Name: high-resolution quantitative immunogold analysis of membrane receptors at retinal ribbon synapses
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この作品は、国立衛生研究所の難聴やその他のコミュニケーション障害に関する神経疾患・脳卒中研究所（NINDS）と国立研究所（NIDCD）、（NIH）の学内プログラムによってサポートされていました。私たちは、NINDS EM施設と支援のためのNIDCD高度なイメージングコア（コード＃ZIC DC 000081から03）をお願いいたします。

お手入れと動物の取り扱いは、NIH動物実験委員会のガイドラインに従いました。 12時間の明：暗サイクル上丘を介して、左右1から1.2パーセントCTBを注射生後日（P）15-21 Sprague-Dawleyラットは、12で維持しました。 1.網膜組織固定<ol><li>解剖顕微鏡、非常に微細な先端、はさみ、セルロース濾紙、プラスチックピペットと顕微鏡スライドと2鉗子：以下の材料と道具を組み立...

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1）短いと弱い固定、2）、3）ポスト埋め込み免疫染色、および4）定量化置換をフリーズ：私たちは、埋め込み後イムノゴールドEM成功定量するための4つの技術を記載しています。 EMの免疫は、超薄組織切片中の特定のタンパク質の検出を可能にします。金粒子で標識された抗体は、直接EMを使用して可視化することができます。膜受容体のシナプス下局在を検出する際?...

グルタミン酸は網膜1における主要な興奮性神経伝達物質です。双極細胞2からのグルタミン酸作動性シナプス入力を受けた網膜神経節細胞（RGCを）は、脳に視覚情報を送信する網膜の出力ニューロンです。生理学的研究は、RGCのシナプスの励起がNMDA受容体（NMDARを）およびAMPA受容体（AMPA受容体）3,4,5によってシナプス後部媒介されることを示しました。網膜神経節細胞における興奮性シナプス後電流（EPSCs）はAMPA受容体とNMDARを3,5,6,7,8によって媒介されるが、RGCを上の自発的なミニチュアEPSCs（mEPSCs）が唯一のAMPA受容体媒介成分4,5,9を示します 。しかし、グルタミン酸の取り込みを低減することがRGCの樹状突起上のNMDARをが興奮性シナプスの外側に位置することができることを示唆し、自発EPSCs 5 NMDAR成分を明らかにしました。膜関連グアニル酸キナーゼなどPSD-95など（MAGUKs）はグルタミン酸受容体およびイオンチャネルを含むクラスタの神経伝達物質受容体、シナプス部位でのsが、また明確なシナプス下発現パターン10,11,12,13,14を示します 。 最近の数十年にわたって、共焦点免疫組織化学およびプレ埋め込み電子顕微鏡（EM）免疫組織化学は、膜受容体の発現を研究するために使用されてきました。共焦点免疫染色は、受容体の発現の幅広いパターンを明らかにしているが、その低解像度は、それが不可能な細胞内位置を区別するために使用することができます。哺乳動物の網膜の前埋め込 ​​むEM研究は、NMDARサブユニットはコーン双極細胞のリボンシナプス15,16,17でのシナプス後要素に存在していることを示しています。これは、生理学的証拠には明らかとは対照的です。しかしながら、反応生成物の拡散は、プレ埋め込み免疫法における周知のアーチファクトです。したがって、このアプローチは、通常、統計的に信頼性の高いデータが得られていないとシナプス外膜18,19,20,21対シナプス膜への局在化との間の区別を除外することができます。に一方、生理学的および解剖学的データは、RGCを3,5,7,9,22上のAMPA受容体のシナプス局在と一致しています。したがって、網膜リボンシナプスにおけるグルタミン酸受容体とMAGUKsは、シナプス後にもperisynapticまたはシナプス外膜区画にだけでなく、ローカライズされています。しかし、網膜リボンシナプスにおけるこれらの膜タンパク質の高分解能定量分析が依然として必要とされています。 ここでは、NMDARサブユニットのシナプス下局在を調べるために、包埋後のEMの免疫技術を開発し、ラットのRGCにシナプスでのこれらのタンパク質の数、密度および変動性を推定することによって、続いAMPARサブユニットとPSD-95は、コレラ毒素サブユニットB（CTB）を用いて標識逆行性トレーシング方法。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="761">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:300px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">EMS</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">15710</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glutarldehyde</td>
			<td>EMS</td>
			<td>16019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S9638</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Na2HPO4</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">7782-85-6</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CaCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C-8106</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A-7030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T-8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaOH</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>221465</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaN3</td>
			<td>JT Baker</td>
			<td>V015-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td>Gibco BRL</td>
			<td>15514-011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Lowicryl HM 20</td>
			<td>Polysciences</td>
			<td>15924-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tris-Base</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP151-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tris</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>04997-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-GluN2A</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>AB1555P</td>
			<td>Dilution 1/50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-GluN2B</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>AB1557P</td>
			<td>Dilution 1/30</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-GluA2/3</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>AB1506</td>
			<td>Dilution 1/30</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-PSD-95</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MA1&#8211;046</td>
			<td>Dilution 1/100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Donkey anti-rabbit IgG-10 nm gold particles</td>
			<td>EMS</td>
			<td>25704</td>
			<td>Dilution 1/20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Donkey anti-mouse IgG-10 nm gold particles</td>
			<td>EMS</td>
			<td>25814</td>
			<td>Dilution 1/20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Donkey anti-mouse IgG-5 nm gold particles</td>
			<td>EMS</td>
			<td>25812</td>
			<td>Dilution 1/20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Donkey anti-goat IgG-18 nm gold particles</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">705-215-147</td>
			<td>Dilution 1/20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Formvar-Carbon coated nickel-slot grids.</td>
			<td>EMS</td>
			<td>FCF2010-Ni</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Uranyl acetate</td>
			<td>EMS</td>
			<td>22400-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Methanol</td>
			<td>EMS</td>
			<td>67-56-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Lead citrate</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Leica EM AFS</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Leica EM CPC</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ultromicrotome</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">JEOL 1200 EM</td>
			<td>JEOL</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">liquid nitrogen&#160;</td>
			<td>Roberts Oxygen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Propane</td>
			<td>Roberts Oxygen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CTB</td>
			<td>List Biological Laboratories</td>
			<td>104</td>
			<td>1-1.2%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-CTB</td>
			<td>List Biological Laboratories</td>
			<td>703</td>
			<td>Dilution 1/4000</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

