Name: a protocol for bioinspired design: a ground sampler based on sea urchin jaws
Uploaded: 2016-04-24T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol for Bioinspired Design: A Ground Sampler Based on Sea Urchin Jaws at JoVE.com

This work is supported by Multi-University Research Initiative through the Air Force Office of Scientific Research of the United States (AFOSR-FA9550-15-1-0009) (M. B. F., S. E. N., J.-Y. J., J. M). Collection of pink sea urchins was supported by the University of California Ship Funds and the US National Marine Fisheries Service (K.N.S., J.R.A.T). The authors acknowledge the following people: Prof. Jerry Tustaniwskyj for helpful suggestions during development of the bioinspired Aristotle's lantern sampler, Prof. Marc A. Meyers (UCSD, Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program), Prof. Robert L. Sah and Esther Cory (UCSD, Dept. of Bioengineering), and Dr. Maya deVries (Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography). We also thank undergraduate students Sze Hei Siu, Jerry Ng and Ivan Torres for polishing urchin teeth cross-sections.

1.生物材料科学<ol><li>穿戴个人防护装备（ 如手套，防护眼镜和白大褂），并遵守所有适用的安全程序使用解剖工具。 </li><li>冲洗掉镊子并用蒸馏水手术刀用于清扫。 </li><li>解冻在RT冻结粉海胆1小时。放置在具有足够空间的玻璃盘一解冻样品，以便能够操纵海胆和切削工具。打开顽童倒挂使牙齿尖端朝上。 <ol><li>切掉周围的亚里士多德的灯笼用手术刀的周边结缔组织并小心了灯笼。冲洗...

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海胆用亚里士多德的灯笼（ 图1A）的各种功能（进料，镗孔，旋转等 ）。化石记录表明，灯笼形状和功能已经发展从最原始的cidaroid类型到camarodont型现代海胆14。 Cidaroid灯笼已经沿纵向开槽的齿（ 图1B，上图 ）和非分离肌肉附着到其金字塔结构。这限制了它们的上下运动和剥夺由横向运动，这在更现代camarodont灯笼（ 图1B，下图 ）观察到所产?...

