesità e il diabete di tipo II. Saggi respirometrici mitocondriali da isolate preparati mitocondriali consentono la valutazione della funzione mitocondriale, nonché la determinazione del meccanismo (s) d&#39;azione dei farmaci e proteine ​​che modulano il metabolismo. Procedure di isolamento attuali richiedono spesso grandi quantità di tessuto per produrre mitocondri di alta qualità necessari per le analisi respirometrici. I metodi qui presentati descrivono come di alta qualità mitocondri purificato (~ 450 mg) può essere isolato da quantità minime (~ 75-100 mg) di topo muscolo scheletrico per l&#39;uso in misure respiratorie throughput elevato. Abbiamo determinato che il nostro metodo di isolamento si ottiene il 92,5 ± 2,0% mitocondri intatti misurando l&#39;attività citrato sintasi spettrofotometricamente. Inoltre, l&#39;analisi Western Blot in mitocondri isolati portato alla debole espressione del cytosoproteine ​​lic, GAPDH, e il robusto espressione della proteina mitocondriale, COXIV. L&#39;assenza di una banda di GAPDH prominente nei mitocondri isolati è indicativo di poco la contaminazione da fonti non-mitocondriali durante la procedura di isolamento. Soprattutto, la misura di O 2 tasso di consumo con tecnologia basata micropiastra e determinare il rapporto di controllo respiratorio (RCR) per saggi respirometrici accoppiati mostra altamente accoppiate (RCR;&gt; 6 per tutti i saggi) e mitocondri funzionali. In conclusione, l&#39;aggiunta di una fase di macinazione separata e riducendo significativamente motorizzato velocità omogeneizzazione di un metodo riportato in precedenza ha permesso l&#39;isolamento di alta qualità e mitocondri purificati da piccole quantità di topo muscoli scheletrici che si traduce nei mitocondri altamente accoppiate che respirano con alta funzione durante micropiastra saggi respirometirc.

Attività citrato sintasi serve come misura per l&#39;integrità della membrana dal citrato sintasi si trova nella membrana mitocondriale interna, e quindi non dovrebbero essere presenti nelle sospensioni di mitocondri con membrane intatte. La Figura 1 rappresenta l&#39;attività citrato sintasi in campioni non sonicato mitocondriali rispetto sonicato campioni dello stesso isolamento. Sonicating i risultati dei mitocondri in un aumento statisticamente significativo nell&#39;attività ci...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Mitochondria from Minimal Quantities of Mouse Skeletal Muscle for High Throughput Microplate Respiratory Measurements at JoVE.com

Isolation of Mitochondria from Minimal Quantities of Mouse Skeletal Muscle for High Throughput Microplate Respiratory Measurements

Here, we present a modification of a previously reported method that allows for the isolation of high quality and purified mitochondria from smaller quantities of mouse skeletal muscle. This procedure results in highly coupled mitochondria that respire with high function during microplate based respirometirc assays.

L&#39;isolamento di mitocondri da minime quantità di muscolo scheletrico del mouse per misurazioni High Throughput micropiastre respiratorie

Dysfunctional skeletal muscle mitochondria play a role in altered metabolism observed with aging, obesity and Type II diabetes. Mitochondrial ...

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