Name: atom transfer radical polymerization of functionalized vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible light photocatalyst
Uploaded: 2016-04-22T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst at JoVE.com

The authors would like to acknowledge the University of Colorado Boulder for its support of this work.

ACHTUNG: Viele der in diesem Protokoll verwendeten Chemikalien sind gefährliche Substanzen. Consult Sicherheitsdatenblätter (MSDS) und geeignete persönliche Schutzausrüstung (PSA) verwenden, wenn sie mit diesen Stoffen arbeiten. 1. Reinigung, Vorbereitung und Lagerung der Reagenzien <ol><li> Reinige alle Lösungsmittel werden verwendet, um ein Lösungsmittelreinigungssystem unter Verwendung von nach dem Protokoll des Herstellers. Wenn ein Lösungsmittelreinigungssystem nicht verfügbar...

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W., Harth, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+Polymer+Synthesis+by+Nitroxide+Mediated+Living+Radical+Polymerizations.">New Polymer Synthesis by Nitroxide Mediated Living Radical Polymerizations.</a> Chem. Rev. 101 (12), 3661-3688 (2001).</li><li>Goto, A., Wakada, T., Fukuda, T., Tsujii, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Systematic+Kinetic+Study+in+Reversible+Chain+Transfer+Catalyzed+Polymerizations+(RTCPs)+with+Germanium,+Tin,+Phosphorus,+and+Nitrogen+Catalysts.">A Systematic Kinetic Study in Reversible Chain Transfer Catalyzed Polymerizations (RTCPs) with Germanium, Tin, Phosphorus, and Nitrogen Catalysts.</a> Macromol. Chem. Phys. 211 (5), 594-600 (2010).</li><li>Goto, A., Ohtsuki, A., Ohfuji, H., Tanishima, M., Kaji, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversible+Generation+of+a+Carbon-Centered+Radical+from+Alkyl+Iodide+Using+Organic+Salts+and+Their+Application+as+Organic+Catalysts+in+Living+Radical+Polymerization.">Reversible Generation of a Carbon-Centered Radical from Alkyl Iodide Using Organic Salts and Their Application as Organic Catalysts in Living Radical Polymerization.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (30), 11131-11139 (2013).</li><li>Goto, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversible+Complexation+Mediated+Living+Radical+Polymerization+(RCMP)+Using+Organic+Catalysts.">Reversible Complexation Mediated Living Radical Polymerization (RCMP) Using Organic Catalysts.</a> Macromolecules. 44 (22), 8709-8715 (2011).</li><li>Miyake, G. M., Theriot, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perylene+as+an+Organic+Photocatalyst+for+the+Radical+Polymerization+of+Functionalized+Vinyl+Monomers+Through+Oxidative+Quenching+With+Alkyl+Bromides+and+Visible+Light.">Perylene as an Organic Photocatalyst for the Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Through Oxidative Quenching With Alkyl Bromides and Visible Light.</a> Macromolecules. 47 (23), 8255-8261 (2014).</li><li>Miyake, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organocatalyzed+Photoredox+Mediated+Polymerization+Using+Visible+Light.">Organocatalyzed Photoredox Mediated Polymerization Using Visible Light.</a> US Patent Application. 14, (2013).</li><li>Treat, N. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metal-Free+Atom+Transfer+Radical+Polymerization.">Metal-Free Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 (45), 16096-16101 (2014).</li><li>Pan, X., Lamson, M., Yan, J., Matyjaszewski, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photoinduced+Metal-Free+Atom+Transfer+Radical+Polymerization+of+Acrylonitrile.">Photoinduced Metal-Free Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Acrylonitrile.</a> ACS Macro Lett. 4 (2), 192-196 (2015).</li></ol>

Obwohl das Protokoll ein spezielles Beispiel dieser Polymerisationstechnik zeigt, sind die Optionen zur Verfügung, die Forscher diese Reaktion durchführen ziemlich breit. Modifikationen können überall in das Protokoll an einer Anzahl von Punkten vorgenommen werden, um die Optimierung zu ermöglichen, wie auch immer bestimmten Photoredox- ATRP durchgeführt wird. Als neue Monomere, Initiatoren und Katalysatoren für diese Reaktion unter Untersuchung kommen, die Stöchiometrie und Lösungsmittel verwendet, um die Reak...

