Name: ex vivo optogenetic dissection of fear circuits in brain slices
Uploaded: 2016-04-05T17:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices at JoVE.com

We thank Cora H&#252;bner and Andrea Gall for help in acquiring some of the representative results. This work was supported by the Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN) at the University of Tuebingen, an Excellence Initiative funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) within the framework of the Excellence Initiative (EXC 307), and by funds from the Charitable Hertie Foundation.

Ethiek statement: Alle experimentele procedures waren in overeenstemming met de EU-richtlijn over het gebruik van dieren in onderzoek en werden goedgekeurd door de lokale Animal Care en gebruik Comite (Regierungspräsidium Tübingen, deelstaat Baden-Württemberg, Duitsland), die verantwoordelijk is voor de Universiteit van Tübingen. 1. stereotactische injectie Procedure <ol><li> Bereid steriele instrumenten (schaar, scalpel, klemmen, boren, naalden, hechtmateriaal) met behulp van een sterilisator. Regelen ste...

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Dit protocol beschrijft een werkwijze voor ex vivo optogenetic onderzoek van neurale circuits en lokale verbindingen die gemakkelijk kunnen worden toegepast op de meeste, zo niet alle, rechte segment patch-clamp setups door hen uit te rusten met een ~ 470 nm LED op epifluorescentie lichtpoort. Een groot voordeel van optogenetic stimulatie van axonale uitsteeksels in plakjes is dat het specifieke activatie en onderzoeken van eigenschappen van verbindingen die niet toegankelijk zijn met gebruikelijke elektrische ...

