Name: ex vivo live imaging of lung metastasis and their microenvironment
Uploaded: 2016-02-03T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ex vivo Live Imaging of Lung Metastasis and Their Microenvironment at JoVE.com

We thank Nguyen H. Nguyen for her technical help and Audrey O&#8217;Neill for support with the Zeiss Cell Observer spinning-disk confocal microscope. This work was supported by a Department of Defense postdoctoral fellowship (W81XWH-11-01-0139) and the Weizmann Institute of Science-National Postdoctoral Award Program for Advancing Women in Science (to V.P.).

설명하는 모든 절차는 지역 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회 (IACUC)의 사전 승인을 포함한 척추 동물의 사용에 대한 지침과 규정에 따라 수행해야합니다. 예를위한 폐 전이의 1 세대는 라이브 영상을 생체 내 (형질 전환 또는 꼬리 정맥 주입) 주 : 폐전이 유전자 조작 마우스 모델을 이용하여 암 세포의 정맥 주사에 의해 생성 될 수있다. </...

<ol>
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이 원고는 전이의 마우스 모델에서 폐 전이의 생체 라이브 영상에 대한 자세한 방법을 설명합니다. 이 촬상 프로토콜 폐 미세 환경 내에서 동적 공간 종양 세포 - 기질 상호 작용의 직접적인 시각화를 제공한다. 적어도 4 시간 동안 폐전이 신뢰성있게 이미징 비교적 쉽고 빠른 방법이다. 이 실험에서 얻은 동영상 세포 운동성 및 셀룰러 상호 동적 프로세스를 추적 할 수있다. <p class="jove_co...

The deadliest aspect of cancer is metastasis, which accounts for more than 90% of cancer-related morbidity and mortality1. Metastasis is a multistep process and due to its complexity, the exact cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern metastatic dissemination and growth are still elusive. To metastasize, tumor cells in the primary tumor must detach from their neighboring cells and basement membrane, cross through the extracellular matrix, intravasate, travel via blood or lymphatic vessels, extravasate at the secondary site, and finally, survive and establish secondary tumors. In addition to the properties of the tumor cells, the contribution from the microenvironment, which includes the adjacent stroma along with the normal counterparts of the cancer cells, is crucial for the seeding and establishment of metastatic lesions2.
Traditional methods to study metastatic seeding and growth examine static states, as tissues are excised and sectioned for histology. These data only generate a snapshot of this highly dynamic process. Although some useful information can be gained from these studies, the complicated process by which tumor and stromal cells interact during metastatic formation cannot be adequately assessed by these methods. Furthermore, it is not possible to gain insights into tumor or stromal cell migration patterns, which are important in establishing a colony at the distant site. In order to effectively study the metastatic process, it is essential to visualize various interactions between cancer cells and their microenvironment in a continuous manner and at real time. 
The lung is a common site for metastases from solid tumors as breast, colorectal, pancreatic cancer, melanoma and sarcoma3. Intravital imaging was previously used to study cell-cell interaction in various primary tumor and metastatic models4,5. Methods of lung imaging in mice, including intravital imaging, lung section imaging, and an ex vivo pulmonary metastasis assay have been published6&#8211;9. Intravital imaging of mouse lungs utilizes a thoracic suction window to stabilize the lungs6. This method is used for time-lapse imaging of the lung microcirculation and alveolar spaces. The anatomical location of the lungs poses a challenge to intravital imaging. In order to access the lungs, the chest cavity must be opened which leads to loss of negative pressure and collapsed lungs. This method only allows the visualization of a small part of the lungs and is technically demanding; an unnecessary complication in studies that examine processes that are independent of blood flow. Moreover, this method also requires gating out movement caused by breathing. This is done either by collecting images between breaths or during post image acquisition analyses10. The alternative ex vivo lung section imaging provides stability and depth, and also prepares lung parenchyma for immunostaining7. However, the lengthy sectioning process leads to an extensive delay between the time of animal sacrifice and the start of the imaging session. Moreover, the process of sectioning a mouse lung causes considerable amount of cell death8, thus interfering with the quality and quantity of imaging samples and perhaps needlessly altering tumor-stroma interactions. In order to technically bridge between the methods of intravital imaging and lung section imaging, while exploiting the advantages of the two techniques, a relatively fast and easy method for ex vivo lung imaging was developed. This method was achieved by imaging of non-sectioned whole lung lobes. Using this method, the motility of cancer cells as well as interactions between cancer cells and stromal cells in their microenvironment can be visualized in real time for several hours.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>MMTV-PyMT/FVB mice</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>2374</td>
			<td>Female mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ACTB-ECFP/FVB mice</td>
			<td>UCSF Werb lab</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Female mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>c-fms-EGFP/FVB mice</td>
			<td>UCSF Werb lab</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Female mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FVB mice</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>1800</td>
			<td>Female mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GFP+ VO-PyMT cells</td>
			<td>UCSF Werb lab</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70,000 kDa Dextran, rhodamine-conjugated</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>D1818</td>
			<td>Dilute to&#160; 4mg/ml in 1 x PBS and store at -20&#160; &#176;C. Use 0.4 mg per animal.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10,000 kDa Dextran, Alexa Fluor 647 conjugated</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>D22914</td>
			<td>Dilute to&#160; 4mg/ml in 1 x PBS and store at -20&#160; &#176;C. Use 0.4 mg per animal.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse Gr-1 antibody Alexa Fluor 647</td>
			<td>UCSF Monoclonal antibody core</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Stock 1mg/ml. Use 7 ug per animal.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anesthetic</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Anesthesia approved by IACUC, used for anesthesia and/or euthanesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1X PBS</td>
			<td>UCSF cell culture facility</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS, USP sterile&#160;</td>
			<td>Amresco INC</td>
			<td>K813-500ML</td>
			<td>Ultra pure grade for i.v. injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Styrofoam platform</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Will be used as dissection board</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine scissors sharp&#160;</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14060-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Store</td>
			<td>RS-5135</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hot bead sterilizer</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>18000-45</td>
			<td>Turn ON 30min before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Air</td>
			<td>UCSF</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oxygen</td>
			<td>UCSF</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbon dioxide</td>
			<td>UCSF</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mL syringe without needle&#160;</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>309659</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>27 G x 1/2 needle&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>305109</td>
			<td>for i.v. injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 G x 1 needle, short bevel&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>305178</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Low-melting-temperature agarose&#160;</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>50111</td>
			<td>To make 10 ml of solution, weigh 0.2 g of agarose, add to 10 ml 1 x PBS, and heat to dissolve. Agarose will solidify at room temperature, so maintain in a 37 &#176;C water bath until used for inflation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI-1640 medium without phenol red</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11835-030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24 well Imaging plate&#160;</td>
			<td>E&#38;K scientific</td>
			<td>EK-42892</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass cover slides, 15 mm&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-031-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital CO2 and temperature controller</td>
			<td>Okolab</td>
			<td>DGTCO2BX</td>
			<td>http://www.oko-lab.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Climate chamber</td>
			<td>Okolab</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.oko-lab.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Observer spinning disk confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zen software</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss Inc</td>
			<td>Zeiss Axiovert 200M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ICCD camera</td>
			<td>Stanford Photonics</td>
			<td>XR-Mega-10EX S-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spinning disk confocal scan-head</td>
			<td>Yokogawa Corporation</td>
			<td>CSU-10b</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imaris</td>
			<td>Bitplane</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mManager</td>
			<td>Vale lab, UCSF</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Open-source software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ex vivo live imaging of lung metastasis and their microenvironment