The synthesis of technologically advanced polymers requires precise control over polymer molecular weight, dispersity (&#208;), composition, and architecture.1,2 Controlled radical polymerizations (CRPs)3-8 have revolutionized the synthesis of well-defined polymers, with atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) being the most used CRP, largely due to operational simplicity and synthetic versatility.9-14 The crux of ATRP is the ability to reversibly deactivate the polymerization, controlling the equilibrium between a propagating radical and a dormant species. Enforcing a low concentration of active radicals greatly minimizes bimolecular termination pathways and allows for the synthesis of well-defined polymers. 
Traditional ATRP relies on a transition metal catalyst to mediate this equilibrium.3 These metal catalysts contaminate the polymer product and impede implementation in biomedical or electronic applications while also raising environmental concerns. Although significant strides have been made to reduce the catalyst concentration to ppm levels, these methodologies require more demanding experimental conditions and metal contamination is still not entirely eliminated.15,16
Reversible addition-fragmentation transfer17,18 and nitroxide-mediated polymerizations19,20 are CRPs that do not require metal catalysts, although they have been used less often than ATRP.3 Recently, reversible chain-transfer21 and reversible complexation22,23 variants of ATRP that can use organic catalysts were reported. However, these methodologies require the use of alkyl iodide initiators and are not effective with the alkyl bromides commonly employed in ATRP. A highly desirable CRP would match the performance, feasibility, and robustness of traditional ATRP while being catalyzed by an organic catalyst under mild conditions.
Here, we describe a methodology for the radical polymerization of functionalized vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst. Through optimization of parameters such as stoichiometry, concentration, time, and light flux, the molecular weight of the polymers can be controlled.24, 25 Similar methodologies have been recently introduced using phenothiazine derivatives as photocatalysts for metal-free ATRP.26, 27 Because researchers in the field of polymerization catalysis are constantly developing new catalytic systems, the ability to compare catalyst performance across a number of metrics is vital. This ability to make comparisons relies heavily upon procedural consistency and clarity on the part of the researchers performing the experiments. As such, it is our goal that this video will be used to help precisely communicate the methods by which these polymers are synthesized and characterized.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="572">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">perylene, min 98.0%</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">TCI America</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">TCP0078-025G</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">purify by sublimation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">N,N-dimethylformamide</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">EM-DX1726-1</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Omnisolv</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:205px;">methyl methacrylate, 99%</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">200000-678</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">distilled prior to use, stored in refrigerator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">ethyl &#945;-bromophenyl acetate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">554065</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">distilled prior to use stored in refrigerator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">butylated hydroxytoluene&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">W218405</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Chloroform-D</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Cambridge Isotope Labs</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">DLM-7-100</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">tetrahydrofuran</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">EM-TX0279-1</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Omnisolv</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">methanol</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">BDH1135</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">dichloromethane</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">EM-DX0831-1</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Omnisolv</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:205px;">styrene, 99%</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">AAAA18481-0F</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">distilled prior to use, stored in refrigerator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">glass scintillation vial, 20 mL</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">66022-065</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">screw top vial, 2 mL</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">5182-0715</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">septum cap for screw top vial</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">5182-0717</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:205px;">heavy wall pressure vessel, 100 mL</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Synthware</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">P160005&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">syringe, 1 mL norm-ject</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">89174-491</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">NMR tube</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">New Era</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">NE-UL5-7&#39;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">nylon syringe filter, 0.45 um</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">28143-240</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">glovebox</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Mbraun</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">LABstar</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">solvent purification system</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Mbraun</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">MB-SPS-800</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">stirplate</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">IKA</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">3582401</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:205px;">light-emitting diodes</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Creative Lighting Solutions</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">CL-FRS1210-5M-12V-WH</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">2x 12-inch strips of 5500 K white LEDs were used for illumination</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:205px;">12V DC power supply for LEDs</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Creative Lighting Solutions</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">CL-PS16001-40W</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:205px;">high performance liquid chromatograph&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">G1310B, G1322A, G1329B, G1316A</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:205px;">gel permeation size-exclusion columns</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">PL1110-6500</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:205px;">multi-angle light scattering detector</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Wyatt</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">WTREOS</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:205px;">differential refractometer</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Wyatt</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">WTREX</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

atom transfer radical polymerization of functionalized vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible light photocatalyst

A standardized technique for atom transfer radical polymerization of vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is presented. The procedure is performed under an inert atmosphere using air- and water-exclusion techniques. The outcome of the polymerization is affected by the ratios of monomer, initiator, and catalyst used as well as the reaction concentration, solvent, and nature of the light source. Temporal control over the polymerization can be exercised by turning the visible light source off and on. Low dispersities of the resultant polymers as well as the ability to chain-extend to form block copolymers suggest control over the polymerization, while chain end-group analysis provides evidence supporting an atom-transfer radical polymerization mechanism.

