Name: a protocol for bioinspired design: a ground sampler based on sea urchin jaws
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This work is supported by Multi-University Research Initiative through the Air Force Office of Scientific Research of the United States (AFOSR-FA9550-15-1-0009) (M. B. F., S. E. N., J.-Y. J., J. M). Collection of pink sea urchins was supported by the University of California Ship Funds and the US National Marine Fisheries Service (K.N.S., J.R.A.T). The authors acknowledge the following people: Prof. Jerry Tustaniwskyj for helpful suggestions during development of the bioinspired Aristotle's lantern sampler, Prof. Marc A. Meyers (UCSD, Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program), Prof. Robert L. Sah and Esther Cory (UCSD, Dept. of Bioengineering), and Dr. Maya deVries (Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography). We also thank undergraduate students Sze Hei Siu, Jerry Ng and Ivan Torres for polishing urchin teeth cross-sections.

1. biologica Scienza dei Materiali <ol><li> Indossare dispositivi di protezione individuale (ad esempio, guanti, occhiali di sicurezza e camice da laboratorio) e seguire tutte le procedure di sicurezza in vigore per l&#39;utilizzo di strumenti di dissezione. </li><li> Risciacquare le pinze e bisturi con acqua distillata da utilizzare per la dissezione. </li><li> Scongelare un riccio di mare ghiacciato rosa a temperatura ambiente per 1 ora. Collocare un campione scongelati in un piatto di vetro con spazio suff...

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I ricci di mare usano lanterna di Aristotele (Figura 1A) per una serie di funzioni (alimentazione, noioso, girevoli, ecc). I reperti fossili indicano che la lanterna si è evoluta in forma e funzione dal tipo cidaroid più primitiva del tipo camarodont di moderni ricci di mare 14. Lanterne Cidaroid sono longitudinalmente scanalato denti (Figura 1B, in alto) e l&#39;attaccamento non separati muscolare alla sua struttura piramidale. Questo limita il loro movimento su e...

