Name: the emotional stroop task: assessing cognitive performance under exposure to emotional content
Uploaded: 2016-06-29T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content at JoVE.com

The authors have no acknowledgements.

O protocolo segue as diretrizes de Tel-Aviv University Helsinki comitê de ética em pesquisa humana. 1. Seleção Word e Matching <ol><li> Criar listas de palavras para cada categoria palavra de juros. Por exemplo, fazer listas de palavras geralmente emocionais (por exemplo., Ódio, POX), a preocupação de relevância palavras (por exemplo., Estupro vítima), e palavras neutras que são preferencialmente vizinhos ortográficas 21 dos emocional / preocupação pal...

<ol>
	<li>Williams, J. M. G., Mathews, A., MacLeod, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+emotional+stroop+task+and+psychopathology.">The emotional stroop task and psychopathology.</a> Psychol. Bull. 120 (1), 3-24 (1996).</li><li>Algom, D., Chajut, E., Lev, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+rational+look+at+the+emotional+Stroop+phenomenon:+A+generic+slowdown,+not+a+Stroop+effect.">A rational look at the emotional Stroop phenomenon: A generic slowdown, not a Stroop effect.</a> J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 133 (3), 323-338 (2004).</li><li>Ben-Haim, M. S., Mama, Y., Icht, M., Algom, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+the+emotional+Stroop+task+a+special+case+of+mood+induction?+Evidence+from+sustained+effects+of+attention+under+emotion.">Is the emotional Stroop task a special case of mood induction? Evidence from sustained effects of attention under emotion.</a> Atten. Percept. Psycho. 76 (1), 81-97 (2014).</li><li>Holle, C., Neely, J. H., Heimberg, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+blocked+versus+random+presentation+and+semantic+relatedness+of+stimulus+words+on+response+to+a+modified+Stroop+task+among+social+phobics.">The effects of blocked versus random presentation and semantic relatedness of stimulus words on response to a modified Stroop task among social phobics.</a> Cognitive Ther. Res. 21 (6), 681-697 (1997).</li><li>Richards, A., French, C. C., Johnson, W., Naparstek, J., Williams, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+Mood+Manipulation+and+Anxiety+on+Performance+of+an+Emotional+Stroop+Task.">Effects of Mood Manipulation and Anxiety on Performance of an Emotional Stroop Task.</a> Br.J.Psychol. 83, 479-491 (1992).</li><li>Stroop, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+of+Interference+in+Serial+Verbal+Reactions+(Reprinted+from+Journal+Experimental-Psychology,+Vol+18,+Pg+643-662,+1935).">Studies of Interference in Serial Verbal Reactions (Reprinted from Journal Experimental-Psychology, Vol 18, Pg 643-662, 1935).</a> J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 121 (1), 15-23 (1992).</li><li>Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Pergamin, L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Threat-related+attentional+bias+in+anxious+and+nonanxious+individuals:+A+meta-analytic+study.">Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: A meta-analytic study.</a> Psychol.Bull. 133 (1), 1-24 (2007).</li><li>Mathews, A., Mogg, K., Kentish, J., Eysenck, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+Psychological+Treatment+on+Cognitive+Bias+in+Generalized+Anxiety+Disorder.">Effect of Psychological Treatment on Cognitive Bias in Generalized Anxiety Disorder.</a> Behav. Res. Ther. 33 (3), 293-303 (1995).