Tabelle 1 zeigt den Bereich der Polymerisationsergebnisse erreichbar durch diese Methode. Diese Daten zeigen, dass Perylen ist in der Lage für die Polymerisation von einer Anzahl von funktionalisierten Vinylmonomeren als Photokatalysator dient. Für ein bestimmtes Monomer, Einstellung einer beliebigen Anzahl von Reaktionsparameter wie Lösungsmittel, Stöchiometrie, Initiator und Lichtquelle führt zu Polymeren mit unterschiedlichen Molekulargewichten und Dispersitäten...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst at JoVE.com

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

Atomübertragungsradikalpolymerisation funktionalisierter Vinylmonomeren Mit Perylen als sichtbares Licht Photokatalysator

A method for the atom transfer radical polymerization of functionalized vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is described.

A standardized technique for atom transfer radical polymerization of vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is presented. The ...

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Exploring the Radical Nature of a Carbon Surface by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and a Calibrated Gas Flow

Exploring the Radical Nature einer Kohlenstoffoberfläche durch Elektronenspinresonanz und einem kalibrierten Gasdurchfluss

While the first Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) studies regarding the effects of oxidation on the structure and stability of carbon radicals date ...

Forschung

Chemie

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Synthese und Charakterisierung von funktionalisierten Metall-organische Gerüste

Metal-organic frameworks have attracted extraordinary amounts of research attention, as they are attractive candidates for numerous industrial and ...

Real-time Monitoring of Reactions Performed Using Continuous-flow Processing: The Preparation of 3-Acetylcoumarin as an Example

Echtzeit-Überwachung von Reaktionen durchgeführt mit Continuous-Flow-Verarbeitung: Die Herstellung von 3-Acetylcoumarin als Beispiel

By using inline monitoring, it is possible to optimize reactions performed using continuous-flow processing in a simple and rapid way. It is also possible ...

Using Polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid)-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization

Using Polystyrene-block-polyacrylic acid-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization

Verwendung Polystyrol-<em&gt; Block</em&gt; -Poly (Acrylsäure) beschichteten Metallnanopartikel als Monomere für ihre Homo- und Polymerisation

We present a template-free method for &#8220;polymerizing&#8221; nanoparticles into long chains without side branches. A variety of nanoparticles are ...

Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization

Ethylenpolymerisationen Mit Parallel Druckreaktoren und eine kinetische Analyse chain transfer polymerization

We demonstrate a method for high-throughput catalyst screening using a parallel pressure reactor starting from the initial synthesis of a nickel ...

Development of a Backbone Cyclic Peptide Library as Potential Antiparasitic Therapeutics Using Microwave Irradiation

Entwicklung eines Backbone zyklische Peptid-Bibliothek als potentielle Antiparasiten Therapeutics unter Mikrowellenbestrahlung

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are intimately involved in almost all biological processes and are linked to many human diseases. Therefore, there is ...

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

Einfache Synthese von wurmartigen Mizellen durch sichtbares Licht Mediated Dispersion Polymerisation mit Photoredox Katalysator

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins ...

A Simple and Efficient Protocol for the Catalytic Insertion Polymerization of Functional Norbornenes

Ein einfaches und effizientes Protokoll für die katalytische Insertion Polymerisation von Functional Norbornene

Norbornene can be polymerized by a variety of mechanisms, including insertion polymerization whereby the double bond is polymerized and the bicyclic ...

Preparation of Hollow Polystyrene Particles and Microcapsules by Radical Polymerization of Janus Droplets Consisting of Hydrocarbon and Fluorocarbon Oils

Vorbereitung der hohlen Polystyrol Partikel und Mikrokapseln durch radikalische Polymerisation von Janus Tröpfchen bestehend aus Kohlenwasserstoff und Fluorcarbon-Öle

In this article, we have demonstrated a method for producing hollow particles and microcapsules using oil droplets consisting of hydrocarbon oil (styrene) ...

Constructing Thioether/Vinyl Sulfide-tethered Helical Peptides Via Photo-induced Thiol-ene/yne Hydrothiolation

Bau von Thioether/Vinyl-sulfid-angebunden spiralförmige Peptide über Foto-induzierte Thiol-ene/Yne Hydrothiolation

Here, we describe a detailed protocol for the preparation of thioether-tethered peptides using on-resin intramolecular/intermolecular thiol-ene ...