Name: intracerebroventricular injection of amyloid-&#946; peptides in normal mice to acutely induce alzheimer-like cognitive deficits
Uploaded: 2016-03-16T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intracerebroventricular Injection of Amyloid-Î² Peptides in Normal Mice to Acutely Induce Alzheimer-like Cognitive Deficits at JoVE.com

Esta investigación fue apoyada por una beca de la Tecnología de Corea I + D Proyecto de Salud a través del Instituto Coreano de Desarrollo Industria de la Salud (KHIDI), financiado por el Ministerio de Salud y Bienestar Social, República de Corea (número de concesión: H14C04660000).

Todos los experimentos con animales se llevaron a cabo de acuerdo con los Institutos Nacionales de Salud de Guía para el Cuidado y Uso de Animales de Laboratorio (NIH Publications No. 8023, revisada 1978) y con el Comité de Cuidado y Uso de Animales del Comité de Cuidado y Uso de Animales institucional de KIST (Seúl, Corea). 1. Preparación de los animales <ol><li> Preparar un grupo de ratones ICR macho de 7 semanas de edad (o C57BL / 6). </li><li> Deje que los ratones se someten a un proceso de aclimataci...

<ol>
	<li>Kam, T. I., Gwon, Y., Jung, Y. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amyloid+beta+receptors+responsible+for+neurotoxicity+and+cellular+defects+in+Alzheimer's+disease.">Amyloid beta receptors responsible for neurotoxicity and cellular defects in Alzheimer's disease.</a> Cell Mol Life Sci. 71, 4803-4813 (2014).</li><li>Elder, G. A., Gama Sosa, M. A., De Gasperi, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transgenic+mouse+models+of+Alzheimer's+disease.">Transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease.</a> Mt Sinai J Med. 77, 69-81 (2010).</li><li>Bryan, K. J., Lee, H., Perry, G., Smith, M. A., Casadesus, G., Buccafusco, J. 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Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Taurine+in+drinking+water+recovers+learning+and+memory+in+the+adult+APP/PS1+mouse+model+of+Alzheimer's+disease.">Taurine in drinking water recovers learning and memory in the adult APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.</a> Sci Rep. 4, 7467 (2014).</li><li>Paxinos, G., Franklin, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. 2nd edn. , (2001).</li><li>Ledo, J. 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P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Memantine+rescues+transient+cognitive+impairment+caused+by+high-molecular-weight+abeta+oligomers+but+not+the+persistent+impairment+induced+by+low-molecular-weight+oligomers.">Memantine rescues transient cognitive impairment caused by high-molecular-weight abeta oligomers but not the persistent impairment induced by low-molecular-weight oligomers.</a> J Neurosci. 33, 9626-9634 (2013).</li><li>Haley, T. J., McCormick, W. 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El paso más importante en este protocolo es la inyección ICV de Aß. Este protocolo está diseñado para inyectar Aß en la región de ICV de los ratones sin instrumentos estereotácticas 11,12. Antes de iniciar un experimento, un período preliminar de las inyecciones de práctica con un tinte azul en lugar de Aß debe llevarse a cabo para alcanzar la suficiente destreza. Inmediatamente después de la inyección, es necesario comprobar si la inyección de pigmento se lleva a cabo correctamente. Retire cuid...