high-resolution quantitative immunogold analysis of membrane receptors at retinal ribbon synapses

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) receive excitatory glutamatergic input from bipolar cells. Synaptic excitation of RGCs is mediated postsynaptically by NMDA receptors (NMDARs) and AMPA receptors (AMPARs). Physiological data have indicated that glutamate receptors at RGCs are expressed not only in postsynaptic but also in perisynaptic or extrasynaptic membrane compartments. However, precise anatomical locations for glutamate receptors at RGC synapses have not been determined. Although a high-resolution quantitative analysis of glutamate receptors at central synapses is widely employed, this approach has had only limited success in the retina. We developed a postembedding immunogold method for analysis of membrane receptors, making it possible to estimate the number, density and variability of these receptors at retinal ribbon synapses. Here we describe the tools, reagents, and the practical steps that are needed for: 1) successful preparation of retinal fixation, 2) freeze-substitution, 3) postembedding immunogold electron microscope (EM) immunocytochemistry and, 4) quantitative visualization of glutamate receptors at ribbon synapses.

以前に24,25説明したように、ここで示された結果は、ラットの網膜におけるRGCの樹状突起上GluA 2/3とNMDARをの著しく異なるシナプス下局在パターンを示しています。 RGC樹状プロファイルでGluA 2/3免疫粒子の77％は、最も中心的なシナプスと同様に、PSD（ 図1A）内に位置していました。しかし、NMDARをは、いずれのシナプスまたはextrasynaptically位置して...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-Resolution Quantitative Immunogold Analysis of Membrane Receptors at Retinal Ribbon Synapses at JoVE.com

High-Resolution Quantitative Immunogold Analysis of Membrane Receptors at Retinal Ribbon Synapses

The postembedding immunogold method is one of the most effective ways to provide high-resolution analyses of the subcellular localization of specific molecules. Here we describe a protocol to quantitatively analyze glutamate receptors at retinal ribbon synapses.

