Name: development of a colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic test strip for detection of cetacean myoglobin
Uploaded: 2016-07-13T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of a Colloidal Gold-based Immunochromatographic Test Strip for Detection of Cetacean Myoglobin at JoVE.com

We appreciate the colleagues in Taiwan Cetacean Society, Marine Biology and Cetacean Research Center of National Cheng Kung Univerisy, Farglory Ocean Park, and Animal Disease Diagnostic Center of National Chiayi Universiy for sample collection. This project was funded by grant to WCY from the Council of Agriculture of Taiwan (100AS-02.1-FB99).

משפט ואתיקה: המחקר בוצע בהתאם להנחיות בינלאומיות ואושר על ידי ועדת הטיפול בבעלי החיים המוסדיים השתמש (IACUC) של לאום Chiayi אונ&#39; מזהה אישור: 99022. שימוש מדגם cetacean הותר על ידי מועצת החקלאות של טייוואן (הרשאת מחקר 100M-02.1-C-99). 1. הכנת ?...

<ol>
	<li>Robards, M. D., Reeves, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+global+extent+and+character+of+marine+mammal+consumption+by+humans:+1970-2009.">The global extent and character of marine mammal consumption by humans: 1970-2009.</a> Biol. Conserv. 144, 2770-2786 (2011).</li><li>Booth, S., Zeller, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mercury,+food+webs,+and+marine+mammals:+implications+of+diet+and+climate+change+for+human+health.">Mercury, food webs, and marine mammals: implications of diet and climate change for human health.</a> Environ. Health Perspect. 113, 521-526 (2005).</li><li>Endo, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Total+mercury,+methyl+mercury,+and+selenium+levels+in+the+red+meat+of+small+cetaceans+sold+for+human+consumption+in+Japan.">Total mercury, methyl mercury, and selenium levels in the red meat of small cetaceans sold for human consumption in Japan.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 5703-5708 (2005).</li><li>Tryland, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+pathogens+in+marine+mammal+meat.">Human pathogens in marine mammal meat.</a> Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). , (2011).</li><li>Matsunaga, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+quick+and+simple+method+for+the+identification+of+meat+species+and+meat+products+by+PCR+assay.">A quick and simple method for the identification of meat species and meat products by PCR assay.</a> Meat Sci. 51, 143-148 (1999).</li><li>Dalebout, M. L., Helden, A. V., van Waerebeek, K., Baker, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+genetic+identification+of+southern+hemisphere+beaked+whales+(Cetacea:+Ziphiidae).">Molecular genetic identification of southern hemisphere beaked whales (Cetacea: Ziphiidae).</a> Mol. Ecol. 7, 687-694 (1998).</li><li>Dalmasso, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+multiplex+PCR+assay+for+the+identification+of+animal+species+in+feedstuffs.">A multiplex PCR assay for the identification of animal species in feedstuffs.</a> Mol. Cell. Probes. 18, 81-87 (2004).</li><li>Kesmen, Z., Sahin, F., Yetim, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PCR+assay+for+the+identification+of+animal+species+in+cooked+sausages.">PCR assay for the identification of animal species in cooked sausages.</a> Meat Sci. 77, 649-653 (2007).</li><li>Liu, L., Chen, F. -. C., Dorsey, J. L., Hsieh, Y. -. H. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensitive+Monoclonal+Antibody-based+Sandwich+ELISA+for+the+Detection+of+Porcine+Skeletal+Muscle+in+Meat+and+Feed+Products.">Sensitive Monoclonal Antibody-based Sandwich ELISA for the Detection of Porcine Skeletal Muscle in Meat and Feed Products.</a> J. Food Sci. 71, 1-6 (2006).</li><li>Kotoura, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Sandwich+ELISA+for+the+Determination+of+Beef+Meat+Content+in+Processed+Foods.">A Sandwich ELISA for the Determination of Beef Meat Content in Processed Foods.</a> Food Sci. Techno. Res. 15, 613-618 (2009).</li><li>Hsieh, Y. H., Chen, Y. T., Gajewski, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monoclonal+antibody-based+sandwich+ELISA+for+reliable+identification+of+imported+Pangasius+catfish.">Monoclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA for reliable identification of imported Pangasius catfish.</a> J. Food Sci. 74, 602-607 (2009).</li><li>Ross, H. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+surveillance:+web-based+molecular+identification+of+whales,+dolphins,+and+porpoises.">DNA surveillance: web-based molecular identification of whales, dolphins, and porpoises.</a> J.Hered. 94, 111-114 (2003).</li><li>Ngom, B., Guo, Y., Wang, X., Bi, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+application+of+lateral+flow+test+strip+technology+for+detection+of+infectious+agents+and+chemical+contaminants:+a+review.">Development and application of lateral flow test strip technology for detection of infectious agents and chemical contaminants: a review.</a> Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 397, 1113-1135 (2010).</li><li>Muldoon, M. T., Onisk, D. V., Brown, M. C., Stave, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targets+and+methods+for+the+detection+of+processed+animal+proteins+in+animal+feedstuffs.">Targets and methods for the detection of processed animal proteins in animal feedstuffs.</a> Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 39, 851-861 (2004).</li><li>Rao, Q., Hsieh, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+a+commercial+lateral+flow+feed+test+for+rapid+detection+of+beef+and+sheep+content+in+raw+and+cooked+meats.">Evaluation of a commercial lateral flow feed test for rapid detection of beef and sheep content in raw and cooked meats.</a> Meat Sci. 76, 489-494 (2007).</li><li>Tamura, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MEGA5:+molecular+evolutionary+genetics+analysis+using+maximum+likelihood,+evolutionary+distance,+and+maximum+parsimony+methods.">MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods.</a> Mol. Biol. Evol. 28, 2731-2739 (2011).</li><li>Atassi, M. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antigenic+structure+of+myoglobin:+the+complete+immunochemical+anatomy+of+a+protein+and+conclusions+relating+to+antigenic+structures+of+proteins.">Antigenic structure of myoglobin: the complete immunochemical anatomy of a protein and conclusions relating to antigenic structures of proteins.</a> Immunochemistry. 12, 423-438 (1975).</li><li>Zhang, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hybridoma+technology+for+the+generation+of+monoclonal+antibodies.">Hybridoma technology for the generation of monoclonal antibodies.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 901, 117-135 (2012).</li><li>Kao, D. J., Hodges, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advantages+of+a+synthetic+peptide+immunogen+over+a+protein+immunogen+in+the+development+of+an+anti-pilus+vaccine+for+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa.">Advantages of a synthetic peptide immunogen over a protein immunogen in the development of an anti-pilus vaccine for Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</a> Chem. Biol. Drug Des. 74, 33-42 (2009).</li><li>Dolar, M. L., Suarez, P., Ponganis, P. J., Kooyman, G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myoglobin+in+pelagic+small+cetaceans.">Myoglobin in pelagic small cetaceans.</a> J. Exp. Biol. 202, 227-236 (1999).</li><li>Lo, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+immune+colloidal+gold+strip+for+cetacean+meat+restraining+illegal+trade+and+consumption:+implications+for+conservation+and+public+health.">Rapid immune colloidal gold strip for cetacean meat restraining illegal trade and consumption: implications for conservation and public health.</a> PLoS ONE. 8, e60704 (2013).</li></ol>