</li><li>Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Attentional+bias+in+generalized+anxiety+disorder+versus+depressive+disorder.">Attentional bias in generalized anxiety disorder versus depressive disorder.</a> Cognitive. Ther. Res. 29 (1), 29-45 (2005).</li><li>Mogg, K., Kentish, J., Bradley, B. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+Anxiety+and+Awareness+on+Color-Identification+Latencies+for+Emotional+Words.">Effects of Anxiety and Awareness on Color-Identification Latencies for Emotional Words.</a> Behav. Res. Ther. 31 (6), 559-567 (1993).</li><li>Rutherford, E. M., MacLeod, C., Campbell, L. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Negative+selectivity+effects+and+emotional+selectivity+effects+in+anxiety:+Differential+attentional+correlates+of+state+and+trait+variables.">Negative selectivity effects and emotional selectivity effects in anxiety: Differential attentional correlates of state and trait variables.</a> Cognition. Emotion. 18 (5), 711-720 (2004).</li><li>Foa, E. B., Ilai, D., Mccarthy, P. R., Shoyer, B., Murdock, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Information-Processing+in+Obsessive-Compulsive+Disorder.">Information-Processing in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.</a> Cognitive. Ther. Res. 17 (2), 173-189 (1993).</li><li>Mcnally, R. J., Riemann, B. C., Louro, C. E., Lukach, B. M., Kim, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cognitive+Processing+of+Emotional+Information+in+Panic+Disorder.">Cognitive Processing of Emotional Information in Panic Disorder.</a> Behav. Res. Ther. 30 (2), 143-149 (1992).</li><li>Mitterschiffthaler, M. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+basis+of+the+emotional+Stroop+interference+effect+in+major+depression.">Neural basis of the emotional Stroop interference effect in major depression.</a> Psychol. Med. 38 (2), 247-256 (2008).</li><li>Amir, N., Freshman, M., Foa, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+Stroop+interference+for+threat+in+social+phobia.">Enhanced Stroop interference for threat in social phobia.</a> J.Anxiety Disord. 16 (1), 1-9 (2002).</li><li>Andersson, G., Westoo, J., Johansson, L., Carlbring, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cognitive+bias+via+the+Internet:+A+comparison+of+web-based+and+standard+emotional+Stroop+tasks+in+social+phobia.">Cognitive bias via the Internet: A comparison of web-based and standard emotional Stroop tasks in social phobia.</a> Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. 35 (1), 55-62 (2006).</li><li>Paunovic, N., Lundh, L. G., Ost, L. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Attentional+and+memory+bias+for+emotional+information+in+crime+victims+with+acute+posttraumatic+stress+disorder+(PTSD).">Attentional and memory bias for emotional information in crime victims with acute posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).</a> J.Anxiety Disord. 16 (6), 675-692 (2002).</li><li>Constans, J. I., McCloskey, M. S., Vasterling, J. J., Brailey, K., Mathews, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suppression+of+attentional+bias+in+PTSD.">Suppression of attentional bias in PTSD.</a> J.Abnorm.Psychol. 113 (2), 315-323 (2004).</li><li>Mama, Y., Ben-Haim, M. S., Algom, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=When+emotion+does+and+does+not+impair+performance:+A+Garner+theory+of+the+emotional+Stroop+effect.">When emotion does and does not impair performance: A Garner theory of the emotional Stroop effect.