I campi della biologia, la scienza dei materiali biologici, biomateriali, bioingegneria e biochimica impiegano le tecniche scientifiche Premiere e la mente, nel tentativo di fornire una più profonda comprensione del mondo naturale incredibile. Questa ricerca ha spiegato molte delle più sorprendenti strutture biologiche e organismi; dalla robustezza intrinseca dell&#39;osso umano 1,2 al grande becco del tucano 3. Tuttavia, gran parte di questa conoscenza è difficile applicare in un modo che può fornire un vantaggio per la società. Di conseguenza, il campo tangenziale Bioinspiration impiega le lezioni apprese dalla natura ai materiali moderni, al fine di risolvere i problemi comuni. Gli esempi includono superfici superhydrophobic ispirati da foglie di loto 4-6, superfici adesive ispirate ai piedi dei gechi e insetti 7,8, ceramiche dure ispirate alla madreperla abalone 9-11 e mietitrici biopsia ispirati al portavoce del riccio di mare, anche saperen come lanterna di Aristotele 12,13. I ricci di mare sono animali invertebrati coperti di spine il cui habitat più comunemente è costituito dai fondali rocciosi sul fondo dell&#39;oceano. Il corpo (chiamato test) nelle specie più grande riccio può essere più di 18 cm di diametro; formato di prova in rosa ricci di mare (Strongylocentrotus fragilis) esaminati in questo studio può crescere fino a 10 cm di diametro. Lanterna di Aristotele è composto da cinque particolare sono calcio carbonato denti supportati da strutture piramidali composte di tessuto mineralizzato e disposti in una formazione a cupola-like che racchiudono tutti, ma le punte di macinazione distali dei denti (Figura 1A). La struttura muscolare delle ganasce è in grado di masticare efficiente e raschiando anche contro le rocce oceaniche dure e coralli. Quando le ganasce aperte, i denti sporgono verso l&#39;esterno e quando le ganasce vicino, i denti si ritraggono verso l&#39;interno in un unico movimento fluido. Confronto tra primitive (sopra) e moderni (sotto) riccio di mare dente sezioni (Figura 1B) indica che un dente chiglia si è evoluto per rafforzare il dente quando frantuma contro substrati duri. Ogni singolo dente ha una curvatura leggermente convessa e una morfologia a T nel piano trasversale (perpendicolare alla direzione di crescita) dovuta alla chiglia longitudinalmente allegata (Figura 1C, D). Bioinspiration inizia con l&#39;osservazione dei fenomeni naturali interessanti, come il movimento di masticazione efficace della lanterna di Aristotele di ricci di mare. Questa struttura naturale inizialmente catturato Aristotele perché gli ricordava di una lanterna corno con le lastre di corno lasciato fuori. Più di due millenni dopo, Scarpa era affascinato dalla complessità della lanterna di Aristotele che lui e poi Trogu imitava il movimento di masticazione naturale utilizzando solo carta e nastri di gomma (Figura 2A) 15,16. Allo stesso modo, è stato Jelinek bioispirati dal chewing movimento della lanterna di Aristotele e sviluppato una migliore mietitrice biopsia che potrebbe isolare in modo sicuro il tessuto tumorale senza diffondere le cellule cancerose (Figura 2b, C) 12,13. In questo caso, disegno bioispirati stati impiegati per effettuare un dispositivo biomedicale che misura specifica necessità di una applicazione desiderata. Il protocollo di design qui descritto si applica a un campionatore di sedimenti bioispirati dai ricci di mare. Attraverso materiali biologici scienza, la struttura naturale della lanterna di Aristotele è caratterizzata. disegno bioispirati identifica potenziali applicazioni in cui i meccanismi naturali può essere migliorata attraverso l&#39;uso di materiali moderni e tecniche di fabbricazione. Il progetto finale è riesaminata attraverso il prisma di bioexploration per capire come la struttura del dente naturale si è evoluta (Figura 3). L&#39;ultimo passo bioexploration, proposto da Porter 17,18, utilizza metodi di analisi di ingegneria all&#39;eXplore e spiegare fenomeni biologici. Tutte le fasi importanti del processo Bioinspiration sono presentati come un esempio per la tecnologia, pre-approvato per natura, che può essere utilizzato per risolvere i problemi moderni sfruttamento. Il nostro protocollo, motivata da procedure Bioinspiration precedenti presentati per applicazioni specifiche per Arzt 7, è prevista per biologi, ingegneri e tutti coloro che si ispira alla natura.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>BUEHLERMET II 8 PLN 600/P1200</td>
			<td>Buehler</td>
			<td>305308600102</td>
			<td>Abrasive paper for polishing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRIDENT POLISH CLOTH 8&#34; PSA</td>
			<td>Buehler</td>
			<td>407518</td>
			<td>Polish cloth for 3 um suspension</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>METADI SUPREME POLY SUSP,3MIC&#160;</td>
			<td>Buehler</td>
			<td>406631</td>
			<td>Polish suspension (3 um)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MICROCLOTH FOR 8 IN WHEEL PSA</td>
			<td>Buehler</td>
			<td>407218</td>
			<td>Polish cloth for 50 nm suspension</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MASTERPREP SUSPENSION, 6 OZ</td>
			<td>Buehler</td>
			<td>636377006</td>
			<td>Polish suspension (50 nm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Skyscan 1076 micro-CT Scanner</td>
			<td>Bruker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Micro-CT scanner equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amira software</td>
			<td>FEI Visualization Sciences Group</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Software for 3D manipulation of Micro-CT scans</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FEI Philips XL30</td>
			<td>FEI Philips</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>ESEM equipment for characterization of polished tooth cross-sections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SolidWorks Design software</td>
			<td>Dassault Systems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Design software for CAD drawing bioinspired device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SolidWorks Simulation software</td>
			<td>Dassault Systems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Simulation software for stress test of CAD drawing bioinspired device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimension 1200es</td>
			<td>Stratasys</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3D printer for fabrication of bioinspired device from CAD drawing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ABSplus</td>
			<td>Stratasys</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3D printer plastic</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a protocol for bioinspired design: a ground sampler based on sea urchin jaws

Bioinspired design is an emerging field that takes inspiration from nature to develop high-performance materials and devices. The sea urchin mouthpiece, known as the Aristotle's lantern, is a compelling source of bioinspiration with an intricate network of musculature and calcareous teeth that can scrape, cut, chew food and bore holes into rocky substrates. We describe the bioinspiration process as including animal observation, specimen characterization, device fabrication and mechanism bioexploration. The last step of bioexploration allows for a deeper understanding of the initial biology. The design architecture of the Aristotle's lantern is analyzed with micro-computed tomography and individual teeth are examined with scanning electron microscopy to identify the microstructure. Bioinspired designs are fabricated with a 3D printer, assembled and tested to determine the most efficient lantern opening and closing mechanism. Teeth from the bioinspired lantern design are bioexplored via finite element analysis to explain from a mechanical perspective why keeled tooth structures evolved in the modern sea urchins we observed. This circular approach allows for new conclusions to be drawn from biology and nature.

