Name: a behavioral assay for mechanosensation of marcm-based clones in drosophila melanogaster
Uploaded: 2015-12-30T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Behavioral Assay for Mechanosensation of MARCM-based Clones in Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

하고 싶은 저자는 블루밍턴 재고 센터, Liqun 루오, 찰스 Zuker, 그리고 릴리와 여운 Nung 월 플라이 주식의 관대 한 공유 및 자금 조달을 위해 다음과 감사 : 학사 포드 학부 여름 원정대 (JD 및 SW에) SOMAS-URM (SW에), 르네와 앤서니 M. 말론, MD (DL에) 63 여름 연구 활동 (CL과 DL에) BD 회사 여름 연구 활동 제임스 &#39;75 제인 Colihan 여름 연구 활동 (TO)를 통해 동창 / 홀리 크로스 대학의 부모 여름 연구 기금 (IMF)과 Stransky 재단 여름 연구 활동 (TO)이다. 실험실에서 모든 작업의​​ 지원을위한 거룩한 십자가의 대학에서 생물학과 및 학장의 사무실에 특별 감사합니다.

1. 십자가는 MARCM의 파리를 생성하려면 <ol><li> 22도 섭씨 또는 표준 초파리 미디어 옥수수 가루 당밀 미디어 (0.13 % Tegosept, 23.5 G / L 효모, 60g / L의 옥수수 가루 60 ㎖ / L 당밀, 4 ㎖ / L 산 믹스 6.5 g /의 L 한천)에 파리를 유지 12 시간 빛 / 어둠주기. 참고 : 표준 온도보다 낮은 건강 MARCM-주식을 유지하는 데 사용됩니다. 이 14 일에 계란과 성인 사이의 개발 시간을 연장한다. </li><li> 상류 활성?...