</a> Cognition.Emotion. 27 (4), 589-602 (2013).</li><li>Mckenna, F. P., Sharma, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrusive+Cognitions+-+an+Investigation+of+the+Emotional+Stroop+Task.">Intrusive Cognitions - an Investigation of the Emotional Stroop Task.</a> J.Exp.Psychol.Learn. 21 (6), 1595-1607 (1995).</li><li>Grainger, J., Oregan, J. K., Jacobs, A. M., Segui, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+Role+of+Competing+Word+Units+in+Visual+Word+Recognition+-+the+Neighborhood+Frequency+Effect.">On the Role of Competing Word Units in Visual Word Recognition - the Neighborhood Frequency Effect.</a> Percept.Psychophys. 45 (3), 189-195 (1989).</li><li>Balota, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+English+Lexicon+Project.">The English Lexicon Project.</a> Behav.Res.Methods. 39 (3), 445-459 (2007).</li><li>Larsen, R. J., Mercer, K. A., Balota, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lexical+characteristics+of+words+used+in+emotional+Stroop+experiments.">Lexical characteristics of words used in emotional Stroop experiments.</a> Emotion. 6 (1), 62-72 (2006).</li><li>McKenna, F. P., Sharma, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversing+the+emotional+stroop+effect+reveals+that+it+is+not+what+it+seems:+The+role+of+fast+and+slow+components.">Reversing the emotional stroop effect reveals that it is not what it seems: The role of fast and slow components.</a> J.Exp.Psychol.Learn. 30 (2), 382-392 (2004).</li><li>Frings, C., Englert, J., Wentura, D., Bermeitinger, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decomposing+the+emotional+Stroop+effect.">Decomposing the emotional Stroop effect.</a> Q.J.Exp.Psychol. 63 (1), 42-49 (2010).</li><li>Eidels, A., Ryan, K., Williams, P., Algom, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Depth+of+Processing+in+the+Stroop+Task+Evidence+From+a+Novel+Forced-Reading+Condition.">Depth of Processing in the Stroop Task Evidence From a Novel Forced-Reading Condition.</a> Exp.Psychol. 61 (5), 385-393 (2014).</li><li>Wegner, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ironic+Processes+of+Mental+Control.">Ironic Processes of Mental Control.</a> Psychol.Rev. 101 (1), 34-52 (1994).</li><li>Kendall, P. C., Finch, A. J., Auerbach, S. M., Hooke, J. F., Mikulka, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=State-Trait+Anxiety+Inventory+-+Systematic+Evaluation.">State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - Systematic Evaluation.</a> J.Consult.Clin.Psychol. 44 (3), 406-412 (1976).</li><li>Dresler, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliability+of+the+emotional+Stroop+task:+An+investigation+of+patients+with+panic+disorder.">Reliability of the emotional Stroop task: An investigation of patients with panic disorder.</a> J.Psychiatr.Res. 46 (9), 1243-1248 (2012).</li><li>Eide, P., Kemp, A., Silberstein, R. B., Nathan, P. J., Stough, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Test-retest+reliability+of+the+emotional+stroop+task:+Examining+the+paradox+of+measurement+change.">Test-retest reliability of the emotional stroop task: Examining the paradox of measurement change.</a> J.Psychol. 136 (5), 514-520 (2002).</li><li>Macleod, C., Mathews, A., Tata, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Attentional+Bias+in+Emotional+Disorders.">Attentional Bias in Emotional Disorders.</a> J.Abnorm.Psychol. 95 (1), 15-20 (1986).</li></ol>

