Name: photochemical oxidative growth of iridium oxide nanoparticles on cdse@cds nanorods
Uploaded: 2016-02-11T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Photochemical Oxidative Growth of Iridium Oxide Nanoparticles on CdSe@CdS Nanorods at JoVE.com

Denna forskning stöddes av I-CORE Program för planering och budgetering Kommittén och Israel Science Foundation (Grant nr 152/11). Vi tackar Schulich fakulteten för kemi och Technion - Israel Institute of Technology för den renoverade laboratoriet och startpaketet. Vi tackar också Royal Society of Chemistry om tillstånd att anpassa material från http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4TA06164K för användning i detta manuskript. Dr. Kalisman tackar Schulich postdoktorsstipendium för deras stöd. Vi tackar Dr Yaron Kauffmann för hans hjälp med HR-TEM och HAADF samt Dr. Kamira Weinfeld för hennes hjälp med XPS karakterisering.

1. Syntes av kvantprickar 21 <ol><li> Framställning av TOP: Se prekursor <ol><li> Kombinera 58 mg selen pulver med 0,360 g tri-n-oktylfosfin (TOP) i en injektionsflaska med ett septum. </li><li> Sonikera TOP: Se blandningen tills den är klart och saknade fasta ämnen. </li></ol></li><li> Syntes av CdSe <ol><li> Kombinera 3,0 g trioktylfosfinoxid (TOPO), 280 mg n-octadecylphosphonic syra (ODPA), och 60 mg CdO med en 3 mm x 8 mm cylindrisk omrörarstav i en 25 ml 3-halsad rundbottnad kolv utrustad med ett t...

