Name: quantification of cerebral vascular architecture using two-photon microscopy in a mouse model of hiv-induced neuroinflammation
Uploaded: 2016-01-12T18:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantification of Cerebral Vascular Architecture using Two-photon Microscopy in a Mouse Model of HIV-induced Neuroinflammation at JoVE.com

We thank Maria Jepson, Dr. Paivi Jordan, and Dr. Linda Callahan at the University of Rochester Multiphoton Core for technical advice throughout the completion of this protocol. We also thank Dr. Changyong Feng for expert statistical advice, and Dr. Maiken Nedergaard at the University of Rochester Medical Center for the headplate design used in this paper. This work was supported in part by grants T32GM007356 and R01DA026325 from the National Institutes of Health (NIH); and by the University of Rochester Center for AIDS Research grant P30AI078498 (NIH).

पशु संसाधन पर रोचेस्टर विश्वविद्यालय समिति के विश्वविद्यालय इस पत्र में प्रदर्शन सभी प्रक्रियाओं को मंजूरी दे दी। 1. पूर्व शल्य चिकित्सा की तैयारी (और चूहे) <ol><li> सभी आवश्यक उपकरणों के साथ शल...

<ol>
	<li>Kraft-Terry, S. D., Buch, S. J., Fox, H. S., Gendelman, H. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+coat+of+many+colors:+neuroimmune+crosstalk+in+human+immunodeficiency+virus+infection.">A coat of many colors: neuroimmune crosstalk in human immunodeficiency virus infection.</a> Neuron. 64 (1), 133-145 (2009).</li><li>Ghafouri, M., Amini, S., Khalili, K., Sawaya, B. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV-1+associated+dementia:+symptoms+and+causes.">HIV-1 associated dementia: symptoms and causes.</a> Retrovirology. 3, 28 (2006).</li><li>Antinori, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Updated+research+nosology+for+HIV-associated+neurocognitive+disorders.">Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.</a> Neurology. 69 (18), 1789-1799 (2007).</li><li>Clifford, D. B., Ances, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV-associated+neurocognitive+disorder.">HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder.</a> The Lancet. Infectious diseases. 13 (11), 976-986 (2013).</li><li>Lindl, K. A., Marks, D. R., Kolson, D. L., Jordan-Sciutto, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV-associated+neurocognitive+disorder:+pathogenesis+and+therapeutic+opportunities.">HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder: pathogenesis and therapeutic opportunities.</a> Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology. 5 (3), 294-309 (2010).</li><li>Zimmermann, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CNS-targeted+production+of+IL-17A+induces+glial+activation,+microvascular+pathology+and+enhances+the+neuroinflammatory+response+to+systemic+endotoxemia.">CNS-targeted production of IL-17A induces glial activation, microvascular pathology and enhances the neuroinflammatory response to systemic endotoxemia.</a> PloS one. 8 (2), e57307 (2013).</li><li>Silva, J. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+central+nervous+system+expression+of+HIV-1+Tat+leads+to+accelerated+rarefaction+of+neocortical+capillaries+and+loss+of+red+blood+cell+velocity+heterogeneity.">Chronic central nervous system expression of HIV-1 Tat leads to accelerated rarefaction of neocortical capillaries and loss of red blood cell velocity heterogeneity.</a> Microcirculation. 21 (7), 664-676 (2014).</li><li>Marker, D. F., Tremblay, M. E., Lu, S. M., Majewska, A. K., Gelbard, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+thin-skull+window+technique+for+chronic+two-photon+in+vivo+imaging+of+murine+microglia+in+models+of+neuroinflammation.">A thin-skull window technique for chronic two-photon in vivo imaging of murine microglia in models of neuroinflammation.</a> Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE. (43), (2010).</li><li>Kleinfeld, D., Mitra, P. P., Helmchen, F., Denk, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluctuations+and+stimulus-induced+changes+in+blood+flow+observed+in+individual+capillaries+in+layers+2+through+4+of+rat+neocortex.">Fluctuations and stimulus-induced changes in blood flow observed in individual capillaries in layers 2 through 4 of rat neocortex.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95 (26), 15741-15746 (1998).</li><li>Bruce-Keller, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphine+causes+rapid+increases+in+glial+activation+and+neuronal+injury+in+the+striatum+of+inducible+HIV-1+Tat+transgenic+mice.">Morphine causes rapid increases in glial activation and neuronal injury in the striatum of inducible HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice.</a> Glia. 56 (13), 1414-1427 (2008).</li><li>Zoumi, A., Yeh, A., Tromberg, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+cells+and+extracellular+matrix+in+vivo+by+using+second-harmonic+generation+and+two-photon+excited+fluorescence.">Imaging cells and extracellular matrix in vivo by using second-harmonic generation and two-photon excited fluorescence.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (17), 11014-11019 (2002).</li><li>Silva, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transient+hypercapnia+reveals+an+underlying+cerebrovascular+pathology+in+a+murine+model+for+HIV-1+associated+neuroinflammation:+role+of+NO-cGMP+signaling+and+normalization+by+inhibition+of+cyclic+nucleotide+phosphodiesterase-5.">Transient hypercapnia reveals an underlying cerebrovascular pathology in a murine model for HIV-1 associated neuroinflammation: role of NO-cGMP signaling and normalization by inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase-5.</a> Journal of neuroinflammation. 9, 253 (2012).</li><li>Farber, N. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Region-specific+and+agent-specific+dilation+of+intracerebral+microvessels+by+volatile+anesthetics+in+rat+brain+slices.">Region-specific and agent-specific dilation of intracerebral microvessels by volatile anesthetics in rat brain slices.</a> Anesthesiology. 87 (5), 1191-1198 (1997).</li></ol>

