Name: preparation of silicon nanowire field-effect transistor for chemical and biosensing applications
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Silicon Nanowire Field-effect Transistor for Chemical and Biosensing Applications at JoVE.com

This research was financially supported by Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (104-2514-S-009 -001, 104-2627-M-009-001 and 102-2311-B-009-004-MY3). We thank the National Nano Device Laboratories (NDL) for its valuable assistance during device fabrication and analysis.

1.作製とpSNWFETデバイスの保全<ol><li> デバイス製造 注：pSNWFETは以前23,24を報告されたように、側壁スペーサ技術を用いて作製しました。 <ol><li>ゲート誘電体層を準備します。 <ol><li>膜厚100nmの熱酸化膜 ​​（SiO 2）（4時間980℃でO 2およびH 2処理ガス）湿式酸化プロセス25を用いて、Si基板上に層をキャップ。 </li><li> 4時間980℃で低圧?...

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トップダウンとボトムアップの製造はsSNWFETsためのアプローチ商業化するため、そのコスト32,33、SNW位置制御34,35、およびその低生産規模36のために困難であると考えられます。これとは対照的に、pSNWFETsを製造することは簡単で低コスト37です。側壁スペーサ形成技術（ 図1）と、トップダウンアプローチと組み合わせて、SNWの大きさは、反応性プ?...

シリコンナノワイヤ電界効果トランジスタ（SNWFETs）は、超高感度の利点と環境電荷変動に直接的な電気的応答を有します。負（または正に）帯電した分子は、シリコンナノワイヤー（SNW）に近づくときに、例えばn型SNWFETsにおいて、SNW内のキャリアが枯渇（又は蓄積）されています。その結果、SNWFETの導電率が減少（または増加）1。したがって、SNWFET装置のSNW面付近に荷電分子を検出することができます。細胞表面上の酵素、タンパク質、ヌクレオチド、および多くの分子を含む重要な生体分子は、電荷キャリアであり、SNWFETsを用いてモニターすることができます。特にSNWの生体分子プローブを固定化する適切な改変、で、SNWFETはラベルフリーバイオセンサーへと発展することができます。 バイオマーカーを用いたサーベイランスは、疾患を診断するために重要です。 表1に示すように 、いくつかの研究はNWFE使用していますTベースの無標識、超高感度バイオセンサ、及び図3に示すように、神経信号4を結合する単一のウイルス2、アデノシン三リン酸、およびキナーゼを含む種々の生物学的標的のリアルタイム検出、金属イオン5,6、細菌毒素7、ドーパミン8、DNA 9-11、RNA 12,13、酵素と癌バイオマーカー14-19、ヒトのホルモン20、およびサイトカイン21,22。これらの研究は、NWFETベースのバイオセンサーは、溶液中の生物学的および化学種の広い範囲のための強力な検出プラットフォームを表していることを実証しました。 SNWFETベースのバイオセンサでは、デバイスのSNW表面上に固定化されたプローブは、特定のbiotargetを認識する。バイオプローブを固定化することは、通常の一連の工程を含み、すべてのステップが正常にバイオセンサーの適切な機能を確保するために行われることが重要です。様々な技術は、Sを分析するために開発されていますX線光電子分光法（XPS）、エリプソメトリー、接触角測定、原子間力顕微鏡（AFM）、走査型電子顕微鏡（SEM）を含むurface組成物。このようなXPS、エリプソメトリー、および接触角測定などの方法が他の同様の材料で行わ平行実験に依存しているのに対し、このようなAFMやSEMなどの方法は、ナノワイヤデバイス上のバイオプローブの固定化の直接的な証拠を提供します。本稿では、2つの独立した方法を用いて、各変更ステップの確認を説明します。 XPSは、シリコンウェーハ上の特定の原子の濃度を調べるために使用され、デバイスの電気的特性の変化を直接SNW表面上の電荷の変化を確認するために測定されます。我々は、このプロトコルを説明する例として、多結晶SNWFETs（pSNWFETs）を用いてDNAのバイオセンシングを使用します。 SNW表面にDNAプローブを固定するには、3つの手順を実行します。SNW、アルのネイティブヒドロキシル表面上のアミン基修飾をアルデヒド基の修飾、及び5&#39;-アミ​​ノ修飾DNAプローブの固定化。表面電荷はチャネル電流とコンダクタンス1を変えるゲート誘電体上にローカル界面電位変化を引き起こすので、各修正ステップにおいて、デバイスは、直接、SNW表面上に固定化された官能基の電荷の変化を検出することができます。電気pSNWFETデバイスの電気的特性を調節することができるSNW面を囲む電荷。従って、SNWの表面特性はpSNWFETデバイスの電気的特性を決定する際に重要な役割を果たしています。報告された手順では、SNW表面にバイオプローブの固定化は、直接決定することができ、電気的測定によって確認され、デバイスがバイオセンシング応用のために準備されます。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="862">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:327px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">ECHO</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">AH-3102</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:327px;">(3-Amonopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), &#8805;98%</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">A3648</td>
			<td>Danger</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:327px;">Ethanol, anhydrous, 99.5%</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">ECHO</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">484000203108A-72EC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:327px;">Glutaraldehyde solution (GA), 50%</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">G7651</td>
			<td>Avoid light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:327px;">Sodium cyanoborohydride, &#8805;95.0%&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fluka</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">71435</td>
			<td>Danger and deliquescent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:327px;">Sodium phosphate tribasic dodecahydrate, &#8805;98%</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">04277</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:327px;">Phosphoric acid, &#8805;99.0%</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fluka</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">79622</td>
			<td>Deliquescent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Photoresist (iP3650)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Tokyo Ohka Kogyo Co., LTD</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">THMR-iP3650 HP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:327px;">Synthetic oligonucleotides, HPLC purified</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Protech Technology</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:327px;">Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris), &#8805;99.8%</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">USB</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">75825</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:327px;">Keithley 2636 System SourceMeter</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Keithley</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:327px;">SR830 DSP Lock-In Amplifier</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Stanford Research Systems</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:327px;">SR570 Low-noise Current Preamplifier</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Stanford Research Systems</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:327px;">Ni PXI Express</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation of silicon nanowire field-effect transistor for chemical and biosensing applications