<ol>
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E., Shemesh, Y., Popov, I., Banin, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Au+Growth+on+Semiconductor+Nanorods:+Photoinduced+versus+Thermal+Growth+Mechanisms.">Au Growth on Semiconductor Nanorods: Photoinduced versus Thermal Growth Mechanisms.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 (47), 17406-17411 (2009).</li><li>Alemseghed, M. G., Ruberu, T. P. A., Vela, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlled+Fabrication+of+Colloidal+Semiconductor-Metal+Hybrid+Heterostructures:+Site+Selective+Metal+Photo+Deposition.">Controlled Fabrication of Colloidal Semiconductor-Metal Hybrid Heterostructures: Site Selective Metal Photo Deposition.</a> Chem. Mater. 23 (15), 3571-3579 (2011).</li><li>Frame, F. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photocatalytic+Water+Oxidation+with+Nonsensitized+IrO2+Nanocrystals+under+Visible+and+UV+Light.">Photocatalytic Water Oxidation with Nonsensitized IrO2 Nanocrystals under Visible and UV Light.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (19), 7264-7267 (2011).</li><li>Iwase, A., Kato, H., Kudo, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Novel+Photodeposition+Method+in+the+Presence+of+Nitrate+Ions+for+Loading+of+an+Iridium+Oxide+Cocatalyst+for+Water+Splitting.">A Novel Photodeposition Method in the Presence of Nitrate Ions for Loading of an Iridium Oxide Cocatalyst for Water Splitting.</a> Chemistry Letters. 34 (7), 946-947 (2005).</li><li>Kalisman, P., Kauffmann, Y., Amirav, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photochemical+oxidation+on+nanorod+photocatalysts.">Photochemical oxidation on nanorod photocatalysts.</a> J. Mater. Chem. 3 (7), 3261-3265 (2015).</li><li>Ryu, W. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crystalline+IrO2-decorated+TiO2+nanofiber+scaffolds+for+robust+and+sustainable+solar+water+oxidation.">Crystalline IrO2-decorated TiO2 nanofiber scaffolds for robust and sustainable solar water oxidation.</a> J. Mater. Chem. A. 2 (16), 5610-5615 (2014).</li><li>Nakagawa, T., Bjorge, N. S., Murray, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrogenerated+IrOx+Nanoparticles+as+Dissolved+Redox+Catalysts+for+Water+Oxidation.">Electrogenerated IrOx Nanoparticles as Dissolved Redox Catalysts for Water Oxidation.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 (43), 15578-15579 (2009).</li><li>Talapin, D. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Seeded+Growth+of+Highly+Luminescent+CdSe/CdS+Nanoheterostructures+with+Rod+and+Tetrapod+Morphologies.">Seeded Growth of Highly Luminescent CdSe/CdS Nanoheterostructures with Rod and Tetrapod Morphologies.</a> Nano Lett. 7 (10), 2951-2959 (2007).</li><li>Carbone, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+and+Micrometer-Scale+Assembly+of+Colloidal+CdSe/CdS+Nanorods+Prepared+by+a+Seeded+Growth+Approach.">Synthesis and Micrometer-Scale Assembly of Colloidal CdSe/CdS Nanorods Prepared by a Seeded Growth Approach.</a> Nano Lett. 7 (10), 2942-2950 (2007).</li><li>Amirav, L., Alivisatos, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photocatalytic+Hydrogen+Production+with+Tunable+Nanorod+Heterostructures.">Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production with Tunable Nanorod Heterostructures.</a> J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1 (7), 1051-1054 (2010).</li><li>Nakibli, Y., Kalisman, P., Amirav, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Less+Is+More:+The+Case+of+Metal+Cocatalysts.">Less Is More: The Case of Metal Cocatalysts.</a> J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6, 2265-2268 (2015).</li><li>Lupo, M. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrafast+Electron-Hole+Dynamics+in+Core/Shell+CdSe/CdS+Dot/Rod+Nanocrystals.">Ultrafast Electron-Hole Dynamics in Core/Shell CdSe/CdS Dot/Rod Nanocrystals.</a> Nano Lett. 8 (12), 4582-4587 (2008).</li><li>Raino, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probing+the+Wave+Function+Delocalization+in+CdSe/CdS+Dot-in-Rod+Nanocrystals+by+Time-+and+Temperature-Resolved+Spectroscopy.">Probing the Wave Function Delocalization in CdSe/CdS Dot-in-Rod Nanocrystals by Time- and Temperature-Resolved Spectroscopy.</a> ACS Nano. 5 (5), 4031-4036 (2011).</li><li>Talapin, D. V., Lee, J. S., Kovalenko, M. V., Shevchenko, E. 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V., Pelton, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+Shape+to+Control+Photoluminescence+from+CdSe/CdS+Core/Shell+Nanorods.">Using Shape to Control Photoluminescence from CdSe/CdS Core/Shell Nanorods.</a> J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2 (12), 1469-1475 (2011).</li><li>Manthiram, K., Beberwyck, B. J., Talapin, D. V., Alivisatos, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Seeded+Synthesis+of+CdSe/CdS+Rod+and+Tetrapod+Nanocrystals.">Seeded Synthesis of CdSe/CdS Rod and Tetrapod Nanocrystals.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (82), (2013).</li><li>Yu, W. 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Syntesen av CdSe frön och CdSe @ CdS sådda stavar har studerats 21,24,25. Smärre modifieringar av de mängder, temperaturer och tider för stegen i syntesen av dessa substratpartiklar kan användas för att trimma deras längd, diameter och / eller morfologi. Det syntetiska protokoll som beskrivs häri ger höggradigt fotoluminescens ympade-stavar av likformiga dimensioner. Liganden utbyte förfarande möjliggör användning av sådda stavar i polära miljöer, i detta fall vat...