Nauwkeurige instrumenten voor visualisatie en gelijktijdige activering van specifieke verbindingen tussen hersengebieden en specifieke typen neuronen worden steeds belangrijker in het begrijpen van de functionele connectiviteit onderliggende gezonde hersenfunctie en ziektebeelden. Idealiter dit met zich meebrengt fysiologisch onderzoek naar nauwkeurige synaptische eigenschappen waarmee geïdentificeerde neuronen communiceren. Dit geldt met name voor verbindingen tussen hersengebieden die in één enkele plak acute hersenen kan worden behouden. In het verleden is dit grotendeels bereikt in afzonderlijke experimenten. Enerzijds, neurale tracers geïnjecteerd in vivo zijn gebruikt in combinatie met daaropvolgende licht- of elektronenmicroscopische analyse van pre- en postsynaptische partners. Anderzijds, wanneer zenuwbanen van het gebied van herkomst bewaard en toegankelijk in de slice voorbereiding, elektrische stimulatie is gebruikt om synaptische communicatiemechanismen ervan met cellen in het doelgebied. Met de komst van optogenetics, de gerichte expressie van licht-gated kation-kanalen, zoals Channelrhodopsins (CHR) gefuseerd aan fluorescerende eiwitten, zodat nu activatie van neuronen en hun axonale trajecten terwijl voor de visualisatie en post-hoc analyse anatomische 1- 4. Omdat CHR-expressie axonen ook kan worden gestimuleerd wanneer gescheiden van ouder somata 5, kan in de hersenen plakjes: 1) beoordelen input van hersengebieden die niet toegankelijk zijn met gebruikelijke elektrische stimulatie genoemd, omdat zenuwbanen niet splitsbaar of specifieke traject is niet bekend; 2) ondubbelzinnig de regio van herkomst voor specifieke inputs die werden vooropgesteld, maar onvolledig begrepen te identificeren; en 3) het onderzoeken van de functionele connectiviteit tussen gedefinieerde celtypes, zowel lokaal als in de lange-afstands projecties. Door een aantal voordelen, heeft deze optogenetic mapping circuits in hersenplakken breed gewordenly gebruikt in de afgelopen jaren, en verschillende virale vectoren voor expressie van fluorescent-gelabeld CHRS zijn verkrijgbaar bij commerciële leveranciers. Enkele belangrijke voordelen van optogenetic activering via conventionele elektrische stimulatie geen schade aan het weefsel door de plaatsing van de stimulatie-elektroden, specificiteit vezels stimulatie omdat elektrische stimulatie ook vezels van doorgang of andere nabijgelegen cellen, en een even snelle en temporeel precieze stimulatie werven. Bovendien kan stereotactische injectie van virale vectoren gemakkelijk worden gericht op specifieke hersengebieden 6 en voorwaardelijke of celtype specifieke expressie kan worden verkregen door Cre-afhankelijke expressie en / of specifieke promoters 7. Hier, wordt deze techniek toegepast voor het in kaart brengen van de lange afstand en de plaatselijke omlopen in de vreze systeem. De amygdala is een belangrijke regio voor het verwerven en expressie van angst, en de opslag van angst en emotionele herinneringen 8,9. Apart weerm de amygdala, de mediale prefrontale cortex (mPFC) en hippocampus (HC), structuren die onderling zijn verbonden met de amygdala, zijn betrokken bij aspecten van acquisitie, consolidatie en ophalen van angst en extinctie geheugens 10,11. Activiteit in de deelsectoren van de mPFC lijkt een dubbele rol te spelen bij de bestrijding van zowel hoge als lage angst verklaart 12,13. Dit kan voor een deel worden veroorzaakt door rechtstreekse verbindingen vanuit mPFC naar de amygdala dat de amygdala-activiteit en de output zou controleren. Daarom is in de afgelopen jaren hebben verschillende studies begonnen in ex vivo experimenten slice synaptische interacties tussen mPFC afferenten en specifieke doelcellen te onderzoeken in de amygdala 14-17. Tijdens angst leren, sensorische informatie over airconditioning en ongeconditioneerde stimuli bereikt de amygdala via projecties van specifieke thalamische en corticale gebieden. Plasticiteit van deze ingangen neuronen in het laterale deel (la) van de Basolateral amygdala (BLA) is een belangrijk mechanisme dat ten grondslag vreesconditionering 9,18. Steeds meer bewijs suggereert dat parallelle plastic processen in de amygdala te betrekken remmende elementen om angst geheugen 19 te controleren. Een groep van geclusterde remmende neuronen zijn de GABAergic mediale paracapsular ingelast cellen (mpITCs), maar hun precieze verbinding en de functie is onvolledig begrepen 20-22. Hier wordt optogenetic circuit mapping gebruikt om afferente en efferente connectiviteit van deze cellen en hun impact op de doelgroep neuronen in de amygdala te beoordelen, waaruit blijkt dat mpITCs ontvangen directe zintuiglijke input van thalamus en corticale relay stations 23. Specifieke expressie van CHR in mpITCs of BLA neuronen maakt het in kaart brengen van de lokale interacties, waaruit blijkt dat mpITCs remmen, maar ook onderling geactiveerd door, BLA opdrachtgever neuronen, ze te plaatsen in de roman van feed-forward en feedback remmende circuits die effectief BLA activiteit te controleren23.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereotactic frame</td>
			<td>Stoelting, USA</td>
			<td>51670</td>
			<td rowspan="2">can be replaced by other stereotactic frame for mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steretoxic frame mouse adaptor</td>
			<td>Stoelting, USA</td>
			<td>51625</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas anesthesia mask for mice</td>
			<td>Stoelting, USA</td>
			<td>50264</td>
			<td>no longer available, replaced by item no. 51609M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pressure injection device, Toohey Spritzer</td>
			<td>Toohey Company, USA</td>
			<td>T25-2-900</td>
			<td>other pressure injection devices (e.g. Picospritzer) can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kwik Fill glass capillaries</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments, Germany</td>
			<td>1B150F-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anesthesia machine, IsoFlo</td>
			<td>Eickemeyer, Germany</td>
			<td>213261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DC Temperature Controler and heating pad</td>
			<td>FHC, USA</td>
			<td>40-90-8D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Horizontal Micropipette Puller Model P-1000</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments, USA</td>
			<td>P-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical tool sterilizer, Sterilizator 75</td>
			<td>Melag, Germany</td>
			<td>08754200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rAAV-hSyn-ChR2(H134R)-eYFP (serotype 2/9)</td>
			<td>Penn Vector Core, USA</td>
			<td>AV-9-26973P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rAAV-CAGh-ChR2(H134R)-mCherry (serotype 2/9)&#160;</td>
			<td>Penn Vector Core, USA</td>
			<td>AV-9-20938M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rAAV-EF1a-DIOhChR2(H134R)-YFP (serotype 2/1)&#160;</td>
			<td>Penn Vector Core, USA</td>
			<td>AV-1-20298P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fast green</td>
			<td>Roth, Germany</td>
			<td>0301.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane Anesthetic, Isofuran CP (1ml/ml)</td>