यहाँ वर्णित विधि प्रयोगात्मक मॉडल / सेटिंग्स की एक विस्तृत श्रृंखला में मस्तिष्क microvascular संरचनाओं का विश्लेषण करने के लिए लागू किया जा सकता है। इस विधि की सफलता के लिए, तीन महत्वपूर्ण कदम में महारत हासिल...

ह्यूमन इम्यूनो वायरस 1 (एचआईवी -1) वायरस के संक्रमण की तीव्र चरण के दौरान मस्तिष्क पर हमला है, और उत्पादकता अपने सक्रियण के लिए अग्रणी, microglia और मस्तिष्क निवासी मैक्रोफेज दोनों को संक्रमित करता है - और दोनों मेजबान व्युत्पन्न भड़काऊ मध्यस्थों और घुलनशील एचआईवी -1 की रिहाई ऐसे गूंथना और (1,2 में समीक्षा) gp120 के रूप में virotoxins। एक परिणाम के रूप में, एक पुरानी neuroinflammatory राज्य एचआईवी -1 एसोसिएटेड Neurocognitive विकार (हाथ) 3-5 के रोगजनन में योगदान करने के लिए सोचा है, जो केंद्रीय तंत्रिका तंत्र में स्थापित हो जाता है। एचआईवी -1 गूंथना या चूहों के सीएनएस के भीतर इंटरल्यूकिन (IL) में -17A की जीर्ण overexpression microvascular विरलीकरण 6.7 में परिणाम के लिए दिखाया गया है। यह पुरानी neuroinflammation प्रमस्तिष्क वाहिका पर प्रभाव के माध्यम से हाथ के रोगजनन में योगदान कर सकते हैं कि संभावना उठाती है। आगे इस सवाल की जांच करने के लिए, हम मस्तिष्क संवहनी struc यों करने के तरीकों को विकसित किया हैTures। इस पत्र, खंड लंबाई, कुल खंड लंबाई मतलब केशिका व्यास, और एक पतली खोपड़ी cortical खिड़की के माध्यम से केशिका नेटवर्क के vivo इमेजिंग में उपयोग करते हुए कुल केशिका मात्रा मतलब है, केशिका नोड्स, केशिका खंडों की संख्या बढ़ाता के लिए एक विधि का वर्णन (पहले वर्णित से संशोधित प्रोटोकॉल) 8,9, साथ ही दो photon माइक्रोस्कोपी का उपयोग मस्तिष्क वर्गों के पूर्व vivo इमेजिंग,। इन विवो पतली खोपड़ी cortical खिड़की मस्तिष्क पर्यावरण के संरक्षण के लिए अनुमति देता है के बाद से मस्तिष्क के स्लाइस में केशिका नेटवर्क के पूर्व vivo इमेजिंग के पुनर्निर्माण के लिए सक्षम बनाता है, जबकि इस संयुक्त दृष्टिकोण, मस्तिष्क संवहनी मापदंडों के लिए एक समग्र quantitation के लिए प्रदान करता है तीन आयामी, पूरा केशिका नेटवर्क - तो व्यावसायिक रूप से उपलब्ध सॉफ्टवेयर का उपयोग मात्रा निर्धारित किया जा सकता है।