Fotokatalys presenterar en attraktiv och lovande lösning för förnybar energi och andra miljöändamål såsom vattenrening och luftrening 1-3. Totalt vatten delning, som drivs av solenergi, skulle kunna vara en källa till ren och förnybar vätgas; Trots årtionden av forskning, system som är tillräckligt stabila och effektiva för praktisk användning ännu inte har realiserats. Både photodeposition och halvledarmedierad fotokatalys beroende av samma mekanism för separering av fotogenererade elektron-hål-par och driva dem till ytan där de kan initiera redoxreaktioner. Likheterna mellan dessa två processer gör photodeposition en attraktiv syntetiskt verktyg för området fotokatalys 4-6. Denna metod beräknas ta fotokatalysatorn produktion till nya och outforskade gränser. Det kan eventuellt erbjuda orörda kontroll över den rumsliga arrangemangetav de olika komponenterna i ett hetero, och avancera till förmågan att konstruera avancerade nanopartiklar system. Ytterst metod kommer att ge oss ett steg närmare att förverkliga en effektiv fotokatalysator för direkt sol-till-bränsle energiomvandling. Vi undersökte tillväxten av IRO 2 som en co-katalysator, eftersom det är känt för att vara en effektiv katalysator för vattenoxidation 7-11. En avstämbar struktur kvant prick (CdSe) inbäddade i en stav (kadmiumsulfid) 12,13 användes som vår fotokatalysator substrat 14,15. Det är för närvarande obestämt huruvida den oxidativa reaktionsvägen sker via en medierad reaktionsväg, eller genom en direkt hål attack. Här kan vår kunskap och kontroll över de fotogenererade hålen i halvledarhetero utnyttjas för en mekanistisk studie av oxidationsreaktioner. Detta möjliggörs av substratet arkitektur, vilket underlättar lokalisering av trånga hål 16,17 och bildning av endistinkt oxidationsreaktionen plats på stången. Användningen av nanoskala material med lokaliserad laddningsbärare kan utnyttjas för mekanistiska studier av redoxreaktioner genom enkel undersökning av produkterna. På detta sätt photodeposition kan användas som en unik sond av både reduktion och oxidation reaktionsvägar. Detta är ett exempel på nya och spännande möjligheter som kombinationen av photodeposition och banbrytande kolloidalt syntes 18-20. Strävan att utveckla en effektiv fotokatalysator för vatten delning och omvandling av förnybar energi har blivit en viktig drivkraft inom material samhället. Detta har lett till världsomfattande intresse i CdS, som är känd för att vara mycket aktiv för vätgasproduktion, även om det hämmas av foto instabilitet. Vårt arbete här behandlar akilleshäl av materialet. IRO 2 dekorerade CdSe @ CdS stavar visar anmärkningsvärd foto stabilitet under långvarig belysning i renvatten.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="822">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Sulfur (S)</td>
			<td style="width:79px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">84683</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Selenium (Se)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>229865</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cadmium Oxide (CdO)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>202894</td>
			<td>Highly Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">n-Octadecylphosphonic acid (ODPA)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>715166</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Propylphosphonic acid (PPA)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>305685</td>
			<td>Highly regulated in some countries and regions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Butylphosphonic acid (BPA)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>737933</td>
			<td>Alternative to PPA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hexylphosphonic acid (HPA)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>750034</td>
			<td>Alternative to PPA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trioctylphosphonic oxide (TOPO)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>346187</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tri-n-octylphosphine, 97% (TOP)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>718165</td>
			<td>Air sensitive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Spectrochemical Stirbar</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/z363545?lang=en&amp;region=US">Z363545</a></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium Hydroxide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S5881</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Methanol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>322415</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Toluene</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>244511</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hexane</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>296090</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Octylamine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>74988</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nonanoic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>N5502</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isopropanol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>278475</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mercaptoundecanoic Acid (MUA)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>674427</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide (TMAH)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T7505</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Apiezon H Grease (high temperature grease)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>Z273562</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium Persulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>216232</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium Nitrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>229938</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium Hexachloroiridate(III) hydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>288160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mounted 455nm LED</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>M455L3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cuvette Holder</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>CVH100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">25mL 3-neck Round Bottom Flask</td>
			<td>Chemglass</td>
			<td>CG-1524-A-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Liebig Condensor</td>
			<td>Chemglass</td>
			<td>CG-1218-A-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">T-Joint Adapter</td>
			<td>Chemglass</td>
			<td>AF-0509-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

photochemical oxidative growth of iridium oxide nanoparticles on cdse@cds nanorods

We demonstrate a procedure for the photochemical oxidative growth of iridium oxide catalysts on the surface of seeded cadmium selenide-cadmium sulfide (CdSe@CdS) nanorod photocatalysts. Seeded rods are grown using a colloidal hot-injection method and then moved to an aqueous medium by ligand exchange. CdSe@CdS nanorods, an iridium precursor and other salts are mixed and illuminated. The deposition process is initiated by absorption of photons by the semiconductor particle, which results with formation of charge carriers that are used to promote redox reactions. To insure photochemical oxidative growth we used an electron scavenger. The photogenerated holes oxidize the iridium precursor, apparently in a mediated oxidative pathway. This results in the growth of high quality crystalline iridium oxide particles, ranging from 0.5 nm to about 3 nm, along the surface of the rod. Iridium oxide grown on CdSe@CdS heterostructures was studied by a variety of characterization methods, in order to evaluate its characteristics and quality. We explored means for control over particle size, crystallinity, deposition location on the CdS rod, and composition. Illumination time and excitation wavelength were found to be key parameters for such control. The influence of different growth conditions and the characterization of these heterostructures are described alongside a detailed description of their synthesis. Of significance is the fact that the addition of iridium oxide afforded the rods astounding photochemical stability under prolonged illumination in pure water (alleviating the requirement for hole scavengers).