網膜リボンシナプスにおける膜受容体の高分解能定量的イムノゴールド分析

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) receive excitatory glutamatergic input from bipolar cells. Synaptic excitation of RGCs is mediated postsynaptically by NMDA ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Postsynaptic Recordings at Afferent Dendrites Contacting Cochlear Inner Hair Cells: Monitoring Multivesicular Release at a Ribbon Synapse

蝸牛内有毛細胞に接触求心性樹状突起でのシナプス後録音：リボンシナプスでのモニタリングの多胞体のリリース

The afferent synapse between the inner hair cell (IHC) and the auditory nerve fiber provides an electrophysiologically accessible site for recording the ...

Dissection of a Mouse Eye for a Whole Mount of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium

網膜色素上皮の全マウントするためのマウスの眼の解剖

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lies at the back of the mammalian eye, just under the neural retina, which contains the photoreceptors (rods and ...

Quantitative Analysis of Synaptic Vesicle Pool Replenishment in Cultured Cerebellar Granule Neurons using FM Dyes

FM染料を用いて培養小脳顆粒神経細胞のシナプス小胞プールの補充の定量分析

After neurotransmitter release in central nerve terminals, SVs are rapidly retrieved by endocytosis.  Retrieved SVs are then refilled with ...

Patch-clamp Capacitance Measurements and Ca2+ Imaging at Single Nerve Terminals in Retinal Slices

Patch-clamp Capacitance Measurements and Ca2+ Imaging at Single Nerve Terminals in Retinal Slices

パッチクランプキャパシタンス測定とCa 2 +</sup網膜スライスにおける単一神経終末で>イメージング

Visual stimuli are detected and conveyed over a wide dynamic range of light intensities and frequency changes by specialized neurons in the vertebrate ...

High-resolution Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Methods for Human Midbrain

人間の中脳の高解像度機能的磁気共鳴画像法

Functional MRI (fMRI) is a widely used tool for non-invasively measuring correlates of human brain activity. However, its use has mostly been focused upon ...

High-resolution Live Imaging of Cell Behavior in the Developing Neuroepithelium

開発神​​経上皮における細胞挙動の高解像度のライブイメージング

The embryonic spinal cord consists of cycling neural progenitor cells that give rise to a large percentage of the neuronal and glial cells of the central ...

Dissection, Culture, and Analysis of Xenopus laevis Embryonic Retinal Tissue

Dissection, Culture, and Analysis of Xenopus laevis Embryonic Retinal Tissue

の解離、文化、および分析<em&gt;アフリカツメガエル</em&gt;胚性網膜組織

The process by which  the anterior region of the neural plate gives rise to the vertebrate retina  continues to be a major focus of both clinical and ...

High-throughput Analysis of Mammalian Olfactory Receptors: Measurement of Receptor Activation via Luciferase Activity

ルシフェラーゼ活性を介し受容体活性化の測定：哺乳類嗅覚受容体のハイスループット分析

Odorants create unique and overlapping patterns of olfactory receptor activation, allowing a family of approximately 1,000 murine and 400 human receptors ...

Metabolomic Analysis of Rat Brain by High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Tissue Extracts

組織抽出物の高分解能核磁気共鳴分光法によるラット脳のメタボローム解析

Studies of gene expression on the RNA and protein levels have long been used to explore biological processes underlying disease. More recently, genomics ...

Peering at Brain Polysomes with Atomic Force Microscopy

原子間力顕微鏡で脳ポリソームでピアリング

The translational machinery, i.e., the polysome or polyribosome, is one of the biggest and most complex cytoplasmic machineries in cells. Polysomes, ...