באמצעות פפטיד סינטטי מצומדות לחלבון מוביל להפליא יעיל יותר בהשוואה לחלבון מאותו המקור שלה. עבור טכניקת כריך מבוסס, כי מב מפותחת באמצעות אפיטופים עם מיקומים יחסיים ידועים, שני מהבז במחקר זה אינו צפוי להפריע זה אינטראקציה של אחרים עם epitope אנטיגן היעד. יתר על כן, תגובתיו...

Historically, cetacean meat has been consumed in many parts of the world and this consumption continues today1. Due to the trophic level of cetaceans, high levels of mercury and other toxins are known to be present in their meat2. Therefore, the consumption of cetacean meat could lead to a health problem not only for high-risk groups such as pregnant women but also for the general population3. Furthermore, the contamination of cetacean meat with zoonotic or potentially zoonotic pathogens can also occur during its processing and storage4. It is difficult even for experienced agents to identify cetacean meats by their appearance alone. Therefore, a reliable scientific method of identification is required to differentiate cetacean meat from other meats. This would help to limit the consumption of cetacean meat.
Current methods of species identification include molecular techniques and immunological methods. Molecular techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing, can be used to identify samples not only from raw meat5 and decomposed samples6 but also from processed foods such as cooked sausage and feedstuffs7,8. Immunological methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), are commonly applied in food production to detect the meat content of, for example, pork9, beef10 and catfish11. PCR-based DNA analysis for the identification of cetacean meat is available12, and has helped prevent the illegal international trade of cetacean meat in Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Russia, Norway, and the United States1. These methods are effective and reliable, but they can take hours or days to complete and involve laborious steps. The identification of cetacean meats is usually based on molecular techniques and there is currently no immunological method available. For regulatory agencies, it is highly desirable to develop a dependable and rapid technique that can be used in the field to identify cetacean meats. 
Immunochromatographic strips are used as detection tools with the advantage of producing rapid result via a simple protocol that is suitable for use in the field. The principles of the immunochromatographic strip and ELISA are very similar, and includes antibodies, antigens and labels. Many different labels such as colloidal gold, carbon and latex have been used in the development of immunochromatographic strips. At present, this method is commonly used for detecting antibiotics, toxin, bacteria and viruses13, but it is rarely used for identifying proteins in meat14,15. Here we propose a lateral-flow chromatographic enzyme immunoassay for rapid detection of cetacean myoglobin (Mb).