disegno bioispirati del dispositivo di campionamento lanterna di Aristotele dipende fortemente dalla qualità dei metodi di caratterizzazione utilizzati. Tecniche non invasive come μ-CT sono utili per analizzare tutta la lanterna e singoli denti per applicare miglioramenti specifici applicativi per la progettazione bioispirati (Figura 4). Nel frattempo, la microstruttura del dente può essere esplorato tramite elettroni secondari e micrografie elettroniche back-sparsi d...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol for Bioinspired Design: A Ground Sampler Based on Sea Urchin Jaws at JoVE.com

A Protocol for Bioinspired Design: A Ground Sampler Based on Sea Urchin Jaws

A protocol for bioinspired design is described for a sampling device based on the jaws of a sea urchin. The bioinspiration process includes observing the sea urchins, characterizing the mouthpiece, 3D printing of the teeth and their assembly, and bioexploring the tooth structure.

Un protocollo per bioispirati Design: A terra Sampler Sulla base di Sea Urchin Jaws

Bioinspired design is an emerging field that takes inspiration from nature to develop high-performance materials and devices. The sea urchin mouthpiece, ...

The aim of this protocol is to examine the natural structure of the sea urchin mouthpiece, Aristotle's lantern, to develop a sediment sampling prototype using engineering analysis to test the application of biological features in bio-inspired designs. This method can help answer key questions in the bio-inspired design field. Specifically why did a keeled tooth structure evolve in sea urchins and how might it be useful for sediment sampling.The main advantage of this technique is that it provides a general framework for bio-inspired design investigations of various natural structures. Other such structures include the seahorse tail, the scutes of the boxfish, and the spines of the porcupine fish. The implications of this technically makes enhancement a proprietary surface expoloration because mineral poles are fit with bio-spar sediment samplers can efficiently collect a little samples.Generally individuals new to this method will struggle because objectives for each bio-inspired protocol will vary depending on the type of natural structure examined. After thawing the sea urchin, set it up for dissection with the tips of the teeth pointed up. And start cutting away the connective tissue around the perimeter of the Aristotle's lantern.Then, carefully lift out the lantern and rinse it off with running distilled water. Use forceps to remove remnant tissue on the outside and carefully open the lantern to extract the teeth. Alternatively, a dried lantern that is rinsed off again with water will fall apart to allow for easier access to the teeth.Now, pick up a tooth and carefully submerge it in a tube of freshly prepared epoxy. Position the curved concave side facing up and do not let the tooth touch the tube wall. Then, let the epoxy cure at room temperature for 24 hours.The next day, use a sectioning saw to remove the epoxy around the tooth down to about one cubic centimeter. Then, with a piece of coarse sandpaper number 125 or higher and using light pressure, rub the sample in one direction for five minutes. Progressively change to finer and finer grit sandpapers, up to the number 2400.For each sandpaper grit, make sure to rotate the sample 90 degrees. Use a microscope as needed to verify that the rubbing is always in the same direction for each sandpaper grit. After the sanding, moisten a microcloth with a 50 percent by volume half micron aluminina polish in water.Then rub the sample in a back and forth motion for five minutes. After polishing use particle-free tissue paper to clean off the sample, and then wrap it up in the same paper for storage. Next, characterize the tooth's microstructure using scanning electron microscopy.After applying a sputter coat, take 250 to 500x micrograph images of the sample. Next take microcomputed tomography scans of the whole pink sea urchin and the freshly dissected Aristotle's lantern. Place the samples over a moistened tissue when in the imaging chamber.For the body, scan with an isotropic voxel size of 36 microns at 100 peak kilovoltage and 100 milliamps. For the lantern, scan with an isotropic voxel size of about nine microns at 70 peak kilovoltage and 141 milliamps. Use a one point zero millimeter aluminum filter for both.Using micro CT scans and CAD modeling a bio-inspired design was produced with five curved teeth with a height of six centimeters and a diameter of eight centimeters for the closed lantern, which is five times larger than the natural Aristotle's lantern. For each component of the bio-inspired jaw produce STL files for 3D printing. Prepare the 3D printer by first loading acrylonitrile butadiene styrene plastic, and support plastic material cartridges.Then insert the modeling base onto the z platform by first aligning the tabs on the base with the slots in the tray. Now open the STL file parts and follow the display screen steps to orient and print individual lantern parts at the same time. Shown here is an example for 3D printing a joint arm.After printing the files, release the modeling base from the tabs and slide the base out of the printer along the tray guides. Then, use a metal spatula to pry the printed parts off the base. Once detached, place the printed parts into a heated base bath until the support plastic material dissolves.Now, fasten each tooth to a joint arm with a link rod using e-retaining rings on either side and assemble the bio-inspired Aristotle's lantern. Using the CAD file for the bio-inspired tooth perform a finite element modeling stress analysis test. First, open the file.Start a new study. And choose to run a static test with a fixed geometry. Then, click on the interfaces to add fixtures to the mounting holes where the pins will go.Next, set the force of the external loads. Click on the tooth grinding tip faces to apply a 45 Newton force to the edges. Now, set the gravity.Indicate in the top plane setting that the gravity force should be applied normally to the plane. Next, create a mesh on the design surface, and set the mesh density to fine. Now, run the test to compare between a tooth with and without the keel.A colored scale will show the areas of highest stress. Non-invasive imaging of the sea urchin tooth and the Aristotle's lantern were instrumental in producing a bio-inspired design. Detailed analysis of the tooth's microstructure by SEM confirmed the structural importance of the magnesium-enriched stone part in the tooth grinding tip.Plate and fiber primary elements are connected together by a matrix of secondary elements in the hardest stone region of the tooth grinding tip. The harder stone portion shown in darker gray, is composed of up to 40 percent magnesium atoms which replace the calcium atoms. Thus, the bio-inspired lantern was designed with CAD software, 3D printed and assembled.The ultimate purpose of the design is to collect sand. The importance of the keel in the design was tested using computerized stress tests on the CAD design. For 45 Newton applied force, the maximum stress experienced by the keeled tooth design was about 16 percent less.However, the keel adds only four percent to the mass of the design. When attempting a bio-inspired design protocol, it's important to start with careful observation of the natural structure in its living form, or through usage of non-invasive characterization methods, like micro CT and SEM. Following the general procedure, bio-inspired designs from other natural structures can be implemented in useful applications in a wide range of engineering fields.The final bio-exploration step based on the work of Professor Michael Porter, is especially essential for using engineering analysis methods to quantify the mechanical advantage of the keel structure in the sea urchin tooth.