<ol>
	<li>Gr&#252;nert, U., Gnatzy, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=K++and+Ca+++in+the+receptor+lymph+of+arthropod+cuticular+mechanoreceptors.">K+ and Ca++ in the receptor lymph of arthropod cuticular mechanoreceptors.</a> J Comp Physiol A. 161, 329-333 (1987).</li><li>Kernan, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanotransduction+and+auditory+transduction+in+Drosophila.">Mechanotransduction and auditory transduction in Drosophila.</a> Pflugers Arch. 454, 703-720 (2007).</li><li>Gillespie, P. G., Walker, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+basis+of+mechanosensory+transduction.">Molecular basis of mechanosensory transduction.</a> Nature. 413, 194-202 (2001).</li><li>Corfas, G., Dudai, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptation+and+fatigue+of+a+mechanosensory+neuron+in+wild-type+Drosophila+and+in+memory+mutants.">Adaptation and fatigue of a mechanosensory neuron in wild-type Drosophila and in memory mutants.</a> J Neurosci. 10, 491-499 (1990).</li><li>Kernan, M., Cowan, D., Zuker, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+dissection+of+mechanosensory+transduction:+mechanoreception-defective+mutations+of+Drosophila.">Genetic dissection of mechanosensory transduction: mechanoreception-defective mutations of Drosophila.</a> Neuron. 12, 1195-1206 (1994).</li><li>Vandervorst, P., Ghysen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+control+of+sensory+connections+in+Drosophila.">Genetic control of sensory connections in Drosophila.</a> Nature. 286, 65-67 (1980).</li><li>Corfas, G., Dudai, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Habituation+and+dishabituation+of+a+cleaning+reflex+in+normal+and+mutant+Drosophila.">Habituation and dishabituation of a cleaning reflex in normal and mutant Drosophila.</a> J Neurosci. 9, 56-62 (1989).</li><li>Chen, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discovery-based+science+education:+functional+genomic+dissection+in+Drosophila+by+undergraduate+researchers.">Discovery-based science education: functional genomic dissection in Drosophila by undergraduate researchers.</a> PLoS Biol. 3, e59 (2005).</li><li>Lee, T., Luo, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mosaic+analysis+with+a+repressible+cell+marker+for+studies+of+gene+function+in+neuronal+morphogenesis.">Mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker for studies of gene function in neuronal morphogenesis.</a> Neuron. 22, 451-461 (1999).</li><li>Wu, J. S., Luo, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+protocol+for+mosaic+analysis+with+a+repressible+cell+marker+(MARCM)+in+Drosophila.">A protocol for mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) in Drosophila.</a> Nature Protocols. 1, 2583-2589 (2006).</li><li>Eberl, D. F., Hardy, R. W., Kernan, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetically+similar+transduction+mechanisms+for+touch+and+hearing+in+Drosophila.">Genetically similar transduction mechanisms for touch and hearing in Drosophila.</a> J Neurosci. 20, 5981-5988 (2000).</li><li>Walker, R. G., Willingham, A. T., Zuker, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Drosophila+mechanosensory+transduction+channel.">A Drosophila mechanosensory transduction channel.</a> Science. 287, 2229-2234 (2000).</li><li>Yan, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+NOMPC+is+a+mechanotransduction+channel+subunit+for+gentle-touch+sensation.">Drosophila NOMPC is a mechanotransduction channel subunit for gentle-touch sensation.</a> Nature. 493, 221-225 (2013).</li><li>Arnadottir, J., Chalfie, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eukaryotic+Mechanosensitive+Channels.">Eukaryotic Mechanosensitive Channels.</a> Annual Review of Biophysics. 39, 111-137 (2010).</li><li>Christensen, A. P., Corey, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TRP+channels+in+mechanosensation:+direct+or+indirect+activation?.">TRP channels in mechanosensation: direct or indirect activation?.</a> Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 8, 510-521 (2007).</li><li>Cheng, L. E., Song, W., Looger, L. L., Jan, L. Y., Jan, Y. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Role+of+the+TRP+Channel+NompC+in+Drosophila+Larval+and+Adult+Locomotion.">The Role of the TRP Channel NompC in Drosophila Larval and Adult Locomotion.</a> Neuron. 67, 373-380 (2010).</li><li>Lee, J., Moon, S., Cha, Y., Chung, Y. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+TRPN(=NOMPC)+channel+localizes+to+the+distal+end+of+mechanosensory+cilia.">Drosophila TRPN(=NOMPC) channel localizes to the distal end of mechanosensory cilia.</a> PLoS One. 5, e11012 (2010).</li><li>Liang, X., Madrid, J., Saleh, H. S., Howard, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NOMPC,+a+Member+of+the+TRP+Channel+Family,+Localizes+to+the+Tubular+Body+and+Distal+Cilium+of+Drosophila+Campaniform+and+Chordotonal+Receptor+Cells.">NOMPC, a Member of the TRP Channel Family, Localizes to the Tubular Body and Distal Cilium of Drosophila Campaniform and Chordotonal Receptor Cells.</a> Cytoskeleton. 68, 1-7 (2011).</li><li>de Vries, S. E., Clandinin, T. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loom-sensitive+neurons+link+computation+to+action+in+the+Drosophila+visual+system.">Loom-sensitive neurons link computation to action in the Drosophila visual system.</a> Curr Biol. 22, 353-362 (2012).</li><li>Jarman, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+of+mechanosensation+using+the+fly.">Studies of mechanosensation using the fly.</a> Hum Mol Genet. 11, 1215-1218 (2002).</li></ol>

돌연변이의 컬렉션 성인 선별 곤란할 것 치명적인 P 요소 돌연변이가 포함되어 있기 때문에이 프로토콜은이 프로토콜은 먼저 리와 루오 설명 복잡한 유전 적 기술을 사용한다. 초파리 mechanosensation에 영향을 미치는 돌연변이 선별 성인 행동 분석을 활용 (1999) 성인 치사를 회피 우와 루오로 프로토콜, (2006) 등의 상세한. MARCM은 동형 접합 세포의 클론 영역을 생성하는 상동 염색체 사이의 유?...