Dado que el amiloide-β (Aß) es una característica patológica de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA), el desarrollo de modelos animales de AD se ha centrado en la sobreexpresión neuronal de Aß. Debido a que las mutaciones en la proteína precursora amiloide (APP) o la presenilina (PS) conducen a la perturbación del equilibrio Aß y en última instancia a la patogénesis de la EA familiar 1, los modelos de ratón que implican APP o PS mutaciones genéticas han sido generalmente aceptada. Entre la amplia gama de ratones transgénicos, los modelos prototípicos de ratón incluyen los siguientes: Tg2576, PDAPP, APP / PS1 y APP23. En el cerebro, estos ratones exhiben generalmente la agregación de Aß y placas seniles con el tiempo; la formación de placa es seguida por deterioro cognitivo significativo de tal manera que muestran bajo rendimiento en las pruebas de comportamiento de aprendizaje y memoria. La generación de la utilización de ratones transgénicos que, naturalmente, imitar AD patología humana ha contribuido tanto a la sociedad de investigación dC por lo que nos permite controlar la progresión de la diSease. Sin embargo, el uso de ratones transgénicos no es económico y requiere mucho tiempo, ya que toma meses para los ratones para desarrollar placas de Aß y aún más para mostrar sináptica Aß inducida o anormalidades de comportamiento 2,3. Originalmente desarrollado como una alternativa para superar las deficiencias de los modelos de ratones transgénicos, los modelos no transgénicos también se utilizan comúnmente debido a sus ventajas. modelos AD inducida por patógenos pueden ser producidos por la inyección directa de Aß en el cerebro, mientras que los déficits cognitivos-AD similares también pueden ser provocados por otros químicos y físicos medios, tales como la inyección de compuestos neurotóxicos, como la escopolamina, la inducción de lesiones en áreas relacionadas con la cognición, como el hipocampo, o por el daño cortical 4. Sin embargo, la inducción no patógena de deterioro cognitivo no refleja con precisión la fisiopatología de la EA fundamental; en su lugar, que sólo imita sus resultados sintomáticos. Por el contrario, un modelo de AD inducida por patógenos, la A46; modelo de ratón inyectados, no sólo puede mostrar anomalías de comportamiento similar a AD, pero también puede exhibir patología Aß, la característica común compartida por EA familiar y esporádica. A pesar de la dificultad para visualizar las placas de Aß en el tejido cerebral, el mayor beneficio del modelo de Aß-inyectado que lo hace atractivo para la investigación AD es su capacidad de control. Los investigadores pueden eliminar a las diferencias individuales en los modelos de ratón que pueden conducir a datos erróneos en los estudios relacionados con las drogas. tratamiento de drogas oportuna es activado dependiendo del mecanismo del fármaco candidato; para elaborar, un inhibidor de la agregación de Aß se puede aplicar antes de la inyección de Aß. Además, los investigadores pueden asumir que la transformación patógena que surge después de la inyección de Aß se deriva de la exposición Aß porque los otros factores están estrechamente controlados, incluyendo las diferencias individuales. En este protocolo, una vívida descripción de how para inducir un fenotipo similar a AD en ratones normales a través de la inyección de Aß intracerebroventricular (ICV) sin instrumentos estereotáxica se presenta. Reducir al mínimo el daño provocado inserción en el tejido cerebral es esencial para evitar la posibilidad de daños estructurales y la inflamación inducida por la lesión. A falta de habilidad en el manejo del ratón conduce a la lesión neuronal inesperado. Además, las técnicas que permiten que el ángulo y la profundidad apropiada para ser alcanzado durante la inyección son especialmente importantes para eludir errores frecuentes. Además de una explicación detallada, vivo de la inyección ICV, la fiabilidad del modelo producido por el siguiente protocolo también se ilustra en las siguientes secciones. El siguiente protocolo podría ser una herramienta fiable y de fácil comprensión que contribuye a la investigación AD, proporcionando así un peldaño que en última instancia podría conducir a un descubrimiento significativo para la sociedad AD.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1106">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:300px;">ICR mouse</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Orientbio</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:532px;">male, 6~8 weeks, 27~29 g of body weight</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">C57BL/6 mouse</td>
			<td>Orientbio</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>male, 6~8 weeks, 21~23 g of body weight</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Amyloid-beta1-42</td>
			<td>in house synthesis</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td>stock concentration: 1 mM/DMSO, injected concentration: 100 &#956;M/10% DMSO and 90% PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ICV injection syringe (26s gauge)</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>80308</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Evans blue dye (EBD)</td>
			<td>abcamBIochemicals</td>
			<td>ab120869</td>
			<td>1 % EBD in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMSO</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PBS</td>
			<td>gibco</td>
			<td>10010-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gradi-GelTM II Gradient PAGE Analysis Kit</td>
			<td>ELPiS Biotech</td>
			<td>EBS-1056</td>
			<td>15% Gel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Precision Plus ProteinTM Dual Xtra Standards</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>161-0377</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Silver-Staining Kit</td>
			<td>GE-Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-1150-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

intracerebroventricular injection of amyloid-&#946; peptides in normal mice to acutely induce alzheimer-like cognitive deficits

Amyloid-&#946; (A&#946;) is a major pathological mediator of both familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the brains of AD patients, progressive accumulation of A&#946; oligomers and plaques is observed. Such A&#946; abnormalities are believed to block long-term potentiation, impair synaptic function, and induce cognitive deficits. Clinical and experimental evidences have revealed that the acute increase of A&#946; levels in the brain allows development of Alzheimer-like phenotypes. Hence, a detailed protocol describing how to acutely generate an AD mouse model via the intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of A&#946; is necessary in many cases. In this protocol, the steps of the experiment with an A&#946;-injected mouse are included, from the preparation of peptides to the testing of behavioral abnormalities. The process of preparing the tools and animal subjects before the injection, of injecting the A&#946; into the mouse brain via ICV injection, and of assessing the degree of cognitive impairment are easily explained throughout the protocol, with an emphasis on tips for effective ICV injection of A&#946;. By mimicking certain aspects of AD with a designated injection of A&#946;, researchers can bypass the aging process and focus on the downstream pathology of A&#946; abnormalities.

