Name: analysis of line-1 retrotransposition at the single nucleus level
Uploaded: 2016-04-23T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level at JoVE.com

This work was supported in part by grants from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ES014443 and ES017274) and AstraZeneca to KSR.

注：特に指定のない限り、すべてのステップは室温で実施されるべきです。個々の試薬を準備する方法の詳細については、試薬のセクションを参照してください。 1.ラベリングL1プローブ注：プローブは、化学的またはPCRの標識によって標識することができます。 <ol><li> 化学的標識 <ol><li>臭化エチジウム（0.5μgの/ ml）を追加し?...

<ol>
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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endonuclease-independent+insertion+provides+an+alternative+pathway+for+L1+retrotransposition+in+the+human+genome.">Endonuclease-independent insertion provides an alternative pathway for L1 retrotransposition in the human genome.</a> Nucl Acids Res. 35, 3741-3751 (2007).</li><li>Bojang, P., Roberts, R. A., Anderton, M. J., Ramos, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reprogramming+of+the+HepG2+genome+by+long+interspersed+nuclear+element-1.">Reprogramming of the HepG2 genome by long interspersed nuclear element-1.</a> Mol Oncol. 7, 812-825 (2013).</li><li>Boeke, J. D., Garfinkel, D. J., Styles, C. A., Fink, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ty+elements+transpose+through+an+RNA+intermediate.">Ty elements transpose through an RNA intermediate.</a> Cell. 40, 491-500 (1985).</li><li>Heidmann, T., Heidmann, O., Nicolas, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+indicator+gene+to+demonstrate+intracellular+transposition+of+defective+retroviruses.">An indicator gene to demonstrate intracellular transposition of defective retroviruses.</a> PNAS. 85, 2219-2223 (1988).</li><li>Moran, J. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+frequency+retrotransposition+in+cultured+mammalian+cells.">High frequency retrotransposition in cultured mammalian cells.</a> Cell. 87, 917-927 (1996).</li><li>Bojang, P., Anderton, M. J., Roberts, R. A., Ramos, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=De+novo+LINE-1+retrotransposition+in+HepG2+cells+preferentially+targets+gene+poor+regions+of+chromosome+13.">De novo LINE-1 retrotransposition in HepG2 cells preferentially targets gene poor regions of chromosome 13.</a> Genomics. 104, 96-104 (2014).</li><li>Rozen, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Abundant+gene+conversion+between+arms+of+palindromes+in+human+and+ape+Y+chromosomes.">Abundant gene conversion between arms of palindromes in human and ape Y chromosomes.</a> Nature. 423, 873-876 (2003).</li><li>Graves, J. A., Koina, E., Sankovic, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+the+gene+content+of+human+sex+chromosomes+evolved.">How the gene content of human sex chromosomes evolved.</a> Curr Op Gen Develop. 16, 219-224 (2006).</li><li>Leem, Y. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retrotransposon+Tf1+is+targeted+to+Pol+II+promoters+by+transcription+activators.">Retrotransposon Tf1 is targeted to Pol II promoters by transcription activators.</a> Mol Cell. 30, 98-107 (2008).</li><li>Guo, Y., Levin, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+sequencing+of+retrotransposon+integration+provides+a+saturated+profile+of+target+activity+in+Schizosaccharomyces+pombe.">High-throughput sequencing of retrotransposon integration provides a saturated profile of target activity in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.</a> Genome Res. 20, 239-248 (2010).</li><li>Dai, J., Xie, W., Brady, T. L., Gao, J., Voytas, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphorylation+regulates+integration+of+the+yeast+Ty5+retrotransposon+into+heterochromatin.">Phosphorylation regulates integration of the yeast Ty5 retrotransposon into heterochromatin.</a> Mol Cell. 27, 289-299 (2007).</li><li>McClintock, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+origin+and+behavior+of+mutable+loci+in+maize.">The origin and behavior of mutable loci in maize.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 36, 344-355 (1950).</li><li>Fernandez, L., Torregrosa, L., Segura, V., Bouquet, A., Martinez-Zapater, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transposon-induced+gene+activation+as+a+mechanism+generating+cluster+shape+somatic+variation+in+grapevine.">Transposon-induced gene activation as a mechanism generating cluster shape somatic variation in grapevine.</a> Plant J Cell Mol Biol. 61, 545-557 (2010).</li><li>Garcia-Perez, J. 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このような全ゲノムシーケンシング、逆PCRおよびサザンブロッティングなどの方法論は、L1のレトロ転位を研究するために使用されてきました。これらの方法論は、L1の挿入がゲノム内で発生する場所位置で非常に貴重であるが、それらのすべてのための交絡課題は、シーケンスを再構成するためのインシリコプログラミングの必要性があります。ここで説明するFISH法は?...