Surveillance using biomarkers is critical for the early detection, rapid intervention, and reduction in the incidence of diseases. In this study, we describe the preparation of polycrystalline silicon nanowire field-effect transistors (pSNWFETs) that serve as biosensing devices for biomarker detection. A protocol for chemical and biomolecular sensing by using pSNWFETs is presented. The pSNWFET device was demonstrated to be a promising transducer for real-time, label-free, and ultra-high-sensitivity biosensing applications. The source/drain channel conductivity of a pSNWFET is sensitive to changes in the environment around its silicon nanowire (SNW) surface. Thus, by immobilizing probes on the SNW surface, the pSNWFET can be used to detect various biotargets ranging from small molecules (dopamine) to macromolecules (DNA and proteins). Immobilizing a bioprobe on the SNW surface, which is a multistep procedure, is vital for determining the specificity of the biosensor. It is essential that every step of the immobilization procedure is correctly performed. We verified surface modifications by directly observing the shift in the electric properties of the pSNWFET following each modification step. Additionally, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to examine the surface composition following each modification. Finally, we demonstrated DNA sensing on the pSNWFET. This protocol provides step-by-step procedures for verifying bioprobe immobilization and subsequent DNA biosensing application.

種々 SNWFETsは、バイオセンサー（ 表1）の変換器として機能することが報告されています。単結晶SNWFETs（sSNWFETs）とpSNWFETsは、水溶液中の変換器と同等の電気特性を示し、両者は多くのバイオセンシング用途を有することが報告されています。本研究で使用pSNWFET装置の有利な特徴は、簡単かつ低コストな製造手順である。 図1aは pSNWFETの製造に...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Silicon Nanowire Field-effect Transistor for Chemical and Biosensing Applications at JoVE.com

Preparation of Silicon Nanowire Field-effect Transistor for Chemical and Biosensing Applications

We describe key steps for biosensing by using polysilicon nanowire field-effect transistors, including the preparation of the device and the immobilization and confirmation of a DNA molecular probe on the nanowire surface, as well as conditions for DNA sensing.

化学とバイオセンシングアプリケーション用のシリコンナノワイヤ電界効果トランジスタの作製

Surveillance using biomarkers is critical for the early detection, rapid intervention, and reduction in the incidence of diseases. In this study, we ...