			<td>CP Pharma, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antiseptic, Betadine (providone-iodine)</td>
			<td>Purdure Products, USA</td>
			<td>BSOL32</td>
			<td>can be replaced by other disinfectant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analgesic, Metacam Solution (5mg/ml meloxicam)</td>
			<td>Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>can be replaced by other analgesics</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bepanthen eye ointment</td>
			<td>Bayer, Germany</td>
			<td>0191</td>
			<td>can be replaced by other eye ointment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drill NM3000 (SNKG1341 and SNIH1681)</td>
			<td>Nouvag, Switzerland</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sutranox Suture Needle</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools, Germany</td>
			<td>12050-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Braided Silk Suture</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools, Germany</td>
			<td>18020-60</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Recordings, light stimulation, and analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF)</td>
			<td>for composition see references #16 and #23</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>internal patch solutions</td>
			<td>for composition see references #16 and #23</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MagnesiumSulfate Heptahydrate</td>
			<td>Roth, Germany</td>
			<td>P027.1</td>
			<td>prepare 2M stock solution in purified water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slicer, Microm HM650V</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, Germany</td>
			<td>920120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cooling unit for tissue slicer, CU65</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, Germany</td>
			<td>770180</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sapphire blade</td>
			<td>Delaware Diamond Knives</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>custom order, inquire with company</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereoscope, SZX2-RFA16</td>
			<td>Olympus, Japan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xcite fluorescent lamp (XI120Q-1492)</td>
			<td>Lumen Dynamics Group, Canada</td>
			<td>2012-12699</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Patch microscope, BX51WI</td>
			<td>Olympus, Japan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multiclamp 700B patch amplifier&#160;</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digitdata 1440A</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PClamp software, Version 10</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>used to control data acquisition and stimulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bath temperature controler, TC05</td>
			<td>Luigs &#38; Neumann, Germany</td>
			<td>200-100 500 0145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Three axis micromanipulator Mini 25</td>
			<td>Luigs &#38; Neumann, Germany</td>
			<td>210-100 000 0010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulator controller SM7</td>
			<td>Luigs &#38; Neumann, Germany</td>
			<td>200-100 900 7311</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glass capillaries for patch pipettes</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments, Germany</td>
			<td>GB150F-8P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cellulose nitrate filterpaper for interface chamber&#160;</td>
			<td>Satorius Stedim Biotech, Germany</td>
			<td>13006--50----ACN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED unit, CoolLED pE</td>
			<td>CoolLED, UK</td>
			<td>244-1400</td>
			<td rowspan="4">CoolLED or USL 70/470 and appropriate adapters are two alternative choices for LED stimulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CoolLED 100 Dual Adapt</td>
			<td>CoolLED, UK</td>
			<td>pE-ADAPTOR-50E</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED unit, USL 70/470</td>
			<td>Rapp Optoelectronic</td>
			<td>L70-000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dual port adapter</td>
			<td>Rapp Optoelectronic</td>
			<td>inquire with company</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter set red (excitation)</td>
			<td>AHF, Germany</td>
			<td>F49-560</td>
			<td rowspan="3">Filters can be bought as set F46-008</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (beamsplitter)</td>
			<td>AHF, Germany</td>
			<td>F48-585</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (emission)</td>
			<td>AHF, Germany</td>
			<td>F47-630</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter set green (excitation)</td>
			<td>AHF, Germany</td>
			<td>F39-472</td>
			<td rowspan="3">Alternatives: filterset F36-149 or F46-002 (with bandpass emission)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (beamsplitter)</td>
			<td>AHF, Germany</td>
			<td>F43-495W</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (emission)</td>
			<td>AHF, Germany</td>
			<td>F76-490</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LaserCheck, handheld power meter</td>
			<td>Coherent, USA</td>
			<td><a>1098293</a></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IgorPro Software, Version 6</td>
			<td>Wavemetrics, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td rowspan="2">for electrophysiology data analysis, other alternative software packages can also be used&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neuromatic suite of macros for IgorPro</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.neuromatic.thinkrandom.com/">http://www.neuromatic.thinkrandom.com</a></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Post hoc analysis of injections and projections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde powder (PFA)</td>
			<td>Roth, Germany</td>
			<td>0335.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurotrace 435/455 blue fluorescent Nissl stain</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>N-21479</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>agar-agar for embedding and resectioning</td>
			<td>Roth, Germany</td>
			<td>5210.3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30 x 10 mm petri dishes for embedding</td>
			<td>SPL Life Sciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>alternatives can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slides, Super Frost</td>
			<td>R. Langenbrinck, Germany</td>
			<td>61303802</td>
			<td>alternatives can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cover slips</td>
			<td>R. Langenbrinck, Germany</td>
			<td>3000302</td>
			<td>alternatives can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vecta Shield mounting medium</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories, USA</td>
			<td>H-1000</td>
			<td>alternative mounting media can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cellulose nitrate filter for flattening slices for fixation</td>
			<td>Satorius Stedim Biotech, Germany</td>
			<td>11406--25------N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope LSM 710</td>
			<td>Zeiss, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ex vivo optogenetic dissection of fear circuits in brain slices

