Name: ex vivo optogenetic dissection of fear circuits in brain slices
Uploaded: 2016-04-05T17:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices at JoVE.com

We thank Cora H&#252;bner and Andrea Gall for help in acquiring some of the representative results. This work was supported by the Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN) at the University of Tuebingen, an Excellence Initiative funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) within the framework of the Excellence Initiative (EXC 307), and by funds from the Charitable Hertie Foundation.

Etik erklæring: Alle eksperimentelle procedurer var i overensstemmelse med EU-direktivet om anvendelse af dyr til forskning og blev godkendt af den lokale Animal Care og brug Udvalg (Regierungspräsidium Tübingen, delstat Baden-Württemberg, Tyskland) med ansvar for universitetet i Tübingen. 1. stereotaktisk injektion Procedure <ol><li> Forbered sterile værktøjer (saks, skalpel, klemmer, bore, nåle, suturmateriale) ved hjælp af en sterilisator. Arrangere sterile redskaber og andre nødvendige løsninger...

<ol>
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Denne protokol beskriver en metode til ex vivo optogenetic undersøgelse af neurale kredsløb og lokal tilslutningsmuligheder, der let kan implementeres på de fleste, hvis ikke alle, opretstående skive patch-clamp optagelse opsætninger ved at udstyre dem med en ~ 470 nm LED ved epifluorescens lys port. En stor fordel ved optogenetic stimulering af axonal fremskrivninger i skiver er, at det giver mulighed for specifik aktivering og efterforskning af egenskaberne af forbindelser, der ikke var tilgængelige med...