Esta sección ilustra ejemplos de los resultados que se pueden obtener por la confirmación de la agregación de Aß y evaluación Y-laberinto de los déficits de memoria. Uso de la longitud completa de Aß se produjo (1-42) péptido de 42 aminoácidos, mezcla de monómeros Aß, oligómeros y fibrillas (Figura 3). A través de la etapa de monomerización HFIP inducida, se obtuvieron monómeros relativamente homogéneos (carril B). Después de la incubación de 7 días, d...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intracerebroventricular Injection of Amyloid-Î² Peptides in Normal Mice to Acutely Induce Alzheimer-like Cognitive Deficits at JoVE.com

Intracerebroventricular Injection of Amyloid-&#946; Peptides in Normal Mice to Acutely Induce Alzheimer-like Cognitive Deficits

El amiloide-β (Aß): se inyecta modelo animal permite la administración de una cantidad y especies de fragmentos Aß definido y reduce las diferencias individuales dentro de cada grupo de estudio. Este protocolo describe la inyección intracerebroventricular (ICV) de Aß sin instrumentos de estereotaxia, permitiendo la producción de anomalías en el comportamiento de Alzheimer como en ratones normales.

La inyección intracerebroventricular de péptidos beta-amiloide en ratones normales para inducir de forma aguda déficits cognitivos como la enfermedad de Alzheimer,

Amyloid-&#946; (A&#946;) is a major pathological mediator of both familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the brains of AD patients, ...

The overall goal of this surgical procedure is to conduct the intracerebroventricular injection of Amyloid beta without stereotactic instruments, and to acutely induce Alzheimer-like behavior abnormalities in normal mice. This method can help answering key questions in the field of neurobiology, such as drug discovery for Alzheimer's Disease. The main benefit of this technique is that we can perform the direct injection of A beta into the intracerebroventricle region of the mice without the help of stereotactic instruments, and it allows us to mimic Alzheimer-like behavior abnormalities in mice without waiting for the aging process.The implications of this technique extend towards therapy or diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease, because it can be used to study the downstream pathology of Amyloid beta, and screened for drug candidates. Generally, individual new to this method will struggle, because finding the precise location of bregma on animal skull may be difficult. To begin this procedure, make one millimolar A-beta with DMSO.Then, dilute it ten fold in PBS. Next, prepare PBS solution containing 10%DMSO as a vehicle for ICV injection. After that, wrap the microsyringe with a 26-gauge stainless steel needle using Parafilm strips in order to adjust the needle length for depth-controlled injection.Densely wrap the syringe multiple times so that the Parafilm will not be compressed during needle insertion, and the needle length stays constant. Then, cut the layers of Parafilm strips to adjust the needle length to 3.8 millimeters between the needle tip and the Parafilm. Next, wash the syringe twice with 70%ethanol.Subsequently, rinse the syringe with distilled water. Dry it completely in a fume hood for at least 30 minutes, and leave the clean syringe under a UV light for another 20 minutes before injection. In this step, place a seven week old anesthetized mouse on a warm mat.Next, apply sterile PBS drops or ointment to both eyes to prevent corneal dryness during the procedure. Afterward, confirm adequate anesthesia by assessing the toe pinch extensor withdrawal reflex. Then, prepare two mirrors with multiple vertical lines drawn on the surfaces to provide references for the syringe's perpendicular injection.Place one mirror right next to the body of the mouse, and the other in front of the head. Keep M1 parallel to the imaginary midline between the two eyes of the mouse and arrange M2 perpendicular to M1, so that the two planes form a 90 degree angle. Next, spray 70%ethanol on the mouse forehead, and rub it with dry cotton swabs.To locate the bregma, place the thumb and index fingers directly above the eyes and slightly press the forehead down to the extent that both eyes protrude. At the same time, drag the skin of the forehead backwards in order to minimize the skull movement under it. Locate the injection site with a tailor's tape at 2.4 millimeters depth under the skull.Fill the syringe with 10 microliters of A-beta solution or vehicle. Place the syringe so that it is perpendicular to the plane of the injection site. Then, align the reflected images of the syringe in both mirrors with the drawn lines on the mirrors.Begin inserting the needle until the Parafilm wrapping touches the skin. Hold the syringe with one hand, and inject five microliters of the A-beta solution or vehicle with the other hand, slowly over five seconds without pausing, and make sure the syringe remains perpendicular throughout. After completing the injection, wait three to five seconds before removing the syringe.Place the thumb and index fingers back on the head, and hold it down to prevent the skull from any unneccessary movements. Then remove the syringe without tilting. Subsequently, place the mouse on a warm pad for recovery.To confirm if A-beta was injected in the target ICV region, check the trace of the needle insertion in the brain tissue to see if it reached one of the ventricles. If the injection was unsuccessful, exclude that subject's data from analysis of the experimental results. In this experiment, the full-length A-beta peptide of 42 amino acids was used to produce a mixture of A beta monomers, oligomers, and fibrils.Through the HFIP induced monomerization step, relative homogenous monomers were obtained. After the seven day incubation, diverse sizes of A-beta aggregates were developed, in which trimers and tetramers were the dominant species among the oligomeric forms of A-beta. In this study, spacial working memory was assessed in the A-beta injected mice in the Y-maze test, in which the sequence of arm choices and the number of total arm entries were recorded while each mouse was allowed to freely explore the maze.The A-beta injected mouse group showed significantly lower alternation rates, indicating the development of cognitive deficits. Once mastered, this technique can be done in 20 minutes, including anesthetic procedures, if it is performed properly. While attempting these procedures, it is important to remember to make the needle perpendicular to the plane of injection.After its development, this technique paved the way for researchers in the field of drug discovery of Alzheimer's Disease to explore in vivo screening of drug candidates in these easily accessible Alzheimer's rodent models. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to conduct intracerebroventricular injection without stereotactic instruments.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Intracerebroventricular Viral Injection of the Neonatal Mouse Brain for Persistent and Widespread Neuronal Transduction