生物学领域，生物材料科学，生物材料，生物工程和生化聘请首映的科学技术和思想，试图提供令人难以置信的自然世界有更深的了解。这项研究解释了许多最惊人的生物结构和生物;从人骨1,2的内在韧性大嘴巨嘴鸟3。然而，大部分的这方面的知识，很难以一种方式，可以提供一个好处社会采用。其结果是，bioinspiration的切线野采用从自然学会了现代材料的经验教训，以解决共同问题。例子包括莲花启发超疏水表面留下4-6，由壁虎的脚鼓舞粘接面和昆虫7,8，由9-11鲍鱼和海胆的喉舌启发活检收割机的珍珠层的启发强硬陶瓷，也知道n作为亚里士多德的灯笼12,13。 海胆是长满刺的栖息地最常见的包括在海底的岩石床的无脊椎动物。人体中最大的海胆物种（称为测试）可以超过18厘米，直径;在这项研究考察了粉红色的海胆测试尺寸（ 海胆脆弱 ），可以长到直径10厘米。亚里士多德的灯笼是由由封闭所有，但牙齿（ 图1A）的远端粉碎提示矿化组织的组成和排列为半球状形成金字塔结构，支助了五个主要为碳酸钙的牙齿。 颌骨肌肉结构能够有效的咀嚼和拼抢甚至对硬盘的海洋岩石和珊瑚。当夹爪打开，牙齿向外突出并在爪闭合，牙齿在一个平滑的运动向内缩回。 primitiv的比较E（上）和现代（下）海胆牙齿横截面（ 图1B）表明一个龙骨状齿演变对硬磨底物时，强化牙齿。每个单独的齿具有由于纵向附龙骨（ 图1C，D） ​​的稍微凸起的曲率和在横向平面（垂直于生长方向）的T形的形态。 Bioinspiration始于有趣的自然现象，如亚里士多德在海胆灯笼高效率咀嚼运动的观察。这自然结构最初迷住亚里士多德，因为这让他想起喇叭灯笼与喇叭的窗格冷落。两千多年后，斯卡帕被亚里士多德的灯笼的复杂性，他后来Trogu模仿只使用纸和橡胶带（ 图2A）15,16天然咀嚼运动迷住了。同样，耶利内克是由C仿生砍伐了亚里士多德的灯笼的运动，并制定了更好的活检收割机，可以安全地隔离肿瘤组织，不扩散的癌细胞（ 图2B，C）12,13。在这种情况下，被利用仿生设计，使适合用于期望的应用的特定需要的生物医学装置。 这里描述的设计协议适用于海胆仿生沉积物取样。通过生物材料科学，亚里士多德的灯笼的自然结构的特点。仿生设计识别潜在的应用那里的自然机制，可以通过使用现代材料和制造技术的提高。通过bioexploration的棱镜的最终设计重新检查，以了解自然的牙齿结构如何演变 （ 图3）。最后一步bioexploration，波特提出的17,18，采用工程分析方法到e智能与解释生物现象。所有bioinspiration过程中的重要步骤，表示为用于利用技术，预先核准的本质，可用于解决现代问题的一个例子。我们的协议，所提交由Arzt 7特定应用程序的早期bioinspiration程序的动机，是针对生物学家，工程师和其他人谁是灵感来自于大自然。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>BUEHLERMET II 8 PLN 600/P1200</td>
			<td>Buehler</td>
			<td>305308600102</td>
			<td>Abrasive paper for polishing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRIDENT POLISH CLOTH 8&#34; PSA</td>
			<td>Buehler</td>
			<td>407518</td>
			<td>Polish cloth for 3 um suspension</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>METADI SUPREME POLY SUSP,3MIC&#160;</td>
			<td>Buehler</td>
			<td>406631</td>
			<td>Polish suspension (3 um)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MICROCLOTH FOR 8 IN WHEEL PSA</td>
			<td>Buehler</td>
			<td>407218</td>
			<td>Polish cloth for 50 nm suspension</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MASTERPREP SUSPENSION, 6 OZ</td>
			<td>Buehler</td>
			<td>636377006</td>
			<td>Polish suspension (50 nm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Skyscan 1076 micro-CT Scanner</td>
			<td>Bruker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Micro-CT scanner equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amira software</td>
			<td>FEI Visualization Sciences Group</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Software for 3D manipulation of Micro-CT scans</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FEI Philips XL30</td>
			<td>FEI Philips</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>ESEM equipment for characterization of polished tooth cross-sections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SolidWorks Design software</td>
			<td>Dassault Systems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Design software for CAD drawing bioinspired device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SolidWorks Simulation software</td>
			<td>Dassault Systems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Simulation software for stress test of CAD drawing bioinspired device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimension 1200es</td>
			<td>Stratasys</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3D printer for fabrication of bioinspired device from CAD drawing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ABSplus</td>
			<td>Stratasys</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3D printer plastic</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a protocol for bioinspired design: a ground sampler based on sea urchin jaws

Bioinspired design is an emerging field that takes inspiration from nature to develop high-performance materials and devices. The sea urchin mouthpiece, known as the Aristotle's lantern, is a compelling source of bioinspiration with an intricate network of musculature and calcareous teeth that can scrape, cut, chew food and bore holes into rocky substrates. We describe the bioinspiration process as including animal observation, specimen characterization, device fabrication and mechanism bioexploration. The last step of bioexploration allows for a deeper understanding of the initial biology. The design architecture of the Aristotle's lantern is analyzed with micro-computed tomography and individual teeth are examined with scanning electron microscopy to identify the microstructure. Bioinspired designs are fabricated with a 3D printer, assembled and tested to determine the most efficient lantern opening and closing mechanism. Teeth from the bioinspired lantern design are bioexplored via finite element analysis to explain from a mechanical perspective why keeled tooth structures evolved in the modern sea urchins we observed. This circular approach allows for new conclusions to be drawn from biology and nature.

亚里士多德的灯笼采样装置的设计仿生很大程度上取决于所采用的表征方法的质量。像μ-CT非侵入性技术是用于分析整个灯和单独的齿申请应用特定的增强的仿生设计（ 图4）有帮助。同时，齿微结构可以通过二次电子和一个个人齿（ 图5）的抛光横截面的背散射电子显微照片加以探讨。较暗的灰色区域是磨齿尖的硬石部件和具有多达该取代钙原子...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol for Bioinspired Design: A Ground Sampler Based on Sea Urchin Jaws at JoVE.com

A Protocol for Bioinspired Design: A Ground Sampler Based on Sea Urchin Jaws

A protocol for bioinspired design is described for a sampling device based on the jaws of a sea urchin. The bioinspiration process includes observing the sea urchins, characterizing the mouthpiece, 3D printing of the teeth and their assembly, and bioexploring the tooth structure.