Præcise værktøjer til visualisering og samtidig aktivering af specifikke forbindelser mellem hjernens områder og specifikke typer af neuroner bliver mere og mere vigtigt at forstå de funktionelle tilslutningsmuligheder underliggende sunde hjernens funktion og sygdomstilstande. Ideelt set medfører dette fysiologiske undersøgelse af præcise synaptiske egenskaber, som identificerede neuroner kommunikere. Dette gælder især for forbindelser mellem hjerneområder, der ikke kan opbevares i en enkelt akut hjerne skive. I fortiden, er dette i høj grad opnået i separate forsøg. På den ene side, injiceret neurale sporstoffer in vivo er blevet anvendt i kombination med efterfølgende lys eller elektronmikroskopisk analyse af præ- og postsynaptiske partnere. På den anden side, når fiber skrifter fra hjemregionen bevares og tilgængelige i skive forberedelse, elektrisk stimulering blevet anvendt til at vurdere synaptiske kommunikationsmekanismer med celler i målområdet. Med fremkomsten af optogenetics, den målrettede ekspression af lys-gatede kationer kanaler, såsom Channelrhodopsins (Chrs) fusioneret til fluorescerende proteiner, nu muliggør aktivering af neuroner og deres axonale baner samtidig med at deres visualisering og post-hoc anatomisk analyse 1- fire. Fordi CHR-udtrykkende axoner kan stimuleres, selv når adskilt fra forældre somata 5, er det muligt i hjernen skiver til: 1) at vurdere input fra hjerneområder, der ikke var tilgængelige med konventionel elektrisk stimulering, da fiber skrifter ikke kan adskilles eller den særlige bane er ikke kendt; 2) entydigt identificere oprindelsesområdet for specifikke input, der blev postuleret, men ufuldstændigt forstået; og 3) at undersøge den funktionelle forbindelse mellem definerede celletyper, både lokalt og i langtrækkende fremskrivninger. På grund af en række fordele, har denne optogenetic kortlægning af kredsløb i hjernen skiver bliver bredly anvendt i de sidste år, og en række virale vektorer til ekspression af fluorescens-mærkede Chrs er let tilgængelige fra kommercielle leverandører. Nogle af de vigtigste fordele ved optogenetic aktivering i forhold til konventionel elektrisk stimulation er ingen skader på vævet på grund af placering af stimulation elektroder, specificitet fiber stimulation fordi elektrisk stimulation også kan rekruttere fibre af passage eller andre nærliggende celler, og en lige så hurtig og tidsligt præcis stimulation. Desuden kan stereotaktisk injektion af virale vektorer let målrettes til specifikke hjerneområder 6 og betinget eller celletypespecifik ekspression kan opnås ved anvendelse Cre-afhængig ekspression og / eller specifikke promotorer 7. Her er denne teknik anvendes til kortlægning af langtrækkende og lokale kredsløb i frygt systemet. Amygdala er en vigtig region for erhvervelse og udtryk for frygt, og opbevaring af frygt og følelsesmæssige erindringer 8,9. Bortset from amygdala, den mediale præfrontale cortex (mPFC) og hippocampus (HC), strukturer, der er gensidigt forbundet med amygdala, er impliceret i aspekter af erhvervelse, konsolidering og genfinding af frygt og udryddelse erindringer 10,11. Aktivitet i underopdelinger af mPFC synes at spille en dobbelt rolle i at kontrollere både høj og lav frygt hedder 12,13. Dette kunne til dels være medieret af direkte forbindelser fra mPFC til amygdala, som ville styre amygdala aktivitet og output. Derfor, i de seneste år, flere undersøgelser startede i ex vivo slice eksperimenter for at undersøge synaptiske interaktioner mellem mPFC afferente og specifikke målceller i amygdala 14-17. Under frygt læring, sensorisk information om betinget og ubetinget stimuli når amygdala via fremskrivninger fra bestemte thalamiske og kortikale regioner. Plasticitet disse indgange til neuroner i den laterale del (LA) i basolateral amygdala (BLA) er en vigtig mekanisme underliggende frygt condition 9,18. Stigende tyder på, at parallelle plastik processer i amygdala involverer hæmmende elementer til at styre frygt hukommelse 19. En gruppe af klynger hæmmende neuroner er de GABAerge mediale paracapsular indskudt celler (mpITCs), men deres præcise tilslutning og funktion er ufuldstændigt forstået 20-22. Her er optogenetic kredsløb mapping anvendes til at vurdere afferente og efferente konnektivitet af disse celler og deres indvirkning på mål neuroner i amygdala, hvilket viser, at mpITCs modtager direkte sensorisk input fra thalamiske og kortikale relæstationer 23. Specifikt udtryk for CHR i mpITCs eller BLA neuroner tillader kortlægning af lokale interaktioner, der afslører, at mpITCs hæmmer, men er også indbyrdes aktiveret af, BLA vigtigste neuroner, placere dem i nye feed-forward og feedback hæmmende kredsløb, der effektivt styrer BLA aktivitet23.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereotactic frame</td>
			<td>Stoelting, USA</td>
			<td>51670</td>
			<td rowspan="2">can be replaced by other stereotactic frame for mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steretoxic frame mouse adaptor</td>
			<td>Stoelting, USA</td>
			<td>51625</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas anesthesia mask for mice</td>
			<td>Stoelting, USA</td>
			<td>50264</td>
			<td>no longer available, replaced by item no. 51609M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pressure injection device, Toohey Spritzer</td>
			<td>Toohey Company, USA</td>
			<td>T25-2-900</td>
			<td>other pressure injection devices (e.g. Picospritzer) can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kwik Fill glass capillaries</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments, Germany</td>
			<td>1B150F-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anesthesia machine, IsoFlo</td>
			<td>Eickemeyer, Germany</td>
			<td>213261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DC Temperature Controler and heating pad</td>
			<td>FHC, USA</td>
			<td>40-90-8D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Horizontal Micropipette Puller Model P-1000</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments, USA</td>
			<td>P-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical tool sterilizer, Sterilizator 75</td>
			<td>Melag, Germany</td>
			<td>08754200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rAAV-hSyn-ChR2(H134R)-eYFP (serotype 2/9)</td>
			<td>Penn Vector Core, USA</td>
			<td>AV-9-26973P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rAAV-CAGh-ChR2(H134R)-mCherry (serotype 2/9)&#160;</td>
			<td>Penn Vector Core, USA</td>
			<td>AV-9-20938M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rAAV-EF1a-DIOhChR2(H134R)-YFP (serotype 2/1)&#160;</td>
			<td>Penn Vector Core, USA</td>
			<td>AV-1-20298P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fast green</td>
			<td>Roth, Germany</td>
			<td>0301.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane Anesthetic, Isofuran CP (1ml/ml)</td>
			<td>CP Pharma, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antiseptic, Betadine (providone-iodine)</td>
			<td>Purdure Products, USA</td>
			<td>BSOL32</td>