人間の長い散在要素-1（ ライン1またはL1）は 、「コピー＆ペースト」レトロ転位機構を介してゲノム内を伝播する自律移動要素です。典型的なヒトL1は 〜6キロバイトの長さであり、プロモーターとして機能5&#39;UTR（非翻訳領域）で構成され、2つのオープンリーディングフレーム（ORF）：L1 -ORF1とL1 -ORF2、およびポリAとの3&#39;UTR 。コイルコイルドメイン、RNA認識モチーフとC末端ドメイン、L1 -ORF2タンパク質はエンドヌクレアーゼを持っていながら、転写酵素およびシステインリッチドメイン1,2,3,4,5リバース ：尾L1 -ORF1タンパク質は、3つの異なるドメインを持っています。 L1 -ORF2はレトロ転位1,2,6-に必要な両方のタンパク質と、酵素活性を提供しつつ、L1 -ORF1は、核酸シャペロン活性を示します。 L1のレトロ転位のサイクルは、L1の5&#39;UTRからの転写で始まります</RNAポリメラーゼII、細胞質への転座、および翻訳によってem&gt;の二シストロン性mRNAを。細胞質では、L1 -ORF1展示どちらかそれは独自のRNAまたはそれがL1 -ORF2p 7とリボ核タンパク質粒子（RNP）を形成するために他のRNA（ すなわち、SINE / SVAS /偽）をパッケージ化し、トランス -結合をパッケージ化シス -結合、 8。 RNPはOHを露出させるために、L1 -ORF2pニックのエンドヌクレアーゼ活性ゲノムDNA（gDNAを）核内に移行-グループ9、それが素数に逆転写酵素によって使用される順番で、3 &#39;末端からDNAにRNAを合成する逆。逆合成の間、DNAの第二鎖は、署名のL1挿入配列（ 例えば 、TTTTAA）と呼ばれる標的部位の重複（TSD）9,10を形成するために充填されている互い違いの休憩を作成するために、オリジナルのニック部位7から20塩基対をニックが入っています。このプロセスは、ターゲットプライム逆転写（TPRT）として知られており、insertiにつながります挿入配列の両端にTSDSとL1 /他のDNAの完全または切断型コピーの上。L1のレトロ転位はまた、いくつかの細胞型11にTPRT状の非相同末端結合を介して媒介されることが示されています。 私たちの研究で採用さL1のレトロ転位ベクターは、非エピソームであるとタグ付けされたL1 -ORF1＆2P組み合わせたCMV-L1-5&#39;UTRプロモーターによって駆動される（ 図1）12から構成されています。この構築物の以前のバージョンでは、酵母とヒトの細胞培養物13,14,15を用いた研究に記載されています。スプライシングおよび統合後ネオマイシンの発現を駆動するために逆方向に配置された3 &#39;末端を有する、ベクターの5&#39;および3 &#39;末端に位置する2つの別個のCMVプロモーター。 3 &#39;末端のレトロトランスポジションインジケーターカセットは、L1 -ORFsにネオマイシン遺伝子挿入アンチセンスで構成され、グロブによって半分に分離することによって不活性化さスプライスドナー（SD）およびスプライスさアクセプター（SA）部位（ 図1）とイントロンインチ染色体への組み込みの際に、L1はシストロン性mRNAおよび非アクティブネオマイシンのmRNAから構成されてmRNAを生成するために、共通のプロモーターから転写されます。 RNAプロセシングの間に、グロビンイントロンは完全に機能するネオマイシン遺伝子を復元するために、ネオマイシン遺伝子の外にスプライスされます。ハイブリッドmRNAはシスでRNPにパッケージ化し、それがTPRTを使用して、完全長または切断のいずれかの挿入などゲノムに組み込まれている核内に移行されます。 ここでは、単一の核レベルでのL1 -retrotransposiitionパターンと挿入率を追跡するために、具体的スプライシングされたネオマイシン遺伝子（SNeo）に向けプローブを用いたin situハイブリダイゼーション（FISH） の蛍光を使用する方法について説明します。検出の効率と特異性は、DETにレトロ転位有能と無能な構築物およびプローブを用いて確認しました電気ショック療法SNeoまたはネオマイシンおよびイントロン接合部16をグロビン。この方法論は、このような複数の挿入、コロニー抵抗、良好なクローンの拡大などの細胞培養ベースのレトロ転位アッセイの欠点のいくつかを占めます。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Labeling Probes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Go Tag DNA polymerase</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>M3178</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GO Tag 10X colorless buffer</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>M3178</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Individual dNTP</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>DNTP10</td>
			<td>Adjust the concentration of dATP, dGTP, dCTP to 2mM and dTTP to 1.5mM&#160; in nuclease free water.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;dUTP-16-Biotin (0.5mM)</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11093070910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dUTP-FITC (0.5mM)</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>R0101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dUTP-CY3 (0.5mM)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>GEPA53022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MIRUS FISH Labeling Kit</td>
			<td>MIRUS</td>
			<td>MIR3625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MIRUS FISH Labeling Kit</td>
			<td>MIRUS</td>
			<td>MIR3225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NucleoSpin PCR Clean-Up kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>1410/0030</td>
			<td>Any PCR clean reagent can be used in place of NucleoSpin PCR Clean Up Kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCR Machine</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any Thermocycler machine can be used to amplify the label product.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A9539</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Preparing chromosome Spreads.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Colcemid&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td>15212-012</td>
			<td>Add Colcemid directly to growth media&#160; to a final concentration of 0.4 &#181;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1M KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P9541</td>
			<td>Dilute 1M KCl solution to 75 mM solution to make Hypotonic Solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carnoy Fixative Solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mix 3 volumes of methanol and 1 volume of acetic acid to make Carnoy Fixative Solution. Make Fresh everytime.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>322415</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>320099</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst-33342</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>62249</td>
			<td>Dissolve Hoechst-33342 in PBS to final concentration of 1 mg/mL.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diamond Point Marker</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Frosted Slides</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>2951-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td>R001100</td>
			<td>To detech cells, incubate cell in Trypsin for 5 mins and inactive with equal volume of complete media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover slides&#160;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>48366067</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coplin Jars</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>107</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Heat Block</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any heat block can be used for this purpose, though blocks fitted for heating slides are recommended.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Beaker (600ml)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>CLS1003600</td>
			<td>Fill the beaker with water, heat to boil, use the hot steam to burst chromosomes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nikon Microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>125690</td>
