作者没有确认。

实验过程和善待动物组织批准匹兹堡IACUC大学（协议＃1104674）。 1.制备G6PD染色混合注：确保每个试剂的最终浓度如下： 5mM葡萄糖-6-磷酸（G6P）; 2mM的NADP，5mM的MgCl 2的，0.35毫1-甲氧基-5-甲基吩甲基硫酸（MMPMS）和0.8mM的NBT。1,8,9-对于每个试剂的初始浓度推导对于40 ml的终体积。解决方案新鲜制备，每天使用。 <ol><li>加入2毫升200毫pH 7.4的磷酸盐缓冲液（PB?...

<ol>
	<li>Griffiths, D. F., Davies, S. J., Williams, S., Williams, G. T., Williams, E. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Demonstration+of+somatic+mutation+and+colonic+crypt+clonality+by+X-linked+enzyme+histochemistry.">Demonstration of somatic mutation and colonic crypt clonality by X-linked enzyme histochemistry.</a> Nature. 333 (6172), 461-463 (1988).</li><li>Griffiths, D. F., Sacco, P., Williams, G. T., Williams, E. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+clonal+origin+of+experimental+large+bowel+tumours.">The clonal origin of experimental large bowel tumours.</a> Br. J. Cancer. 59 (3), 385-387 (1989).</li><li>Kuraguchi, M., Thomas, G. A., Williams, E. 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W., C, T., Tanaka, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+models+for+the+study+of+colon+carcinogenesis.">Mouse models for the study of colon carcinogenesis.</a> Carcinogenesis. 30 (2), 183-196 (2009).</li><li>Tanaka, T., Kohno, H., Suzuki, R., Yamada, Y., Sugie, S., Mori, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+inflammation-related+mouse+colon+carcinogenesis+model+induced+by+azoxymethane+and+dextran+sodium+sulfate.">A novel inflammation-related mouse colon carcinogenesis model induced by azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate.</a> Cancer Sci. 94 (11), 965-973 (2003).</li><li>Suzuki, R., Kohno, H., Sugie, S., Tanaka, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dose-dependent+promoting+effect+of+dextran+sodium+sulfate+on+mouse+colon+carcinogenesis+initiated+with+azoxymethane.">Dose-dependent promoting effect of dextran sodium sulfate on mouse colon carcinogenesis initiated with azoxymethane.</a> Histol. 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常的化合物的基因毒性作用是通过其来修改DNA的能力来确定。这通常是通过分离组织和测量DNA加合物的全球水平上进行。对于AOM，这将涉及量化O 6 -甲基鸟嘌呤加合物在结肠。上使用的特定细胞类型，如在干细胞小生境中的损害此方法的信息，将丢失。此外，DNA加合物的是不一样的突变，因为加合物的只有一小部分被最终转化成固定的突变。12我们提供本文所述细节基于由格里菲?...

结肠癌被认为涉及暴露于环境剂和膳食成分，可以破坏DNA和产生激活体细胞突变在致癌基因（例如，β-catenin的）或失活突变的肿瘤抑制基因（例如，APC）。据推测，这些关键突变发生在结肠的干细胞。由于结肠上皮的独特隐窝结构的，有可能让动物接触与结肠癌的发生​​相关联的化学品之后测量干细胞突变在结肠。几个X连锁酶可作为指标发生在干细胞突变，如突变将存在于一个隐窝内的所有细胞。 以前，一个过程被出版表明化学品诱导结肠肿瘤小鼠也通过在X连接的葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶（G6PD）基因突变的分析生成体干细胞突变在结肠1-3该方法量化了结肠干细胞随机体细胞突变的发生没有任何选择压力。该过程涉及从处理的小鼠和对照小鼠未固定的冷冻切片结肠癌的生产和隐窝缺乏产生官能G6PD活性细胞的鉴定。这些突变隐窝，呈现白色，表明突变发生在给人们带来的后代也携带突变基因G6PD干细胞。在酶测定中，葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺陷突变隐窝不能氧化葡萄糖-6-磷酸，这是需要的硝基四氮唑蓝（NBT）的还原。当G6PD酶是功能性的，在NBT在染色混合物降低到不溶性甲臜和沉淀物，积累在酶和“染色”细胞蓝色的位置。细胞，葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶突变体仍然发白而相比之下，蓝染野生型隐窝。这种方法测量的是有一个“空”的表型变异。因为恩P450酶活，如葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶，可以扩散上，如果节放在水溶液未定影组织部分的细胞出来，有必要稳定酶在组织切片进行分析。4，在酶的稳定化组织不得干扰必需的G6PD酶反应试剂的小分子的扩散。 我们已经取得了一些显着的变化，以原来的程序。用于关键酶染色的介质已从聚乙烯醇到最佳切削温度化合物（OCT），这有利于控制pH值，并在测定中使用的组分的增溶。 0.5 ml的井由钢制成的垫圈，以便每个组织部分接收的葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶反应混合物相同体积的 - 使用0.4进行染色。的程序被开发来估计在成像的部分，它提供了结肠组织的大采样，而无需隐窝数手动计数&gt; 10 5隐窝每个冒号。相邻的7微米的组织切片的分析，得到的突变体隐窝可视化多个幻灯片，这减少了潜在的染色工件。这些变化使程序更加高效和可重复性。 使用这个修订协议，我们已量化结肠干细胞的突变频率之C57B1 / 6小鼠，以氧化偶氮甲烷，在啮齿类动物中公知的结肠的致癌物质的暴露后5-7

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>nitroblue tetrazolium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NADP</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glucose-6-phosphate</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-methoxy-5-methylphenazinium methyl sulfate</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dimethyl formamide</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phosphate buffer (pH 7.4</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optimal Cutting Temperature Compound (OCT)&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>light microscope equipped with 5 megapixel camera</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cryostat</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>warm room&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantification of  colonic stem cell mutations