			<td>can be replaced by other disinfectant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analgesic, Metacam Solution (5mg/ml meloxicam)</td>
			<td>Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>can be replaced by other analgesics</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bepanthen eye ointment</td>
			<td>Bayer, Germany</td>
			<td>0191</td>
			<td>can be replaced by other eye ointment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drill NM3000 (SNKG1341 and SNIH1681)</td>
			<td>Nouvag, Switzerland</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sutranox Suture Needle</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools, Germany</td>
			<td>12050-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Braided Silk Suture</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools, Germany</td>
			<td>18020-60</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Recordings, light stimulation, and analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF)</td>
			<td>for composition see references #16 and #23</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>internal patch solutions</td>
			<td>for composition see references #16 and #23</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MagnesiumSulfate Heptahydrate</td>
			<td>Roth, Germany</td>
			<td>P027.1</td>
			<td>prepare 2M stock solution in purified water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slicer, Microm HM650V</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, Germany</td>
			<td>920120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cooling unit for tissue slicer, CU65</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, Germany</td>
			<td>770180</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sapphire blade</td>
			<td>Delaware Diamond Knives</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>custom order, inquire with company</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereoscope, SZX2-RFA16</td>
			<td>Olympus, Japan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xcite fluorescent lamp (XI120Q-1492)</td>
			<td>Lumen Dynamics Group, Canada</td>
			<td>2012-12699</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Patch microscope, BX51WI</td>
			<td>Olympus, Japan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multiclamp 700B patch amplifier&#160;</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digitdata 1440A</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PClamp software, Version 10</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>used to control data acquisition and stimulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bath temperature controler, TC05</td>
			<td>Luigs &#38; Neumann, Germany</td>
			<td>200-100 500 0145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Three axis micromanipulator Mini 25</td>
			<td>Luigs &#38; Neumann, Germany</td>
			<td>210-100 000 0010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulator controller SM7</td>
			<td>Luigs &#38; Neumann, Germany</td>
			<td>200-100 900 7311</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glass capillaries for patch pipettes</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments, Germany</td>
			<td>GB150F-8P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cellulose nitrate filterpaper for interface chamber&#160;</td>
			<td>Satorius Stedim Biotech, Germany</td>
			<td>13006--50----ACN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED unit, CoolLED pE</td>
			<td>CoolLED, UK</td>
			<td>244-1400</td>
			<td rowspan="4">CoolLED or USL 70/470 and appropriate adapters are two alternative choices for LED stimulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CoolLED 100 Dual Adapt</td>
			<td>CoolLED, UK</td>
			<td>pE-ADAPTOR-50E</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED unit, USL 70/470</td>
			<td>Rapp Optoelectronic</td>
			<td>L70-000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dual port adapter</td>
			<td>Rapp Optoelectronic</td>
			<td>inquire with company</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter set red (excitation)</td>
			<td>AHF, Germany</td>
			<td>F49-560</td>
			<td rowspan="3">Filters can be bought as set F46-008</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (beamsplitter)</td>
			<td>AHF, Germany</td>
			<td>F48-585</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (emission)</td>
			<td>AHF, Germany</td>
			<td>F47-630</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter set green (excitation)</td>
			<td>AHF, Germany</td>
			<td>F39-472</td>
			<td rowspan="3">Alternatives: filterset F36-149 or F46-002 (with bandpass emission)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (beamsplitter)</td>
			<td>AHF, Germany</td>
			<td>F43-495W</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (emission)</td>
			<td>AHF, Germany</td>
			<td>F76-490</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LaserCheck, handheld power meter</td>
			<td>Coherent, USA</td>
			<td><a>1098293</a></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IgorPro Software, Version 6</td>
			<td>Wavemetrics, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td rowspan="2">for electrophysiology data analysis, other alternative software packages can also be used&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neuromatic suite of macros for IgorPro</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.neuromatic.thinkrandom.com/">http://www.neuromatic.thinkrandom.com</a></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Post hoc analysis of injections and projections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde powder (PFA)</td>
			<td>Roth, Germany</td>
			<td>0335.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurotrace 435/455 blue fluorescent Nissl stain</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>N-21479</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>agar-agar for embedding and resectioning</td>
			<td>Roth, Germany</td>
			<td>5210.3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30 x 10 mm petri dishes for embedding</td>
			<td>SPL Life Sciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>alternatives can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slides, Super Frost</td>
			<td>R. Langenbrinck, Germany</td>
			<td>61303802</td>
			<td>alternatives can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cover slips</td>
			<td>R. Langenbrinck, Germany</td>
			<td>3000302</td>
			<td>alternatives can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vecta Shield mounting medium</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories, USA</td>
			<td>H-1000</td>
			<td>alternative mounting media can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cellulose nitrate filter for flattening slices for fixation</td>
			<td>Satorius Stedim Biotech, Germany</td>
			<td>11406--25------N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope LSM 710</td>
			<td>Zeiss, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ex vivo optogenetic dissection of fear circuits in brain slices