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1007">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:512px;">Phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">AMRESCO</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">J373</td>
			<td style="width:164px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:512px;">Protein G HP SpinTrap&#160;</td>
			<td>GE&#160;Healthcare</td>
			<td>28-9031-34</td>
			<td>spin column containing Protein G Sepharose</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:512px;">IsoStrip Mouse Monoclonal Antibody Isotyping Kit</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11493027001</td>
			<td>Isotyping Strips, precoated with subclass- and light-chain-specific anti-mouse-Ig antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mini Trans-Blot</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>170-3935</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nitrocellulose membrane</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td>Z613630</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Antibody blocker solution&#160;</td>
			<td>LTK BioLaboratories</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td>To minimize nonspecific binding interactions of nonspecific IgG in the samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:512px;">BCIP/NBT phosphatase substrate&#160;</td>
			<td>KPL</td>
			<td>50-81-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Protein Detector HRP Microwell Kit, Anti-Mouse</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">KPL</td>
			<td>54-62-18</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nunc Immunoplate MaxiSorp ELISA plate</td>
			<td>Thermo&#160;Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>EW-01928-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Multiskan&#160;EX ELISA reader&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo&#160;Electron&#160;Corporation</td>
			<td>51118170</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Colloid gold (40 nm) solution&#160;</td>
			<td>REGA biotechnology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td>40-50 nm is appropriate for immunostrip</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15561-020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Rapid test immno-strip printer</td>
			<td>REGA biotechnology Inc.</td>
			<td>AGISMART RP-1000&#160;</td>
			<td>Only suited for small scale production of immunostrips for research and development purposes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:512px;">Strip components (NC membranes, sample pads (#33 glass, S&#38;S), conjugate pads (#16S, S&#38;S) and absorbent pads (CF6, Whatman))</td>
			<td>REGA biotechnology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Freund&#8217;s adjuvant and incomplete Freund&#8217;s adjuvant&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">F5881, F5506</td>
			<td>Used to produce water-in-oil emulsions of immunogens</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:512px;">Acrylamide, gel buffer, ammonium persulfate (APS), tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Protech</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td>Gel preparation for SDS-PAGE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Coomassie brilliant blue R-250</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">1610436</td>
			<td>Protein staining in SDS-PAGE gels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Laemmli sample buffer and &#946;-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">1610737, 1610710</td>
			<td>Dilute protein samples before loading on SDS-PAGE gels</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

development of a colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic test strip for detection of cetacean myoglobin

This protocol describes the development of a colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strip based on the sandwich format that can be used to differentiate the myoglobin (Mb) of cetaceans from that of seals and other animals. The strip provides rapid and on-the-spot screening for cetacean meat, thereby restraining its illegal trade and consumption. Two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with reactivity toward the Mb of cetaceans were developed. The amino acid sequences of Mb antigenic reactive regions from various animals were analyzed in order to design two synthetic peptides (a general peptide and a specific peptide) and thereafter raise the mAbs (subclass IgG1). The mAbs were selected from hybridomas screened by indirect ELISA, western blot and dot blot. CGF5H9 was specific to the Mbs of rabbits, dogs, pigs, cows, goats, and cetaceans while it showed weak to no affinity to the Mbs of chickens, tuna and seals. CSF1H13 can bind seals and cetaceans with strong affinity but showed no affinity to other animals. Cetacean samples from four families (Balaenopteridae, Delphinidae, Phocoenidae and Kogiidae) were used in this study, and the results indicated that these two mAbs have broad binding ability to Mbs from different cetaceans. These mAbs were applied on a sandwich-type colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strip. CGF5H9, which recognizes many species, was colloid gold-labeled and used as the detection antibody. CSF1H13, which was coated on the test zone, detected the presence of cetacean and seal Mbs. Muscle samples from tuna, chicken, seal, five species of terrestrial mammals and 15 species of cetaceans were tested in triplicate. All cetacean samples showed positive results and all the other samples showed negative results.