Optogenetische benaderingen worden nu op grote schaal gebruikt om de functie van neurale populaties en circuits te bestuderen door het combineren van gerichte expressie van licht geactiveerd eiwitten en daaropvolgende manipulatie van neurale activiteit door licht. Channelrhodopsins (CHR) zijn licht-gated kation-kanalen en wanneer gefuseerd aan een fluorescerend eiwit hun expressie maakt visualisatie en gelijktijdige activering van specifieke celtypen en hun axonale uitsteeksels in bepaalde hersengebieden. Via stereotactische injectie van virale vectoren, kunnen chr fusie-eiwitten constitutief of voorwaardelijk worden uitgedrukt in specifieke cellen van een bepaald hersengebied, en hun axonale projecties kan vervolgens anatomisch en functioneel worden bestudeerd via ex vivo optogenetic activatie in de hersenen plakjes. Dit is van bijzonder belang wanneer gericht op synaptische eigenschappen van verbindingen die niet met gebruikelijke elektrische stimulatie benaderingen kunnen worden aangepakt begrijpen of kunnen nieuwe affehuurprijs en efferente connectiviteit die eerder was slecht begrepen. Hier enkele voorbeelden hoe deze techniek kan worden toegepast op deze vragen ophelderen angst-gerelateerde circuits in de amygdala onderzoeken. De amygdala is een belangrijke regio voor het verwerven en expressie van angst, en de opslag van angst en emotionele herinneringen. Vele lijnen van bewijs suggereren dat de mediale prefrontale cortex (mPFC) neemt deel aan verschillende aspecten van angst acquisitie en extinctie, maar de precieze connectiviteit met de amygdala is net begonnen te begrijpen. Ten eerste wordt getoond hoe ex vivo optogenetic activering kan worden gebruikt om aspecten van synaptische communicatie tussen mPFC afferenten en target cellen te bestuderen in de basolaterale amygdala (BLA). Verder wordt geïllustreerd hoe dit ex vivo optogenetic benadering kan worden toegepast op nieuwe connectiviteitspatronen behulp van een groep van GABAerge neuronen in de amygdala beoordelen, de paracapsular geïntercaleerde celcluster (mpITC) als voorbeeld.