The overall goal of this protocol is to verify bioprobe immobilization and subsequent DNA biosensing on polysilicon nanowire field-effect transistors. This method can help answer important questions in the bioelectric sensing field, such as bioprobe immobilization and nucleic acid detection. Our biosensing device is a promising transistor for real-time, labor-free, and also high-sensitivity biosensing application.The implications of these biosensors extend toward clinical diagnosis of emerging infectious disease, because it can readily, sensitively, and accurately detect the specific bio-target. Though this method can provide insight into nucleic acid detection, it can also be applied to detection of other molecules, such as cytokines, hormones, proteins, and viruses. Generally, individuals new to this method will struggle because it requires interdisciplinary collaboration between biology and the electrical engineering fields.The preparation of the polycrystalline silicon nanowire field-effect transistor is covered by the text protocol. The device is formed from a six-inch wafer. The silicon nanowires on the device are about 100 nanometers wide and 1.6 microns long.To pre-treat the device, first remove it from storage in an electronically dry cabinet and open the sealed vacuum bag that contains it. Clean the biosensor in a Sonicator loaded with pure acetone for 10 minutes. Then, change the bath to pure ethanol and repeat the sonication for another five minutes.After this second bath, use a stream of nitrogen gas to dry the device. Next, treat the device with oxygen plasma at 18 watts for 30 seconds. Now take AC conductance measurements and measure the drain current electric properties on the device, as explained in the next section.Then, proceed with immobilizing DNA on the device surface while taking additional measurements, both AC conductance and drain current, after each modification. First, prepare for the pH profiling. Make 10 millimolar sodium phosphate tribasic dodecahydrate in deionized water, which has a pH of 11.6.Then, make a 10 millimolar phosphoric acid solution in deionized water, which has a pH of 2.35. Now make seven 10 millimolar buffer solutions with pH values ranging from three to nine by mixing the two stock solutions. With the test solutions and microfluidic channel prepared, measure real-time conductance using a lock-in technique.Place two needle probes on each of the source and drain pads. Convert the AC current signal into an AC voltage signal using a low-noise current preamplifier. Then set the optimal liquid gate voltage and proceed with delivering each buffer solution while measuring conductance at a drain voltage of 10 millivolts.Next, measure the drain current with neutral buffer. Flow pH 7 buffer onto the device from a syringe pump at five milliliters per hour. Then, using commercial semiconductor analysis software, measure the drain current in N MOSFET mode.Set the bias voltage to 0.5 volts and sweep the gate potential from negative one to three volts at 0.2-volt intervals. Now run the test and obtain the data. Begin with immersing the biosensor in 2%APTES in ethanol for 30 minutes to covalently link the nanowire surface.Then wash the biosensor three times for 30 seconds with ethanol, and then clean it in a Sonicator loaded with ethanol. Now, to create amine groups on the silicon nanowires, place the biosensor on a 120-degree Celsius surface for 10 minutes. Following the heating step, take measurements on the device as described in the previous section.Next, to create aldehyde groups on the silicon nanowires, immerse the device in 12.5%glutaraldehyde in 10 millimolar sodium phosphate pH 7 for one hour at room temperature. Limit any light exposure during this step. After the glutaraldehyde treatment, wash the device with 10 millimolar sodium phosphate buffer three times for 30 seconds per wash.Then blowdry the biosensor under pure nitrogen gas and take measurements to confirm the surface modification. The next step is to incubate the biosensor in one micromolar of probe solution overnight to thus apply the DNA probe. The following day, block the unreacted aldehyde groups by immersing the device in 10 millimolar Tris with four millimolar sodium cyanoborohydride for half an hour.Then wash the device off with 10 millimolar sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7 three times, followed by blowdrying the device under nitrogen gas, as before. Then take a final set of measurements to confirm the surface modification before proceeding to use it as a biosensor. Begin with taking a baseline measurement.Flow pH neutral sodium phosphate buffer into the device for 10 minutes. During this procedure, the solution flow rate is always five milliliters per hour. Then wait 30 minutes, flow pH neutral buffer over the biosensor for 10 minutes again, and measure the current of the device.Next, load 10 picomoles of DNA, complementary to the probe, onto the silicon nanowire surface by flowing the solution over the device for 10 minutes. Then incubate the biosensor for 30 minutes. As a negative control, apply 100 picomoles of non-complementary DNA to the device.After the incubation, flow pH neutral buffer over the biosensor for 10 minutes to wash off unbound target DNA. Following this step, measure the current of the device as before. Next, load one nanomolar of recovery DNA onto the DNA probe immobilized silicon nanowire surface for 10 minutes.Then incubate the biosensor for 30 minutes, as before. Finally, flow pH neutral buffer over the device for another 10 minutes, and then take current measurements once again. A DNA probe was immobilized on the silicon oxide surface and each modification step was confirmed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.For the unmodified pSNWFET containing the native oxide layer on the SNW surface, the hydroxyl groups were ionized to form charged groups with increasing pH values. Conductance likely varied at different pHs. The shift in the electric properties of the device after different modifications confirms the change in the wire surface.In such experiments, the current voltage curve of the unmodified device was used as the baseline. After the device was immersed in APTES, the current voltage curve of the device shifted to the left because of the positive charge on the wire surface. After conjugating glutaraldehyde to the APTES modified device, the current voltage curve shifted back to the right because of neutrally-charged MI bond formation.Finally, a five prime amine-modified DNA probe was introduced to bind to the APTES glutaraldehyde-modified device. The backbone of the DNA caused the current voltage curve to shift to the far right. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to confirm the bioprobe immobilization and DNA sensing application on polysilicon nanowire field-effect transistors.Once mastered, this technique of the preparation for nucleic acid detection can be done within one hour, if it is performed properly, which can be performed in advance. The final biosensing takes less than 10 minutes. While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to analyze the electric properties of the device at each step of the bioprobe modification.This technique paved the way for researchers in the field of semiconductor-based sensors to its broader application of biosensing. Following these procedures, other methods like immobilizing cancer biomarker probe, can be performed in order to answer additional questions in fields such as clinical cancer diagnosis.