Humans rely on the ability to convert mechanical stimuli from their environment, such as touch, pressure, vibration, or sound waves, into sensory information that can be processed by the nervous system, in a process termed mechanotransduction. Many of the overall mechanistic features of mechanotransduction between humans and invertebrates are the same1, making Drosophila a useful model to study the molecular mechanisms of mechanotransduction. Drosophila melanogaster contain two sets of specialized sensory organs (Type I and II) that are capable of converting mechanical stimuli into action potentials. Type I mechanoreceptors have a neuron with a single dendrite or sensory process, surrounded by three support cells2. The Type I mechanoreceptors include bristle mechanoreceptors, hearing sensitive chordotonal organs (the Johnston's organ), and campaniform sensilla that convey information about wing beats3. The bristles that cover the dorsal side of the fly are the most abundant and easily accessible of the Type I organs. Similar to the extracellular environment of hair cells associated with hearing and balance in vertebrates, the support cells surrounding fly mechanosensitive neurons secrete a high potassium endolymph that creates an unusual concentration gradient for potassium1. Mechanosensitive neurons, of both the mammalian and fly systems, utilize this high extracellular potassium to depolarize the cell. In response to mechanical stimulation of the macrochaete bristles towards the body wall, the sensory neurons respond with a burst of action potentials driven by this potassium depolarization of the cell membrane4. The Drosophila sensory neurons that innervate bristles resemble the mechanosensitive cells of other organisms, including vertebrate hair cells, in both structure and function1,5. The accessibility of Drosophila external sense organs to experimental manipulation and the abundance of genetic techniques available to researchers make Drosophila an excellent model system to investigate the molecular underpinnings of mechanosensation. 
In the fly, stimulation of a single sensory neuron that innervates a bristle leads to an observable behavioral response. Stimulation of different bristles evokes specific, reproducible behavioral responses, depending on the bristle that is stimulated. Upon tactile stimulation, decapitated wild-type flies exhibit a complex grooming reflex wherein they clean the area near the stimulated bristle with a patterned set of leg movements5-7. When homozygous for known single-gene mutations that interfere with learning7 or coordination and locomotor activity5, flies respond abnormally to mechanical stimulation. This grooming reflex is therefore a useful tool to study the effects of single-gene mutations on a specific, replicable behavior.
The robust behavioral response to stimulation of a single macrochaete bristle holds the potential to assist in identifying new genes involved in mechanotransduction. This protocol being used to test a collection of mutant flies for the absence of a behavioral response to indicate that the mutation interferes with mechanosensation. In the mutant collection selected for screening, the mutations cause lethality before adulthood, and therefore would be impossible to test using traditional adult behavior screens. Originally, this collection of lethal p-elements was combined with FRT recombination sites to test cell growth defects in clones. The clones were made specifically in the eye because adult flies can survive in the lab setting without functional vision8. However, removal of all mechanosensation can cause adults to be severely uncoordinated or die before eclosion5. This protocol uses a mosaic approach to circumvent the lethality of the mutations and allow for adult stage testing. A genetic technique called Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker (MARCM)9 is used to generate homozygous mutant cells in a limited number of adult fly sensory organs, while the rest of the organism remains heterozygous. These MARCM flies readily survive until adulthood, yet the bristles are homozygous for the lethal genes of interest.
MARCM allows for regions of homozygous mutant cells to be generated and marked by the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP), while the rest of the organism remains heterozygous at that particular locus and unmarked9. MARCM combines individual p-element mutations with five common genetic elements: GFP under the control of an upstream-activating sequence (UAS-GFP), Gal80 repressor protein under control of a general promoter (tub-Gal80), Gal4 transcription factor under control of a general promoter (tub-Gal4), the FRT recombinase enzyme expressed through a heat-shock controlled promoter, and a FRT recombination site10. By driving mitotic recombination through a heat-shock activated recombinase, a limited number of cells are made homozygous for the mutation and marked with GFP. GFP expression is repressed in heterozygous cells by the presence of Gal80 on the wild-type copy of the chromosome. 
A heat-shock protocol for MARCM was optimized to induce recombination in the fly bristle external sense organs, while much of the organism remains heterozygous, and thus unmarked with GFP. Mosaic flies generated using this protocol contained homozygous mutations most frequently in the post alar or dorsal central bristles on the surface of the notum. 
We have tested the utility of this combination of MARCM and the grooming behavior screen with a known mechanosensitive mutant, NOMPC. The ion channel, no mechanoreceptor potential C (NOMPC), is an essential component of the mechanotransduction pathway in Drosophila5,11-13. NOMPC belongs to the transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily of cation channels5 and satisfies all of the criteria to qualify as a mechanosensitive channel in Drosophila14,15: 1) NOMPC is expressed in the ciliate tips of type 1 sensory neurons of Drosophila 13,16-18, 2) NOMPC null larvae do not have an electrical response to tactile stimulation13, 3) Ectopic expression of NOMPC in touch insensitive cells can induce sensitivity to mechanical stimulation13, 4) heterologous expression of NOMPC in Schneider 2 cells yields a mechanosensitive channel13, and 5) NOMPC adult mutants display defects in their response to mechanical stimulation5. Given this evidence, we predicted that NOMPC mutant clones would show an altered or inhibited grooming response in response to mechanical stimulation of bristles.
A MARCM-stock containing the NOMPC mutation was developed for use in a proof of principle experiment of the grooming assay. Mosaic flies were stimulated at macrochaete bristles containing homozygous NOMPC mutant cells. We expected an inhibition of the grooming response following stimulation of the macrochaete bristle. We found that only 2 of 14 mutant bristle flies tested gave a single response to repeated stimulation; most did not respond to stimulation of the homozygous mutant bristle. Having confirmed that this MARCM-based behavioral assay produces an abnormal grooming reflex in a known mechanosensitive mosaic mutant, this technique can be used in a screen for additional mechanosensitive mutations.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:163px;">Tegosept (5kg)</td>
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			<td style="width:163px;">20-259</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">Drosophila Vials, Narrow (PS)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Genesee</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">32-109</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Fly Cultures</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">6oz Square Bottom Bottle (PP)</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:163px;">Flugs - Plastic Fly Bottles</td>
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			<td style="width:163px;">Fly Cultures</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:163px;">Droso-Filler, Narrow</td>
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			<td style="width:163px;">Fly Food Preparation</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:163px;">Droso-Filler, Bottles</td>
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			<td style="width:163px;">Temperature and light/dark cycle controlled</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:163px;">Water bath</td>
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			<td style="width:163px;">For heat shock</td>
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			<td style="width:163px;">With GFP cube (KSC295-814D) band pass filter</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:163px;">Ice bucket</td>
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			<td style="width:163px;">for cold anthesia</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:163px;">Homemade cold anthesia tray</td>
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			<td style="width:163px;">for cold anthesia decapitation</td>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:163px;">Plastic boxes</td>
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			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;">for recovery of decaptitated flies in humid environment</td>
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	</tbody>
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a behavioral assay for mechanosensation of marcm-based clones in drosophila melanogaster