基于海胆大白鲨A接地采样：仿生为设计一个协议

Bioinspired design is an emerging field that takes inspiration from nature to develop high-performance materials and devices. The sea urchin mouthpiece, ...

The aim of this protocol is to examine the natural structure of the sea urchin mouthpiece, Aristotle's lantern, to develop a sediment sampling prototype using engineering analysis to test the application of biological features in bio-inspired designs. This method can help answer key questions in the bio-inspired design field. Specifically why did a keeled tooth structure evolve in sea urchins and how might it be useful for sediment sampling.The main advantage of this technique is that it provides a general framework for bio-inspired design investigations of various natural structures. Other such structures include the seahorse tail, the scutes of the boxfish, and the spines of the porcupine fish. The implications of this technically makes enhancement a proprietary surface expoloration because mineral poles are fit with bio-spar sediment samplers can efficiently collect a little samples.Generally individuals new to this method will struggle because objectives for each bio-inspired protocol will vary depending on the type of natural structure examined. After thawing the sea urchin, set it up for dissection with the tips of the teeth pointed up. And start cutting away the connective tissue around the perimeter of the Aristotle's lantern.Then, carefully lift out the lantern and rinse it off with running distilled water. Use forceps to remove remnant tissue on the outside and carefully open the lantern to extract the teeth. Alternatively, a dried lantern that is rinsed off again with water will fall apart to allow for easier access to the teeth.Now, pick up a tooth and carefully submerge it in a tube of freshly prepared epoxy. Position the curved concave side facing up and do not let the tooth touch the tube wall. Then, let the epoxy cure at room temperature for 24 hours.The next day, use a sectioning saw to remove the epoxy around the tooth down to about one cubic centimeter. Then, with a piece of coarse sandpaper number 125 or higher and using light pressure, rub the sample in one direction for five minutes. Progressively change to finer and finer grit sandpapers, up to the number 2400.For each sandpaper grit, make sure to rotate the sample 90 degrees. Use a microscope as needed to verify that the rubbing is always in the same direction for each sandpaper grit. After the sanding, moisten a microcloth with a 50 percent by volume half micron aluminina polish in water.Then rub the sample in a back and forth motion for five minutes. After polishing use particle-free tissue paper to clean off the sample, and then wrap it up in the same paper for storage. Next, characterize the tooth's microstructure using scanning electron microscopy.After applying a sputter coat, take 250 to 500x micrograph images of the sample. Next take microcomputed tomography scans of the whole pink sea urchin and the freshly dissected Aristotle's lantern. Place the samples over a moistened tissue when in the imaging chamber.For the body, scan with an isotropic voxel size of 36 microns at 100 peak kilovoltage and 100 milliamps. For the lantern, scan with an isotropic voxel size of about nine microns at 70 peak kilovoltage and 141 milliamps. Use a one point zero millimeter aluminum filter for both.Using micro CT scans and CAD modeling a bio-inspired design was produced with five curved teeth with a height of six centimeters and a diameter of eight centimeters for the closed lantern, which is five times larger than the natural Aristotle's lantern. For each component of the bio-inspired jaw produce STL files for 3D printing. Prepare the 3D printer by first loading acrylonitrile butadiene styrene plastic, and support plastic material cartridges.Then insert the modeling base onto the z platform by first aligning the tabs on the base with the slots in the tray. Now open the STL file parts and follow the display screen steps to orient and print individual lantern parts at the same time. Shown here is an example for 3D printing a joint arm.After printing the files, release the modeling base from the tabs and slide the base out of the printer along the tray guides. Then, use a metal spatula to pry the printed parts off the base. Once detached, place the printed parts into a heated base bath until the support plastic material dissolves.Now, fasten each tooth to a joint arm with a link rod using e-retaining rings on either side and assemble the bio-inspired Aristotle's lantern. Using the CAD file for the bio-inspired tooth perform a finite element modeling stress analysis test. First, open the file.Start a new study. And choose to run a static test with a fixed geometry. Then, click on the interfaces to add fixtures to the mounting holes where the pins will go.Next, set the force of the external loads. Click on the tooth grinding tip faces to apply a 45 Newton force to the edges. Now, set the gravity.Indicate in the top plane setting that the gravity force should be applied normally to the plane. Next, create a mesh on the design surface, and set the mesh density to fine. Now, run the test to compare between a tooth with and without the keel.A colored scale will show the areas of highest stress. Non-invasive imaging of the sea urchin tooth and the Aristotle's lantern were instrumental in producing a bio-inspired design. Detailed analysis of the tooth's microstructure by SEM confirmed the structural importance of the magnesium-enriched stone part in the tooth grinding tip.Plate and fiber primary elements are connected together by a matrix of secondary elements in the hardest stone region of the tooth grinding tip. The harder stone portion shown in darker gray, is composed of up to 40 percent magnesium atoms which replace the calcium atoms. Thus, the bio-inspired lantern was designed with CAD software, 3D printed and assembled.The ultimate purpose of the design is to collect sand. The importance of the keel in the design was tested using computerized stress tests on the CAD design. For 45 Newton applied force, the maximum stress experienced by the keeled tooth design was about 16 percent less.However, the keel adds only four percent to the mass of the design. When attempting a bio-inspired design protocol, it's important to start with careful observation of the natural structure in its living form, or through usage of non-invasive characterization methods, like micro CT and SEM. Following the general procedure, bio-inspired designs from other natural structures can be implemented in useful applications in a wide range of engineering fields.The final bio-exploration step based on the work of Professor Michael Porter, is especially essential for using engineering analysis methods to quantify the mechanical advantage of the keel structure in the sea urchin tooth.