מאפיינים חד-שבטיים נוגדנים פיתחנו שני מבז IgG 1 (CGF5H9 ו CSF1H13) הכרה שני פפטידים סינתטיים (MKASEDLKKHGNTVLC ו AIIHVLHSRHPAEFGC), בהתאמה, של cetacean Mb, ואלה שימשו לבניית פס הבדיקה immunochromatographic זהב colloidal כריך סוג עבור איתור מהיר של Mb cetacean. אי...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of a Colloidal Gold-based Immunochromatographic Test Strip for Detection of Cetacean Myoglobin at JoVE.com

Development of a Colloidal Gold-based Immunochromatographic Test Strip for Detection of Cetacean Myoglobin

This protocol describes the development of two IgG class monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) strongly reactive to myoglobin of cetaceans. These mAbs are applied on a colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strip based on the sandwich format to differentiate the Mb of cetaceans from seal and other animals.

פיתוח של קולואיד זהב מבוסס Immunochromatographic מבחן ברצועה עבור איתור של מיוגלובין cetacean

This protocol describes the development of a colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strip based on the sandwich format that can be used to ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

A Neuronal and Astrocyte Co-Culture Assay for High Content Analysis of Neurotoxicity

עצב Astrocyte שותף תרבות Assay לניתוח תכולה גבוהה של neurotoxicity

High Content Analysis (HCA) assays combine cells and detection reagents with automated imaging and powerful image analysis algorithms, allowing ...

Detection of Protein Ubiquitination

זיהוי של חלבון Ubiquitination

Ubiquitination, the covalent attachment of the polypeptide ubiquitin to target proteins, is a key posttranslational modification carried out by a set of ...

Preparation of Rat Brain Aggregate Cultures for Neuron and Glia Development Studies

הכנת המוח עכברוש תרבויות מצטבר עבור Neuron ופיתוח מחקרים גליה

An in vitro system that recapitulates the development and differentiation of progenitors into mature neurons and glia in the central nervous system (CNS) ...

Analysis of the Development of a Morphological Phenotype as a Function of Protein Concentration in Budding Yeast

ניתוח ופיתוח של הפנוטיפ מורפולוגי כפונקציה של ריכוז חלבון שמרים הנצה

Gene deletion and protein overexpression are common methods for studying functions of proteins. In this article, we describe a protocol for analysis of ...

Development of automated imaging and analysis for zebrafish chemical screens.

פיתוח הדמיה ניתוח אוטומטיות עבור מסכי דג הזברה כימיים.

We demonstrate the application of image-based high-content screening (HCS) methodology to identify small molecules that can modulate the FGF/RAS/MAPK ...

Western Blotting: Sample Preparation to Detection

המערבי סופג: הכנת המדגם איתור

Western blotting is an analytical technique used to detect specific proteins in a given sample of tissue homogenate or extract. It uses gel ...

A System for ex vivo Culturing of Embryonic Pancreas

A System for ex vivo Culturing of Embryonic Pancreas

מערכת ל<em&gt; Vivo לשעבר</em&gt; Culturing של לבלב עוברי

The pancreas controls vital functions of our body,  including the production of digestive enzymes and regulation of blood sugar  levels1. Although in the ...

Tangential Flow Ultrafiltration: A  &ldquo;Green&rdquo; Method for the Size Selection and Concentration of Colloidal Silver Nanoparticles

Tangential Flow Ultrafiltration: A  ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã…â€œGreenÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã‚Â Method for the Size Selection and Concentration of Colloidal Silver Nanoparticles

Ultrafiltration זרימה משיק: שיטה &quot;ירוקה&quot; לבחירת הגודל והריכוז של חלקיקי כסף Colloidal

Nowadays, AgNPs are extensively used in the manufacture of consumer products,1 water disinfectants,2 therapeutics,1, 3 and biomedical devices4 due to ...

Cell Tracking Using Photoconvertible Proteins During Zebrafish Development

מעקב נייד באמצעות חלבוני Photoconvertible במהלך פיתוח דג זברה

Embryogenesis is a dynamic process that is best studied by using techniques that allow the documentation of developmental changes in vivo. The use of ...

Blastomere Explants to Test for Cell Fate Commitment During Embryonic Development

Explants Blastomere לבדיקת מחויבות גורל תא במהלך התפתחות עוברית

Fate maps, constructed from lineage tracing all of the cells of an embryo, reveal  which tissues descend from each cell of the embryo.  Although fate maps ...