Inyección Viral Intracerebroventricular de Neonatología del ratón Cerebro de transducción neuronal persistente y generalizada

With the pace of scientific advancement accelerating rapidly, new methods are needed for experimental neuroscience to quickly and easily manipulate gene ...

Investigación

Neurociencias

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Método electrofisiológico para registrar las respuestas de voltaje intracelular<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Los fotorreceptores y interneuronas a la luz Estímulos<em&gt; En Vivo</em

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method ...

Whole-cell Currents Induced by Puff Application of GABA in Brain Slices

Celulares corrientes inducidas por Puff aplicación de GABA en rebanadas de cerebro

Pharmacological administration is commonly used when conducting whole-cell patch-clamp recording in brain slices. One of the best methods of drug ...

Intracerebroventricular Treatment with Resiniferatoxin and Pain Tests in Mice

Tratamiento intracerebroventricular con resiniferatoxina y pruebas de dolor en ratones

The transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), a thermosensitive cation channel, is known to trigger pain in the peripheral nerves. In ...

Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model

Inyección única prequiasmática de sangre autóloga para inducir hemorragia subaracnoidea experimental en un modelo de rata

Despite advances in treatment over the last decades, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) continues to carry a high burden of morbidity and mortality, largely ...

Inter-Brain Synchrony in Open-Ended Collaborative Learning: An fNIRS-Hyperscanning Study

Sincronización intercerebros en el aprendizaje colaborativo abierto: un estudio fNIRS-Hyperscanning

fNIRS hyperscanning is widely used to detect the neurobiological underpinnings of social interaction. With this technique, researchers qualify the ...

How to Calculate and Validate Inter-brain Synchronization in a fNIRS Hyperscanning Study

Cómo calcular y validar la sincronización intercerebral en un estudio de hiperescaneo fNIRS

The dynamics between coupled brains of individuals have been increasingly represented by inter-brain synchronization (IBS) when they coordinate with each ...

Measurement of the Directional Information Flow in fNIRS-Hyperscanning Data using the Partial Wavelet Transform Coherence Method

Medición del flujo de información direccional en datos fNIRS-Hyperscanning utilizando el método de coherencia de transformada de wavelet parcial

Social interaction is of vital importance for human beings. While the hyperscanning approach has been extensively used to study interpersonal neural ...

Dual-Task Stroop Paradigm for Detecting Cognitive Deficits in High-Functioning Stroke Patients

Paradigma de Stroop de doble tarea para detectar déficits cognitivos en pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular de alto funcionamiento

General clinical cognitive assessment scales are not sensitive enough to cognitive impairment in high-functioning stroke patients. The dual-task ...

Registro electrofisiológico extracelular en la corteza motora de ratones

Multichannel Extracellular Recording in Freely Moving Mice

Autor destacado: Avances en la grabación extracelular multicanal para estudiar la actividad neuronal en ratones que se mueven libremente 

Grabación extracelular multicanal en ratones que se mueven libremente

The protocol aims to uncover the properties of neuronal firing and network local field potentials (LFPs) in behaving mice carrying out specific tasks by ...