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Mass Cytometry: Protocol for Daily Tuning and Running Cell Samples on a CyTOF Mass Cytometer

质量流式细胞术：协议，每日调整和执行细胞的样品上一个CyTOF的质量流式细胞仪

In recent years, the rapid analysis of single cells has commonly been performed using flow cytometry and fluorescently-labeled antibodies. However, the ...

科研

生物工程

Design of a Biaxial Mechanical Loading Bioreactor for Tissue Engineering

组织工程生物反应器的双轴机械装载设计

We  designed a loading device that is capable of applying uniaxial or biaxial  mechanical strain to a tissue engineered biocomposites fabricated for  ...

Investigating Receptor-ligand Systems of the Cellulosome with AFM-based Single-molecule Force Spectroscopy

调查纤维素酶与基于AFM的单分子力谱受体 - 配体系统

Cellulosomes are discrete multienzyme complexes used by a subset of anaerobic bacteria and fungi to digest lignocellulosic substrates. Assembly of the ...

Engineering Platform and Experimental Protocol for Design and Evaluation of a Neurally-controlled Powered Transfemoral Prosthesis

工程平台和设计一个Neurally控制供电采用经假体与评价实验方案

To enable intuitive operation of powered artificial legs, an interface between user and prosthesis that can recognize the user's movement intent is ...

Synthesis of Keratin-based Nanofiber for Biomedical Engineering

基于角蛋白纳米纤维生物医学工程合成

Electrospinning, due to its versatility and potential for applications in various fields, is being frequently used to fabricate nanofibers. Production of ...

Rapid Mix Preparation of Bioinspired Nanoscale Hydroxyapatite for Biomedical Applications

仿生纳米羟基磷灰石的快速混合制备生物医学应用

Hydroxyapatite (HA) has been widely used as a medical ceramic due to its good biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. Recently there has been interest ...

Design and Synthesis of a Reconfigurable DNA Accordion Rack

可重构 DNA 手风琴架的设计与合成

DNA nanostructure-based mechanical systems or DNA nanomachines, which produce complex nanoscale motion in 2D and 3D in the nanometer to &#229;ngstr&#246;m ...

A Macrophage Reporter Cell Assay to Examine Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated NF-kB/AP-1 Signaling on Adsorbed Protein Layers on Polymeric Surfaces

巨噬细胞报告器细胞分析，以检查聚合物表面的吸附蛋白层上的收费类似受体介导NF-kB/AP-1信号

The persistent inflammatory host response to an implanted biomaterial, known as the foreign body reaction, is a significant challenge in the development ...

Bioinspired Soft Robot with Incorporated Microelectrodes

生物灵感软机器人与合并微电极

Bioinspired soft robotic systems that mimic living organisms using engineered muscle tissue and biomaterials are revolutionizing the current biorobotics ...

Lipidico Injection Protocol for Serial Crystallography Measurements at the Australian Synchrotron

澳大利亚同步加速器串行晶体测量的利皮迪科注射协议

A facility for performing serial crystallography measurements has been developed at the Australian synchrotron. This facility incorporates a purpose built ...