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Mass Cytometry: Protocol for Daily Tuning and Running Cell Samples on a CyTOF Mass Cytometer

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In recent years, the rapid analysis of single cells has commonly been performed using flow cytometry and fluorescently-labeled antibodies. However, the ...

Ricerca

Bioingegneria

Design of a Biaxial Mechanical Loading Bioreactor for Tissue Engineering

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Investigating Receptor-ligand Systems of the Cellulosome with AFM-based Single-molecule Force Spectroscopy

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Engineering Platform and Experimental Protocol for Design and Evaluation of a Neurally-controlled Powered Transfemoral Prosthesis

Ingegneria della piattaforma e protocollo sperimentale per la progettazione e la valutazione di un Powered transfemorale protesi neurale controllata

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Synthesis of Keratin-based Nanofiber for Biomedical Engineering

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Rapid Mix Preparation of Bioinspired Nanoscale Hydroxyapatite for Biomedical Applications

Rapid Mix Preparazione di bioispirati Nanoscale idrossiapatite per applicazioni biomediche

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Design and Synthesis of a Reconfigurable DNA Accordion Rack

Progettazione e sintesi di un Rack di fisarmonica di DNA riconfigurabile

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A Macrophage Reporter Cell Assay to Examine Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated NF-kB/AP-1 Signaling on Adsorbed Protein Layers on Polymeric Surfaces

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Bioinspired Soft Robot with Incorporated Microelectrodes

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Lipidico Injection Protocol for Serial Crystallography Measurements at the Australian Synchrotron

Protocollo di iniezione lipidico per le misurazioni della cristallografia seriale presso il sincrotrone australiano

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