测量干细胞突变的能力是一个强有力的工具中的一个关键的细胞群进行量化如果，以及在何种程度，化学可诱导的突变可能导致癌症。使用的酶测定法来量化干细胞突变在X连接的葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶基因已被报道 。1此方法要求与反应混合物能够产生一个在制备冰冻切片的切片组织和培养如果细胞产生功能葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶（G6PD）酶的蓝色。如果不是，该细胞出现发白。我们已修改代替聚乙烯醇使用最佳切削温度化合物（OCT）中的反应混合物中。这有利于pH测量，提高了G6PD染色成分的溶解和限制G6PD酶的扩散。为了证明突变发生在干细胞中，整个隐窝必须缺乏G6PD酶促活动。只有当一个干细胞藏着表型G6PD基因突变都会在地下室的后代缺乏G6PD酶的活性。要确定隐窝干细胞突变，连续四个相邻的冰冻切片（A级）切成7微米的厚度。使得相邻削减这种方法提供了构象地穴充分突变，因为相同的突变隐窝将相邻路段进行观察。幻灯片与组织样本均大于50μm相距已准备共&gt; 10 4每只小鼠隐窝来评估。突变频率是所观察到的突变的（白色）由野生型（蓝色）隐窝中一个治​​疗组的数量÷隐窝数。

衡量结肠干细胞基因突变的动物的能力提供了一个独特的方式来关联突变诱发癌症。通常情况下，假定在癌变的关键步骤包括激活突变在癌基因和/或失活的肿瘤抑制基因的突变。我们注射C57BL / 6小鼠用200μl的PBS或10mg / kg的急性中耳炎在200μlPBS中。 AOM是一种已知的致癌物质冒号5-7在90日进行了结肠干细胞基因突变分析。这个时间是必需的，以允许干细胞能够充分填充隐窝，只有当整个隐窝?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantification of  Colonic Stem Cell Mutations at JoVE.com

Quantification of  Colonic Stem Cell Mutations

We report significant improvements for the reproducible measurement of somatic colonic stem cell mutations after exposure of mice to potential DNA damaging agents.

结肠干细胞突变定量

The ability to measure stem cell mutations is a powerful tool to quantify in a critical cell population if, and to what extent, a chemical can induce ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Generation of Murine Cardiac Pacemaker Cell Aggregates Based on ES-Cell-Programming in Combination with Myh6-Promoter-Selection

基于ES-Cell的编程组合MYH6启动子，选择小鼠心脏起搏器细胞聚集一代

Treatment of the &#8220;sick sinus syndrome&#8221; is based on artificial pacemakers. These bear hazards such as battery failure and infections. Moreover, ...

科研

发育生物学

Automated Quantification of Hematopoietic Cell &#8211; Stromal Cell Interactions in Histological Images of Undecalcified Bone

Automated Quantification of Hematopoietic Cell ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å“ Stromal Cell Interactions in Histological Images of Undecalcified Bone

造血干细胞的自动定量 - 在脱钙骨的组织学图像间质细胞的相互作用

Confocal microscopy is the method of choice for the analysis of localization of multiple cell types within complex tissues such as the bone marrow. ...

Generation of Genetically Modified Organotypic Skin Cultures Using Devitalized Human Dermis

转基因器官皮肤培养使用灭活人真皮代

Organotypic cultures allow the reconstitution of a 3D environment critical for cell-cell contact and cell-matrix interactions which mimics the function ...

Protocols for Analyzing the Role of Paneth Cells in Regenerating the Murine Intestine using Conditional Cre-lox Mouse Models

Protocols for Analyzing the Role of Paneth Cells in Regenerating the Murine Intestine using Conditional Cre-lox Mouse Models

协议中再生的小鼠肠道使用条件潘氏细胞中的作用分析<em&gt;的Cre-LOX</em&gt;小鼠模型

The epithelial surface of the mammalian intestine is a dynamic tissue that renews every 3 - 7 days. Understanding this renewal process identified a ...

Temporal Ordering of Dynamic Expression Data from Detailed Spatial Expression Maps

从详细的空间表达图谱的动态表达数据的时间排序

During somitogenesis, pairs of epithelial somites form in a progressive manner, budding off from the anterior end of the pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM) with a ...

Bioengineering of Humanized Bone Marrow Microenvironments in Mouse and Their Visualization by Live Imaging

人类骨髓微环境在小鼠中的生物工程及其通过实时成像的可视化

Human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the bone marrow (BM) niche, an intricate, multifactorial network of components producing cytokines, growth ...

Evaluation of Injury-induced Senescence and In Vivo Reprogramming in the Skeletal Muscle

Evaluation of Injury-induced Senescence and In Vivo Reprogramming in the Skeletal Muscle

骨骼肌损伤诱导衰老和体内重编程的评价

Cellular senescence is a stress response that is characterized by a stable cellular growth arrest, which is important for many physiological and ...

Rapid, Directed Differentiation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Human Embryonic or Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

人胚胎或诱导多能干细胞对视网膜色素上皮细胞的快速定向分化

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing ...

Efficient Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Liver Cells

人类多能干细胞有效分化为肝细胞

The liver detoxifies harmful substances, secretes vital proteins, and executes key metabolic activities, thus sustaining life. Consequently, liver ...

Analysis of Cardiac Chamber Development During Mouse Embryogenesis Using Whole Mount Epifluorescence

全山荧光在小鼠胚胎发生过程中心脏室发育的分析

The goal of this protocol is to describe a method for the dissection of mouse embryos and visualization of embryonic mouse ventricular chambers during ...