때문에 포유류 내이의 머리 셀 구조 및 기능의 상 동성, 초파리 외부 감각 기관을 뉴런에 분포 mechanosensation의 연구에 훌륭한 모델 시스템을 제공한다. 이 프로토콜은 mechanosensation 방해 변이를 식별하는데 사용될 수 초파리 간단한 터치 동작을 설명한다. 파리의 가슴이 중 첫 번째 또는 세 번째 다리에서 정리 반사를 이끌어에 macrochaete의 촉각 자극은 다름. mechanotransduction (예 : NOMPC 등)을 방해 돌연변이는, 또는 반사 아크의 다른 측면과 함께, 정리 반응을 억제 할 수 있습니다. 성인 행동의 전통적인 화면은 개발 과정에서 중요한 역할을 돌연변이를 놓친 것이다. 대신,이 프로토콜은 expr에 의해 생성 및 표시 할 동형 접합성 돌연변이 세포의 제한된 영역을 허용하도록 repressible 세포 마커 (MARCM) 모자이크 분석과 터치 스크린을 결합녹색 형광 단백질 (GFP)의 ession. 비정상적인 행동 반응을 위해 MARCM 클론을 시험함으로써,보다 전통적인 방법에 의해 누락되었을 mechanosensation 관련된 새로운 유전자를 검색 치명적인 P 요소 돌연변이 컬렉션 선별 할 수있다.

이 프로토콜의 성공은 크게 쓸만한 파리의 전체 수율에 따라, 열 쇼크의 효과는 유사 분열 재조합하고, 2 분 간격으로 자극 파리에서 강력한 행동 반응을 얻을 수있는 능력을 유발한다. 배아의 약 12​​.5 %가 필요 MARCM 요소 및 GFP 발현의 가능성이 eclose 성인의 약 16.67 %를 포함하는 것을 감안할 때, 그것은 시간 제한이 낳는 동안 계란의 높은 번호를 확인하는 것이 중요합니...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Behavioral Assay for Mechanosensation of MARCM-based Clones in Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

A Behavioral Assay for Mechanosensation of MARCM-based Clones in Drosophila melanogaster

의 Mechanosensation에 대한 행동 분석 클론의 MARCM은 기반<em&gt; 초파리</em

In order to identify novel mutations affecting mechanosensation, we designed an assay that measures the behavioral response to tactile stimulation of fly bristles in mutant clones generated by the MARCM method. The combination of techniques allows for the identification of mechanosensitive mutations that would otherwise be lethal.

Because of the structural and functional homology to the hair cells of the mammalian inner ear, the neurons that innervate the Drosophila external sense ...

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Neuroscience

A Behavioral Assay for Mechanosensation of MARCM-based Clones in Drosophila melanogaster

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of live Drosophila melanogaster using Magic Angle Spinning

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of live Drosophila melanogaster using Magic Angle Spinning

라이브의 자기 공명 분광학 Drosophila melanogaster 매직 앵글 스피닝를 사용하여

High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning (HRMAS) proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is a novel non-destructive technique that improves spectral ...

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