A ESE compreende uma tarefa muito simples: Os nomes dos participantes a cor da tinta das palavras isoladamente apresentados. Esta tarefa simples produz resultados de conseqüência tanto pragmática e teórico. A ESE documenta o fato de que as pessoas são sensíveis à valência emocional provocados por estímulos embora esta característica é completamente irrelevante para a tarefa em mãos. A ESE evoluiu para um método muito popular para sondar a emoção e ansiedade com o paciente e n?...

A vida moderna está repleta de emoção e estresse. Que evitou a sala de emergência ou (Testemunho) um acidente de trânsito? A fim de executar com eficiência em tais situações estressantes, é importante preservar de uma compostura, dando ênfase aos estímulos relevantes. No entanto, a pesquisa demonstrou que a valência emocional do estímulo pode afetar a atenção, em particular, modular a velocidade de processamento. No laboratório, um dos paradigmas mais populares para estudar o efeito de estímulos é negativo no desempenho da tarefa de Stroop emocional. O achado típico é que leva as pessoas mais tempo para nomear a cor da tinta das palavras emoção do que a palavras neutras, o emocional Efeito Stroop (ESE). Existem várias contas que tentam explicar o abrandamento observado atribuindo atenção 3, congelação 2, ou de humor 3, no entanto, ainda é uma questão de debate atual. A montagem experimental do emocional de Stroop tpedir é bem conhecida. Palavras de cor são apresentados isoladamente para a visão e missão do participante é nomear a cor de tinta de cada palavra como rapidez e precisão possível. As palavras vêm de duas categorias de valência diferente. A primeira categoria inclui palavras negativas (por exemplo., Morte) ou palavras relacionadas a uma psicopatologia específica (por exemplo., Germes com pacientes obsessivo-compulsivos ou batalha com pacientes com transtorno de estresse pós-traumático). A segunda categoria inclui palavras neutras (por exemplo., A cadeira). A ESE é a diferença na latência cor-de nomenclatura entre o emocional e as palavras neutras. Os estímulos podem ser apresentados em um único bloco de emoção e palavras neutras misturadas de forma aleatória ou em dois blocos separados definidos por categoria palavra. A desaceleração com palavras emoção é geralmente mais pronunciada quando a ESE é derivado na concepção bloqueada 4, 5. Portanto, o projeto de bloco tornou-se o método de escolha para pesquisas da ESE e é ométodo aplicado neste protocolo também (veja a Figura 1 para uma ilustração da configuração experimental emocional de Stroop). <img alt="figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53720/53720fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1: A matriz Experimental no emocional de Stroop Task:. A tarefa do participante é nomear de cor em que a palavra aparece <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53720/53720fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Por favor clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.</a> É importante distinguir a ESE de seu xará mais velho, o efeito clássico Stroop (SE) 6. Na tarefa clássico Stroop, as palavras de cor, como vermelho ou verde são apresentados em várias cores de tinta e a tarefa do participante é nomear a cor da tinta das palavras. Apesar da tarefa compartilhada - para identificar a cor da tinta das palavras - o SE eo ESE diferem. Porque as palavras são palavras de cor, os estímulos na clássica divisão tarefa de Stroop em congruentes (a palavra nomear sua cor de tinta) e incongruente (palavra e do conflito cor) categorias. A SE é definida como a diferença no desempenho nomeação de cores entre os estímulos congruentes e incongruentes. Porque a qualidade de congruência não se aplica aos estímulos na ESE - a palavra câncer em azul é nem mais nem menos congruentes do que a palavra palestra em marrom - o SE não está definida no ambiente do ESE. O ESE documenta o efeito de a valência dos estímulos emocionais no desempenho. A ESE, assim como o SE, gerou a investigação volumosa. Na verdade, a ESE rivaliza com seu homônimo na saída pura de estudos experimentais com o paciente e populações não-paciente (para uma revisão, ver 1, 7). A tarefa tem sido empregada com uma gama de patologias de ansiedade generalizada (por exemplo., 8, 9) para traço de ansiedade (eex., 10, 11) para transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo (por exemplo., 12, 13) para a depressão 9, 14 a fobia social 15, 16 transtornos de estresse pós-traumático (por exemplo., 17, 18). O ESE também foi estudada com populações não seleccionadas (por exemplo, 2, 3, 19, 20), embora os efeitos na heathy participantes não são sempre observadas e são frequentemente menos pronunciados. Pelo menos uma parte da popularidade do ESE é atribuível à sua natureza objetiva, uma vez que não se baseia em auto-relato e não é intrusiva. Além disso, as palavras emoção pode ser seleccionada para tocar a patologia específica ou preocupação actual do paciente. A seguir, retratam as etapas necessárias para projetar e executar um experimento Stroop emocional. Nosso propósito deste relatório é descrever em detalhe uma experiência ESE com controles necessários. A característica mais importante deste projeto é o controle que fornece contra várias ameaças à validade.A principal ameaça tratados neste projeto é o de habituação. Adotando estes procedimentos torna a ESE um meio válido e confiável de avaliar a atenção sob emoção.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DirectRT software</td>
			<td>Empirisoft</td>
			<td>http://www.empirisoft.com/directrt.aspx</td>
			<td>Software allows easy programing of a custom experiment in a spreadsheet application (e.g., Excel)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Personal computer</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td><a href="https://www.office.com/">https://www.office.com/</a></td>
			<td>&#160;At least 256mb of memory, a graphics card with at least 16mb of video memory and a processor speed of at least 500mhz.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A spreadsheet application (e.g., Excel)</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td>Any version</td>
			<td>A spreadsheet application capable of editing CSV files</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPSS/STATISTICA software</td>
			<td>IBM/Statsoft</td>
			<td>http://www-01.ibm.com/software/analytics/spss/&#160; http://www.statsoft.com/</td>
			<td>Statistical software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the emotional stroop task: assessing cognitive performance under exposure to emotional content