전이 암 관련 이환율과 사망률의 주요 원인이다. 전이는 다단계 과정과 그 복잡성으로 인해, 전이성 보급과 성장을 지배하는 정확한 세포 및 분자 프로세스는 여전히 애매하다. 라이브 영상은 세포 및 미세 환경의 동적 및 공간 상호 작용을 시각화 할 수 있습니다. 고형 종양은 일반적으로 폐에 전이. 그러나, 폐의 해부학 적 위치는 생체 내에 영상에 도전을 포즈. 이 프로토콜은, 종양 세포 및 폐 전이 내에서 주변 기질 간의 동적 상호 작용의 실시간 생체 외 이미징을위한 비교적 간단하고 빠른 방법을 제공한다. 이 방법을 사용하여, 그 미세 암 세포 및 간질 세포와 암세포의 운동과 상호 작용은 몇 시간 동안 실시간으로 시각화 될 수있다. 형질 형광 리포터 생쥐를 사용하여 형광 세포주 주사 형광 표지분자 및 / 또는 항체, 폐 미세 여러 구성 요소는 이러한 혈관 면역 세포로서 가시화 될 수있다. 상이한 세포 유형 이미지를 신속, 4 색 화상 취득 장기 연속 촬영을 허용 회전 디스크 공 촛점 현미경을 사용하고있다. 여러 위치와 초점면을 통해 수집 된 이미지에서 컴파일 시간 경과 영화는 적어도 4 시간 동안 라이브 전이성 및 면역 세포 사이의 상호 작용을 보여줍니다. 이 기술은 또한 화학 요법 또는 치료 대상을 시험 할 수있다. 또한, 본 방법은 폐 미세 환경에 영향을 미칠 수있는 다른 폐 관련된 병리의 연구에 적용 할 수있다.

스피닝 디스크 공 초점 현미경, 다양한 마우스 모델 시스템 및 주사제를 사용하여, 미세 전이가 가시화하고 시간을 추적 할 수있다. MMTV-PyMT를 사용하여; ACTB - ECFP; C-FMS-EGFP 트리플 유전자 변형 마우스 모델, 다른 세포 성분이 찬란 (그림 2A, 영화 1) 레이블이 표시됩니다. 폐 실질의 일반적인 구조는 모든 셀 β 액틴 프로모터 하에서 발현 ECFP 때문에 CFP 채널에서 가시?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ex vivo Live Imaging of Lung Metastasis and Their Microenvironment at JoVE.com

Ex vivo Live Imaging of Lung Metastasis and Their Microenvironment

예는 폐 전이 및 그들의 미세 환경의 라이브 영상을 생체 내

우리는 쥐에 형광 기자를 활용, 폐 전이에서 종양 세포 기질 상호 작용의 생체 라이브 영상에 대한 비교적 간단한 방법을 설명합니다. 스피닝 디스크 공 촛점 현미경을 사용하여,이 기술은 최소 4 시간 동안 생균의 시각화를 가능하게하고 다른 염증성 폐 상태를 학습하도록 구성 될 수있다.