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Soft Lithographic Functionalization and Patterning Oxide-free Silicon and Germanium

ソフトリソグラフィ機能化およびパターニング酸化物フリーシリコンとゲルマニウム

The development of hybrid electronic devices relies in large part on the integration of (bio)organic materials and inorganic semiconductors through a ...

生物工学

Preparation of 3D Fibrin Scaffolds for Stem Cell Culture Applications

幹細胞培養アプリケーションのための3Dフィブリン足場の調製

Stem cells are found in naturally occurring 3D microenvironments in vivo, which are often referred to as the stem cell niche 1. Culturing stem cells ...

Porous Silicon Microparticles for Delivery of siRNA Therapeutics

siRNAの治療を送達するための多孔質シリコンマイクロ粒子

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) can be used to suppress gene expression, thereby providing a new avenue for the treatment of various diseases. However, the ...

The Synthesis of RGD-functionalized Hydrogels as a Tool for Therapeutic Applications

治療用途のためのツールとしてのRGD官能ヒドロゲルの合成

The use of polymers as biomaterials has provided significant advantages in therapeutic applications. In particular, the possibility to modify and ...

Light-mediated Formation and Patterning of Hydrogels for Cell Culture Applications

細胞培養アプリケーションのためのヒドロゲルの光媒介形成とパターニング

Click chemistries have been investigated for use in numerous biomaterials applications, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, and cell culture. In ...

Extraction of Plant-based Capsules for Microencapsulation Applications

マイクロカプセル化アプリケーション用の抽出プラントベースのカプセル

Microcapsules derived from plant-based spores or pollen provide a robust platform for a diverse range of microencapsulation applications. Sporopollenin ...

Rapid Mix Preparation of Bioinspired Nanoscale Hydroxyapatite for Biomedical Applications

バイオメディカル応用のためのバイオインスパイアードナノハイドロキシアパタイトの急速なミックス準備

Hydroxyapatite (HA) has been widely used as a medical ceramic due to its good biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. Recently there has been interest ...

Rapid Fabrication of Custom Microfluidic Devices for Research and Educational Applications

研究・教育応用用カスタムマイクロ流体デバイスの迅速な製造

Microfluidic devices allow for the manipulation of fluids, particles, cells, micro-sized organs or organisms in channels ranging from the nano to ...

Synthesis of Near-Infrared Emitting Gold Nanoclusters for Biological Applications

近赤外線発光金ナノクラスターの生物応用のための合成

Over the past decade, fluorescent gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) have witnessed growing popularity in biological applications and enormous efforts have been ...

Simultaneous Quantification of Selected Kynurenines Analyzed by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in Medium Collected from Cancer Cell Cultures

癌細胞培養から採取した培地における液体クロマトグラフィー-質量分析法による選択キヌレニンの同時定量化

The kynurenine pathway and the tryptophan catabolites called kynurenines have received increased attention for their involvement in immune regulation and ...