Transmissionselektronmikrofotografier (TEM) uppsamlades för att se fördelningen av iridiumoxid på de sådda stavar (Figur 1). TEM prov framställdes genom att pipettera en droppe av lösta partiklar på en TEM galler. Röntgendiffraktion (XRD, figur 2) och röntgenfotoelektronspektra (XPS, Figur 3) användes för att karaktärisera den observerade tillväxten som en blandning av kristallin iro 2 och Ir 2 O 3...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Photochemical Oxidative Growth of Iridium Oxide Nanoparticles on CdSe@CdS Nanorods at JoVE.com

Photochemical Oxidative Growth of Iridium Oxide Nanoparticles on CdSe@CdS Nanorods

A protocol for the photochemical oxidative growth of small crystalline iridium oxide nanoparticles on the surface of CdSe@CdS seeded rod nanoparticles is presented.

Foto Oxidativ Tillväxt av iridiumoxid Nanopartiklar på CdSe @ CdS nanostavar

We demonstrate a procedure for the photochemical oxidative growth of iridium oxide catalysts on the surface of seeded cadmium selenide-cadmium sulfide ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to grow iridium oxide nanocrystals on a semiconductor substrate by photochemical oxidation. Photochemical oxidation as a synthetic tool expands the methods by which chemists can create new hybrid materials. They can photocatalyze production to unexplored frontiers.Our work treats the Achilles heel of cadmium sulfide, which is known to be highly active for hydrogen production, but is hampered by photochemical instability. Photochemical oxidation, when applied on nanoscale materials with localized charge carriers can also be exploited from a kinistic styleze of redox reactions by simple examination of the products. To start, first synthesize cadmium sulfide-cadmium selenide seeded rods, and then suspend them in toluene solution indicated in the text protocol.Transfer about half of the solution to a centrifuge tube, and add up to a one-half volume of methanol to precipitate the rods. Centrifuge the tube at 3, 400 Gs for five minutes, and decant the supernatant. Retain the pellet for later use.Next, add 250 milligrams of mercaptoundecanoic acid and 400 milligrams of tetramethylammonium hydroxide to 10 milliliters of methanol in a centrifuge tube. Vortex until all the solids are dissolved. Add the methanol mixture to the cadmium sulfide-cadmium selenide seeded rod pellet, and shake the tube by hand to fully dissolve it.Allow the solution to sit for at least one hour. After one hour, split the solution into two centrifuge tubes, and add 20 milliliters of toluene to each tube. Centrifuge the tubes at 7, 700 Gs for 15 minutes.Carefully decant the clear supernatant, and invert the centrifuge tubes to dry the samples. Add five milliliters of ultrapure water to the pellets, and then store the rods in foil-wrapped vials. To begin, make solutions of iridium precursor, sodium nitrate, sodium persulfate, and sodium hydroxide as indicated in the text protocol.Add 0.50 milliliters of the nitrate solution to 0.20 milliliters of the iridium precursor in a standard polystyrene cuvette equipped with a spectroscopic stir bar. Next, add 0.30 milliliters of the seeded rods in water, followed by 0.50 milliliters of the persulfate solution, and 0.50 milliliters of the sodium hydroxide solution. Place the cuvette in a holder, and stir the solution.Then illuminate the sample at 450 nanometers and 100 milliwatts for up to four hours. The solution should turn green, and then blue. After the desired incubation time, transfer the solution to a tube, and centrifuge for 10 minutes at 7, 700 Gs.Carefully decant the supernatant and retain the pellet.Disperse by sonicating in polar methanol solvent for further use. The visual appearance of the cadmium sulfide-cadmium selenide rods changes when coated with iridium oxide using irradiation. The uncoated rods begin orange-red in color, which after two hours of illumination turns green, and then blue after four hours of illumination.Transmission electron micrographs were used to analyze the growth of the iridium oxide particles on the cadmium sulfide-cadmium selenide seeded rods over time. Control samples with no iridium oxide have rods of four to five nanometers in diameter. Samples illuminated for 10 minutes to four hours show the progression from small to larger particles with a full coating of iridium oxide.Rods that were illuminated for four hours have a total diameter of nine to ten nanometers, with a two to three nanometer thick outer coating of iridium oxide evident after two hours of illumination. Once mastered, this technique can be done in a few hours if it is properly performed. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to photochemically grow iridium oxide on seeded rods.The methods used in this procedure can be extended towards the photochemical growth of other metal oxides as well. Don't forget that working with cadmium oxide and highly caustic solutions can be extremely hazardous, and precautions such as working in a glove box and wearing protective clothing should always be taken while performing this procedure.

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

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