O efeito Stroop emocional (ESE) é o resultado de mais de nomeação latências a cores de tinta das palavras emoção do que cores de tinta de palavras neutras. A diferença mostra que as pessoas são afetadas pelo conteúdo emocional transmitida pelas palavras transportadora, embora eles são irrelevantes para a tarefa de nomeação de cor na mão. O ESE tem sido amplamente implantado com populações de pacientes, bem como com populações não-seleccionados, porque as palavras emoção pode ser seleccionada para corresponder à patologia testado. A ESE é uma ferramenta poderosa, mas é vulnerável a diversas ameaças à sua validade. Este relatório refere-se a fontes potenciais de confusão e inclui uma experiência modal que fornece os meios para controlar para eles. A ameaça mais prevalente para a validade dos estudos ESE existentes é efeitos sustentados e habituação forjado pela exposição repetida a estímulos emocionais. Consequentemente, a ordem de exposição a emoção e estímulos neutros é de extrema importância. Mostramos que na posiçãoprojeto ard, apenas uma ordem específica produz a ESE.

Quando os blocos seguir a sequência de neutro emoção neutra (por exemplo, 3), uma grande ESE de 34 ms é observado através de respostas mais lentas no bloco de emoção (média de 791 ms) do que no primeiro bloco neutro (média de 757 ms; veja Figura 2). O mesmo grupo de participantes foi também bastante lento para nomear a cor da tinta no segundo set de (outras) palavras neutras (média de 778 ms). A diferença de 21 ms no desempenho entre os do...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content at JoVE.com

The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than those of neutral words. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them.

O emocional Stroop Task: Avaliação de Desempenho Cognitivo sob exposição a conteúdo emocional

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than to ink colors of neutral words. The ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to evaluate cognitive performance under exposure to emotional content. This method can help answer key questions about cognitive processing, such as how do we perform on a focal task when irrelevant emotional stimuli are present, and particularly, when words match the tested pathology or anxiety of the patient. The main advantage of this technique is that it is objective, not intrusive, and is not based on participant self-reports.At the present moment, this procedure was robustly established only at the group level. In the future, it may possibly extend toward individual patient diagnosis of anxiety disorders. Demonstrating the procedure will be my lab manager, Elia Avikasis.Begin by creating two lists. One of emotional, and the other of neutral words. Use generally emotional words such as hate, or pox, and neutral words that are preferably orthographic neighbors to the emotionally relevant words, such as gate, or box.For each word on the list write its length in characters, as well as its estimated frequency in the appropriate language, in order to match the word lists on lexical factors. Select words for each list by adding pairs that match in length and frequency, and that are orthographic neighbors of one another. If a complete match is not possible, add a pair of words with a small gap in frequency to balance the bias of frequency from the incomplete match.Ensure that each final list contains 20 to 50 words in each word category in order, to have a minimum of 20 trials in a block, thus avoiding repetition of words and thereby, habituation. Begin by selecting one of two designs. Choose a blocked design where the stimuli are presented in separate blocks of trials, defined by word valence if seeking to test global effects at the level of the word category.On the other hand, choose a mixed design where the stimuli are presented in one block with intermixed emotional and neutral words in the same list if seeking to analyze the Emotional Stroop Effect, or ESE, at the individual word level and determine short carryover effects. In the blocked experimental design, select either a counterbalanced or fixed order of blocks. For the counterbalanced order, present the two possible block orders to two different groups of participants.For a fixed order present the neutral block first followed by the emotional block. If desired, present an additional new neutral block following the emotional block in order to examine sustained effects. Finally, to test the effects of fatigue, design an auxiliary experiment, with three blocks of neutral words, and perform on a different set of participants.Begin by sitting the participant down in front of the testing computer. Open the stimulus presentation software that will measure the participant's responses and reaction times. Instruct the participant to respond with a keyboard press.Administer 20 to 40 training trials in order for the participant to master the mapping of the colors onto the keys. Following training instruct the participant to respond to the ink color of the word as quickly and accurately as possible. Avoid mentioning word reading, or that the word should be ignored, as this request may artificially augment reading the words.Finally, present the three experimental blocks which will show each word randomly assigned to a single color, one at a time, at the center of the computer screen. Allow short breaks of 30 to 60 seconds between successive blocks of trials. As an alternative mixed design, present emotional words and neutral words randomly intermixed in a single block.To analyze the reaction time data, adhere to the following parameters:first, only use data from correct responses, and second, exclude extreme responses which are faster or smaller than 2.5 standard deviations around the mean. Use statistical software to perform planned comparisons of data from the fixed presentation order. To do this, choose statistics, advanced linear non-linear models, general linear models, more results, and planed comps.To analyze counter-balanced blocks across participants, perform an ANOVA by selecting statistics, advanced linear non-linear models, and general linear models. Enter block valence as a within-subjects factor, and order of blocks as a between-subject factor. Finally, to test the ESE, compare the reaction times of the emotional block with the first neutral block, for sustained effects, compare the second neutral block with the first neutral block.When blocks follow the neutral-emotion-neutral sequence as shown here, a large ESE of 34 milliseconds is observed via slower responses in the emotion block than in the first neutral block. Furthermore, the 21 milliseconds'difference in performance between the two blocks with neutral items, indicates the presence of a sustained effect. In order to verify that there was no flagging of attention, or fatigue an auxiliary experiment, using only three blocks of neutral items was performed with a different group of participants.Here, no significant differences in performance across the successive blocks indicate that the effect of fatigue was minimal. Furthermore, when there are only two blocks of trials, an ESE is only expected to emerge when participants are given the neutral block first. No ESE is present when the emotion block is given first, due to sustained effects.While preparing for this procedure, it's important to remember to avoid repetition of words as much as possible, in order to avoid habituation. Following this procedure other paradigms, like the dot-probe, can be performed in order to answer additional questions. Like testing attentional bias and cognitive performance in the context of emotional stimuli.After watching this video you should have a good understanding of how to design and perform an Emotional Stroop Experiment that highlights the interference effect of emotional content.