Optogenetic tilgange nu almindeligt anvendt til at studere funktionen af ​​neurale populationer og kredsløb ved at kombinere målrettet ekspression af lysaktiveret proteiner og efterfølgende manipulation af neurale aktivitet af lys. Channelrhodopsins (Chrs) er lys-gatede kationer kanaler og når fusioneret til et fluorescerende protein deres ekspression muliggør visualisering og samtidig aktivering af specifikke celletyper og deres axonale projektioner i definerede områder af hjernen. Via stereotaktisk injektion af virale vektorer, kan CHR fusionsproteiner konstitutivt eller betinget udtrykt i specifikke celler af et defineret område af hjernen, og deres axonale projektioner kan efterfølgende undersøges anatomisk og funktionelt via ex vivo optogenetic aktivering i hjernen skiver. Dette er af særlig betydning, når der sigtes for at forstå synaptiske egenskaber forbindelser, der ikke kunne løses med konventionelle elektrisk stimulering tilgange, eller at identificere roman affehusleje og efferente tilslutningsmuligheder, der tidligere var dårligt forstået. Her, et par eksempler viser, hvordan denne teknik kan anvendes til at undersøge disse spørgsmål til belysning af frygt-relaterede kredsløb i amygdala. Amygdala er en vigtig region for erhvervelse og udtryk for frygt, og opbevaring af frygt og følelsesmæssige erindringer. Mange linjer af beviser tyder på, at den mediale præfrontale cortex (mPFC) deltager i forskellige aspekter af frygt erhvervelse og udslettelse, men dets præcise tilslutningsmuligheder med amygdala er lige begyndt at blive forstået. Først er det vist, hvorledes ex vivo optogenetic aktivering kan anvendes til at undersøge aspekter af synaptisk kommunikation mellem mPFC afferenter og målceller i den basolaterale amygdala (BLA). Endvidere er det vist, hvorledes denne ex vivo optogenetic metode kan anvendes til at vurdere nye tilslutningsmuligheder mønstre ved hjælp en gruppe af GABAerge neuroner i amygdala, den paracapsular indskudte celle klynge (mpITC), som et eksempel.