Metastasis is a major cause for cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Metastasis is a multistep process and due to its complexity, the exact cellular ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Ex vivo Live Imaging of Lung Metastasis and Their Microenvironment

Ex Vivo Infection of Live Tissue with Oncolytic Viruses

Ex Vivo Infection of Live Tissue with Oncolytic Viruses

Oncolytic 바이러스 살아있는 조직의 전의 VIVO 감염

Oncolytic Viruses (OVs) are novel therapeutics that selectively replicate in and kill tumor cells1. Several clinical trials evaluating the effectiveness ...

연구

의학

In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model

In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model

유방암 뇌 전이의 종양 Hypoxia 역학 생체내의 Bioluminescence 이미징에서는 마우스 모델에서

It is well recognized that tumor hypoxia plays an important role in promoting malignant progression and affecting therapeutic response negatively. There ...

MAME Models for 4D Live-cell Imaging of Tumor: Microenvironment Interactions that Impact Malignant Progression

종양의 4D 라이브 세포 이미징을위한 MAME 모델 : Microenvironment 상호 작용 영향을 미치는 악성 진행

We have developed 3D coculture models, which we term MAME (mammary architecture and microenvironment engineering), and used them for live-cell imaging in ...

Live Imaging of Drug Responses in the Tumor Microenvironment in Mouse Models of Breast Cancer

유방암의 마우스 모델에서 종양 Microenvironment에 약물 응답의 영상을 라​​이브

The tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and the response to anti-cancer therapies. Three-dimensional ...

Molecular Profiling of the Invasive Tumor Microenvironment in a 3-Dimensional Model of Colorectal Cancer Cells and Ex vivo Fibroblasts

Molecular Profiling of the Invasive Tumor Microenvironment in a 3-Dimensional Model of Colorectal Cancer Cells and Ex vivo Fibroblasts

분자 대장 암 세포의 3 차원 모델의 침윤성 종양 미세 환경의 프로파일 및<em&gt; 예 생체 내</em&gt; 섬유 아세포

Invading colorectal cancer (CRC) cells have acquired the capacity to break free from their sister cells, infiltrate the stroma, and remodel the ...

Method of Isolated Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion in a Rat Model: Lessons Learned from Developing a Rat EVLP Program

Method of Isolated Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion in a Rat Model: Lessons Learned from Developing a Rat EVLP Program

고립의 방법<em&gt; 전의 VIVO</em쥐 모델에서&gt; 폐 관류 : 쥐 EVLP 프로그램 개발에서 교훈을

The number of acceptable donor lungs available for lung transplantation is severely limited due to poor quality. Ex-Vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP) has allowed ...

Validation of Nanobody and Antibody Based In Vivo Tumor Xenograft NIRF-imaging Experiments in Mice Using Ex Vivo Flow Cytometry and Microscopy

Validation of Nanobody and Antibody Based In Vivo Tumor Xenograft NIRF-imaging Experiments in Mice Using Ex Vivo Flow Cytometry and Microscopy

나노 바디 및 항체 기반의 검증<em&gt; 생체</em마우스에서&gt; 종양 이종 이식 NIRF 이미징 실험 사용<em&gt; 전의 VIVO</em&gt; 유동 세포 계측법 및 현미경

This protocol outlines the steps required to perform ex vivo validation of in vivo near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) xenograft imaging experiments in mice ...

Primary Tumor and MEF Cell Isolation to Study Lung Metastasis

차 종양과 폐 전이을 연구하기 위해 MEF 세포 격리

In breast tumorigenesis, the metastatic stage of the disease poses the greatest threat to the affected individual. Normal breast cells with altered ...

Evaluation of Lung Metastasis in Mouse Mammary Tumor Models by Quantitative Real-time PCR

정량 실시간 PCR에 의해 마우스 유방 종양 모델에서 폐 전이의 평가

Metastatic disease is the spread of malignant tumor cells from the primary cancer site to a distant organ and is the primary cause of cancer associated ...

Precision Cut Lung Slices as an Efficient Tool for Ex vivo Pulmonary Vessel Structure and Contractility Studies

Precision Cut Lung Slices as an Efficient Tool for Ex vivo Pulmonary Vessel Structure and Contractility Studies

정밀 절단 폐 슬라이스는 전 생체 폐 혈관 구조 및 수축 연구를위한 효율적인 도구로

The visualization of murine lung tissue provides valuable structural and cellular information regarding the underlying airway and vasculature. However, ...