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

A Task Congruência Crossmodal como um meio para se obter uma medida comportamental Objetivo no Rubber Mão Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

Comportamento

Assessing Functional Performance in the Mdx Mouse Model

Assessing Functional Performance in the Mdx Mouse Model

Avaliação do Desempenho Funcional no<em&gt; Mdx</em&gt; Mouse Modelo

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and progressive muscle wasting disorder for which no cure is available. Nevertheless, several potential ...

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Medição de fronto-límbico Atividade Usando um emocional Oddball Task em Crianças com Familial alto risco para Esquizofrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

A Task Attentional Set Shifting: uma certa flexibilidade cognitiva em ratos

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

Combined Invasive Subcortical and Non-invasive Surface Neurophysiological Recordings for the Assessment of Cognitive and Emotional Functions in Humans

Combinadas Funções Invasiva subcorticais e Superfície Non-invasive neurofisiológica Gravações de Avaliação da cognitivos e emocionais em humanos

In spite of the success in applying non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG), magneto-encephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging ...

Conscious and Non-conscious Representations of Emotional Faces in Asperger's Syndrome

Representações conscientes e não-conscientes de Faces emocionais na síndrome de Asperger

Several neuroimaging studies have suggested that the low spatial frequency content in an emotional face mainly activates the amygdala, pulvinar, and ...

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

O Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) Tarefa: Um Paradigma cognitivas simples para investigar Falsas Memórias no Laboratório

The Deese,&#160;Roediger and McDermott&#160;(DRM) task is a false memory paradigm in which subjects are presented with lists of semantically related words ...

Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

Central e dividida campo Visual apresentação de imagens emocionais para medir diferenças hemisféricas em atenção motivada

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed ...

The Knob Supination Task: A Semi-automated Method for Assessing Forelimb Function in Rats

A tarefa de supinação de botão: Um método semi-automático para avaliar a função do Forelimb em ratos

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity ...

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

O "Motor" em Motor implícita sequência de aprendizagem: uma reação Serial depuração pé tempo tarefa

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that ...