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="630">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Leica Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Leica Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MZ8</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">High Intensity Illuminator</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Dolan-Jenner</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">180</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Heating Pad</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Stryker&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">TP3E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:239px;">T/PUMP</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Gaymar Industries, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">TP-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:239px;">TEC-4 Isoflurane Vaporizer</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Datex Ohmeda</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">447</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Artificial Tear Gel</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Butler AHS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">7312</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Povidone-Iodine solution&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Aplicare</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">52380-1855-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:239px;">Extra Fine Bonn Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14084-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:239px;">Dumot #5 Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11295-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:239px;">Dumont #5/45 Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11251-35</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:239px;">Ferric Chloride Solution</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Ricca Chemical Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3120-16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:239px;">Loctite 454 Prism Instant Adhesive Gel</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Henkel</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">45404</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Dental Cement</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">51459</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:239px;">Microtoruqe II Handpiece Kit</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Pearson Dental</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R14-0002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:239px;">005 Burr for Micro Drill</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">19007-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:239px;">Norland Blade (Dental Microblade)</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Salvin Dental</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:239px;">Urethane</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">U2500</td>
			<td>Group 2B Carcinogen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">Braided Suture</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">735G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:239px;">Vannas Spring Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15000-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:239px;">&#160;Arterial Catheter</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">SAI Infusion Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MAC-01</td>
			<td>The end of the catheter was manually stretched out in order to decrease its diameter.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:239px;">Blood Pressure Moniter</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">World Precision Intruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SYS-BP1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:239px;">Blood Pressure Transducer and Cable</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">World Precision Intruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BLPR2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">RAPIDLab Blood Gas Analyzer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Siemens&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">248</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:239px;">40 &#956;l Capillary Tube</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15401-413</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:239px;">Texas Red-dextran (70,000 MW, 10 mg/kg dissolved in saline)</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D-1830</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:239px;">Adult Mouse Brain Slicer Matrix</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Zivic Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BSMAS001-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Olympus Fluoview 1000 AOM-MPM Multiphoton Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Olypmus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FV-1000 MPE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:239px;">MaiTai HP DeepSee Ti:Sa laser</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Spectra-Physics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:239px;">ImageJ Software</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">National Institutes of Health (NIH)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Available at http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/download.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:239px;">Amira Software</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Visage Imaging&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantification of cerebral vascular architecture using two-photon microscopy in a mouse model of hiv-induced neuroinflammation

Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1) infection frequently results in HIV-1 Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND), and is characterized by a chronic neuroinflammatory state within the central nervous system (CNS), thought to be driven principally by virally-mediated activation of microglia and brain resident macrophages. HIV-1 infection is also accompanied by changes in cerebrovascular blood flow (CBF), raising the possibility that HIV-associated chronic neuroinflammation may lead to changes in CBF and/or in cerebral vascular architecture. To address this question, we have used a mouse model for HIV-induced neuroinflammation, and we have tested whether long-term exposure to this inflammatory environment may damage brain vasculature and result in rarefaction of capillary networks. In this paper we describe a method to quantify changes in cortical capillary density in a mouse model of neuroinflammatory disease (HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice). This generalizable approach employs in vivo two-photon imaging of cortical capillaries through a thin-skull cortical window, as well as ex vivo two-photon imaging of cortical capillaries in mouse brain sections. These procedures produce images and z-stack files of capillary networks, respectively, which can be then subjected to quantitative analysis in order to assess changes in cerebral vascular architecture.

पतली खोपड़ी cortical खिड़की कॉर्टिकल केशिकाओं के vivo दो photon इमेजिंग (चित्रा 1) के लिए अनुमति देता है। छवि के लिए एक उपयुक्त क्षेत्र में कई अलग केशिकाओं (चित्रा 1 ए) से पता चलता है। देखन...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantification of Cerebral Vascular Architecture using Two-photon Microscopy in a Mouse Model of HIV-induced Neuroinflammation at JoVE.com

Quantification of Cerebral Vascular Architecture using Two-photon Microscopy in a Mouse Model of HIV-induced Neuroinflammation

एचआईवी प्रेरित neuroinflammation के एक माउस मॉडल में दो photon माइक्रोस्कोपी का उपयोग मस्तिष्क संवहनी वास्तुकला की मात्रा

This paper describes a method by which the vascular architecture in the brain can be quantified using in vivo and ex vivo two-photon microscopy.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1) infection frequently results in HIV-1 Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND), and is characterized by a chronic ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

A Thin-skull Window Technique for Chronic Two-photon In vivo Imaging of Murine Microglia in Models of Neuroinflammation

A Thin-skull Window Technique for Chronic Two-photon In vivo Imaging of Murine Microglia in Models of Neuroinflammation

जीर्ण दो photon के लिए एक पतली खोपड़ी विंडो तकनीक Vivo में Murine microglia Neuroinflammation के मॉडल में इमेजिंग

Traditionally in neuroscience, in vivo two photon imaging of the murine central nervous system has either involved the use of open-skull1,2 or ...

In vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord Using Two-photon Microscopy

In vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord Using Two-photon Microscopy

माउस रीढ़ की हड्डी दो photon माइक्रोस्कोपी का उपयोग गर्भनाल के vivo इमेजिंग में

In vivo imaging using two-photon microscopy 1 in mice that have been genetically engineered to express fluorescent proteins in specific cell types 2-3 has ...

Detection of Microregional Hypoxia in Mouse Cerebral Cortex by Two-photon Imaging of Endogenous NADH Fluorescence

माउस प्रमस्तिष्क प्रांतस्था में Microregional Hypoxia की अंतर्जात NADH प्रतिदीप्ति की दो photon इमेजिंग द्वारा जांच

The brain's ability to function at high levels of metabolic demand depends on continuous oxygen supply through blood flow and tissue oxygen diffusion. ...

In Vivo Two-Photon Microscopy of Single Nerve Endings in Skin

In Vivo Two-Photon Microscopy of Single Nerve Endings in Skin

त्वचा में एकल तंत्रिका अंत के vivo दो photon माइक्रोस्कोपी में

Nerve endings in skin are involved in physiological processes such as sensing1 as well as in pathological processes such as neuropathic pain2. Their ...

Two-Photon in vivo Imaging of Dendritic Spines in the Mouse Cortex Using a Thinned-skull Preparation

Two-Photon in vivo Imaging of Dendritic Spines in the Mouse Cortex Using a Thinned-skull Preparation

दो photon<em&gt; में विवो</em&gt; एक पतला खोपड़ी तैयारी का उपयोग माउस प्रांतस्था में वृक्ष के समान spines के इमेजिंग

In the mammalian cortex, neurons form extremely complicated networks and exchange information at synapses. Changes in synaptic strength, as well as ...

Two-photon Imaging of Cellular Dynamics in the Mouse Spinal Cord

माउस रीढ़ की हड्डी में सेलुलर गतिशीलता के दो photon इमेजिंग

Two-photon (2P) microscopy is utilized to reveal cellular dynamics and interactions deep within living, intact tissues. Here, we present a method for ...

A Volumetric Method for Quantification of Cerebral Vasospasm in a Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

अवजालतनिका नकसीर के एक Murine मॉडल में सेरेब्रल Vasospasm के ठहराव के लिए एक Volumetric विधि

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a subtype of hemorrhagic stroke. Cerebral vasospasm that occurs in the aftermath of the bleeding is an important factor ...

In Vivo Three-Dimensional Two-Photon Microscopy to Study Conducted Vascular Responses by Local ATP Ejection Using a Glass Micro-Pipette

Vivo में तीन-आयाम दो-फोटो माइक्रोस्कोपी अध्ययन करने के लिए स्थानीय एटीपी इंजेक्शन द्वारा एक ग्लास माइक्रो-पिपेट का उपयोग करके संवहनी जवाब आयोजित

Maintenance of normal brain function requires a sufficient and efficient supply of oxygen and nutrition by a complex network of vessels. However, the ...

Visualizing Protein Kinase A Activity In Head-fixed Behaving Mice Using In Vivo Two-photon Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy

प्रोटीन Kinase कल्पना एक गतिविधि में सिर तय व्यवहार चूहे Vivo दो-फोटोन फ्लोरेसेंस लाइफटाइम इमेजिंग माइक्रोस्कोपी में उपयोग

Neuromodulation exerts powerful control over brain function. Dysfunction of neuromodulatory systems results in neurological and psychiatric disorders. ...

Transpupillary Two-Photon In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Retina

माउस रेटिना के विवो इमेजिंग में ट्रांसप्युपिलरी टू-फोटॉन

The retina transforms light signals from the environment into electrical signals that are propagated to the brain. Diseases of the retina are prevalent ...