Dette afsnit viser arbejdsgangen af en ex vivo optogenetic tilgang og repræsentative resultater fra forskellige eksperimentelle strategier til at undersøge de fysiologiske egenskaber af sensoriske og modulerende langtrækkende fremskrivninger til BLA og mpITC neuroner samt egenskaber for lokal forbindelse mellem mpITC og BLA. Efter stereotaktisk injektion af den valgte virusvektor på de ønskede koordinater i musen...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices at JoVE.com

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Ex Vivo optogenetic Dissektion af Frygt Kredsløb i Brain Skiver

Optogenetic tilgange er meget udbredt til at manipulere neurale aktivitet og vurdere konsekvenserne for hjernens funktion. Her er en teknik, skitseret, at ved in vivo-ekspression af det optiske aktivator Channelrhodopsin, giver mulighed for ex vivo analyse af synaptiske egenskaber af særlig lang rækkevidde og lokale neurale forbindelser i frygt-relaterede kredsløb.

Optogenetic approaches are now widely used to study the function of neural populations and circuits by combining targeted expression of light-activated ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Functional Neuroimaging Using Ultrasonic Blood-brain Barrier Disruption and Manganese-enhanced MRI

Funktionel Neuroimaging Med Ultrasonic blod-hjerne barrieren forstyrrelser og mangan-forstærket MRI

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains ...

Brain Slice Biotinylation: An Ex Vivo Approach to Measure Region-specific Plasma Membrane Protein Trafficking in Adult Neurons

Brain Slice Biotinylation: An Ex Vivo Approach to Measure Region-specific Plasma Membrane Protein Trafficking in Adult Neurons

Brain Slice Biotinylering: En<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; Tilgang til Measure Region-specifikke plasmamembranprotein Trafficking in Adult neuroner

Regulated endocytic trafficking is the central mechanism facilitating a variety of neuromodulatory events, by dynamically controlling receptor, ion ...

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

In vivo optogenetic Stimulering af Rodent centralnervesystemet

The ability to probe defined neural circuits in awake, freely-moving animals with cell-type specificity, spatial precision, and high temporal resolution ...

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

Samtidige<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Functional Test af to nethinder af<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Elektroretinogrammet System

An In vivo electroretinogram (ERG) signal is composed of several overlapping components originating from different retinal cell types, as well as noise ...

Preparing Fresh Retinal Slices from Adult Zebrafish for Ex Vivo Imaging Experiments

Preparing Fresh Retinal Slices from Adult Zebrafish for Ex Vivo Imaging Experiments

Forbereder frisk Retinal skiver fra voksen zebrafisk for Ex Vivo billeddannelse eksperimenter

The retina is a complex tissue that initiates and integrates the first steps of vision. Dysfunction of retinal cells is a hallmark of many blinding ...

Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice

Optogenetic medrivning af hippocampus Theta svingninger i opfører sig mus

Extensive data on relationships of neural network oscillations to behavior and organization of neuronal discharge across brain regions call for new tools ...

An Alternative Approach to Study Primary Events in Neurodegeneration Using Ex Vivo Rat Brain Slices

An Alternative Approach to Study Primary Events in Neurodegeneration Using Ex Vivo Rat Brain Slices

En alternativ metode til at studere primære begivenheder i Neurodegeneration ved hjælp af Ex Vivo rotte hjernen skiver

Despite&#160;numerous studies that attempt to develop reliable animal models&#160;which reflecting the primary processes underlying neurodegeneration, ...

Optogenetic Manipulation of Neural Circuits During Monitoring Sleep/wakefulness States in Mice

Optogenetisk manipulation af neurale kredsløb under overvågning søvn/vågenhed stater i mus

In recent years, optogenetics has been widely used in many fields of neuroscientific research. In many cases, an opsin, such as channel rhodopsin 2 ...

In Vivo Intracerebral Stereotaxic Injections for Optogenetic Stimulation of Long-Range Inputs in Mouse Brain Slices

In vivo intracerebral Stereotaxiske injektioner til Optogenetisk stimulering af langtrækkende indgange i musehjerne skiver

Knowledge of cell-type specific synaptic connectivity is a crucial prerequisite for understanding brain-wide neuronal circuits. The functional ...

Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices

Vurdering af langvarig depression induktion i voksne cerebellar skiver

Synaptic plasticity provides a mechanism for learning and memory. For cerebellar motor learning, long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmissions from ...