In dit gedeelte wordt de workflow van een ex vivo optogenetic aanpak en representatieve resultaten van verschillende experimentele strategieën om de fysiologische eigenschappen van sensorische en modulerende lange afstand projecties BLA en mpITC neuronen evenals eigenschappen van de lokale verbinding tussen mpITC en BLA onderzoeken. Na stereotactische injectie van de geselecteerde virale vector op de gewenste coördi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices at JoVE.com

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Ex Vivo optogenetische Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Optogenetische benaderingen worden wijd gebruikt om neurale activiteit te manipuleren en de gevolgen voor hersenfunctie beoordelen. Hier, wordt een techniek beschreven die bij in vivo expressie van het optische activator Channelrhodopsin, maakt de ex vivo analyse van synaptische eigenschappen specifieke lange afstand en lokale neurale verbindingen in angst gerelateerde circuits.

Optogenetic approaches are now widely used to study the function of neural populations and circuits by combining targeted expression of light-activated ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Functional Neuroimaging Using Ultrasonic Blood-brain Barrier Disruption and Manganese-enhanced MRI

Functionele neuroimaging Met behulp van ultrasone bloed-hersen barrière verstoring en mangaan-enhanced MRI

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains ...

Brain Slice Biotinylation: An Ex Vivo Approach to Measure Region-specific Plasma Membrane Protein Trafficking in Adult Neurons

Brain Slice Biotinylation: An Ex Vivo Approach to Measure Region-specific Plasma Membrane Protein Trafficking in Adult Neurons

Brain Slice Biotinylatie: An<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; Aanpak Regiospecifieke van plasma membraaneiwit Trafficking Meet in Adult Neuronen

Regulated endocytic trafficking is the central mechanism facilitating a variety of neuromodulatory events, by dynamically controlling receptor, ion ...

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

In vivo optogenetische Stimulatie van de knaagdieren centrale zenuwstelsel

The ability to probe defined neural circuits in awake, freely-moving animals with cell-type specificity, spatial precision, and high temporal resolution ...

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

Simultaan<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Functioneel testen van Two netvliezen door<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Elektroretinogram System

An In vivo electroretinogram (ERG) signal is composed of several overlapping components originating from different retinal cell types, as well as noise ...

Preparing Fresh Retinal Slices from Adult Zebrafish for Ex Vivo Imaging Experiments

Preparing Fresh Retinal Slices from Adult Zebrafish for Ex Vivo Imaging Experiments

Voorbereiding verse retinale segmenten van volwassen Zebrafish voor Ex Vivo Imaging experimenten

The retina is a complex tissue that initiates and integrates the first steps of vision. Dysfunction of retinal cells is a hallmark of many blinding ...

Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice

Optogenetic meevoeren van Hippocampal Theta oscillaties in het gedrag van muizen

Extensive data on relationships of neural network oscillations to behavior and organization of neuronal discharge across brain regions call for new tools ...

An Alternative Approach to Study Primary Events in Neurodegeneration Using Ex Vivo Rat Brain Slices

An Alternative Approach to Study Primary Events in Neurodegeneration Using Ex Vivo Rat Brain Slices

Een alternatieve benadering te bestuderen van primaire gebeurtenissen in neurodegeneratie Ex Vivo Rat hersenen segmenten gebruiken

Despite&#160;numerous studies that attempt to develop reliable animal models&#160;which reflecting the primary processes underlying neurodegeneration, ...

Optogenetic Manipulation of Neural Circuits During Monitoring Sleep/wakefulness States in Mice

Optogenetische manipulatie van neurale circuits tijdens het monitoren van slaap/wakkerheid toestanden in muizen

In recent years, optogenetics has been widely used in many fields of neuroscientific research. In many cases, an opsin, such as channel rhodopsin 2 ...

In Vivo Intracerebral Stereotaxic Injections for Optogenetic Stimulation of Long-Range Inputs in Mouse Brain Slices

In vivo intracerebrale Stereotaxic injecties voor Optogenetische stimulatie van lange-afstand ingangen in muis hersenen segmenten

Knowledge of cell-type specific synaptic connectivity is a crucial prerequisite for understanding brain-wide neuronal circuits. The functional ...

Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices

Beoordeling van langdurige depressie inductie in volwassen cerebellaire schijfjes

Synaptic plasticity provides a mechanism for learning and memory. For cerebellar motor learning, long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmissions from ...