			<td>Any microscope can be used to look at spread quality.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagents and Materials for FISH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trisodium citrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S1804</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chroride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S3014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formamide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F9037</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween-20</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F1379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Detran Sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D8906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SDS</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L3771</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Salmon Sperm DNA</td>
			<td>Life Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td>15632-011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A8531</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HCl (N)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>38283</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl Alcohol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>459844</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>322415</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS</td>
			<td>Life Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td>14190-250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaOH</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S8045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rnase A</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>R4642</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pepsin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P6887</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst-33342</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>62249</td>
			<td>Dissolve Hoechst-33342 in PBS to final concentration of 1 mg/mL.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber Cement/Cytobond Sealant&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2020-00-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Seven Coplin Jars</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>107</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160; Dark Humidified chamber</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>CLS2551</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover slides&#160;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>48366067</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dry Digital Heat Block</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>13259</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Fluorescence Microscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20X Saline-Sodium Citrate (20X SSC)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Combine 175 g of NaCl, and 88.2 g of trisodium citrate with 800 mL of molecular grade H2O. Stir while adjusting to pH 7. Once the all salts dissolve, adjust the volume to 1 L and filter through 0.22 &#181;m Filter paper. Store at 4 &#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;1mg/mL of Rnase A</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dilute 20X SSC buffer to 2X SSC buffer. Dissolve RNase A in 2X SSC buffer to a final concentration of 1 mg/mL. Make fresh solution every time.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1% Pepsin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dissolve&#160; pepsin (W/V) in 10 mM HCl to a final concentration of 1 % solution. Make fresh every time.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% Paraformaldehyde (4% PFA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Weigh 4.0 g of PFA in fume hood, add 50 mL of 1xPBS, heat to 60 &#176;C while stirring and adjust the pH with drops of NaOH until all PFA dissolves and the solution becomes clear. Adjust the volume to 100 mL, filter through 0.22 &#181;m Filter paper and store 5 mL aliquots at -20 &#176;C. Thaw aliquot of PFA at 37 &#176;C for 10-15 min for subsequent uses.&#160; Adjust filter size depending on amount of paraformaldehyde.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wash Buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Combine 100 mL of Formamide (20%) with 2.5 mL of 20X SSC, adjust to pH 7 with 1.0 M HCl and bring the volume to 500 mL with molecular grade H2O.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hybridization Buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Combine 50% formamide, 10% dextran sulfate, 0.1% SDS, and 300 ng/mL Salmon Sperm DNA in 2X SSC buffer.&#160; Amount of Formamide determine how focused chromatids are, titrate the amount&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Detection Buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dilute 20X SSC buffer to 4X and add 0.2% Tween-20 to make detection buffer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blocking Buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Combine 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) with 0.2% Tween-20 in 4X SSC buffer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dehydrating Solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Make 70%, 80%, and 95% ethanol solutions.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analysis of line-1 retrotransposition at the single nucleus level

Long interspersed nuclear element-1 (Line-1 or L1) accounts for approximately 17% of the DNA present in the human genome. While the majority of L1s are inactive due to 5' truncations, ~80-100 of these elements remain retrotransposition competent and propagate to different locations throughout the genome via RNA intermediates. While older L1s are believed to target AT rich regions of the genome, the chromosomal targets of newer, more active L1s remain poorly defined. Here we describe fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) methodology that can be used to track patterns of L1 insertion and rates of ectopic L1 incorporation at the single nucleus level. In these experiments, fluorescein isothiocyanate/cyanine-3 (FITC/CY3) labeled neomycin probes were employed to track L1 retrotransposition in vitro in HepG2 cells stably expressing ectopic L1. This methodology prevents errors in the estimation of rates of retrotransposition posed by toxicity and account for the occurrence of multiple insertions into a single nucleus.

L1のレトロ転位ベクターの模式図を図1に示されている。ベクターは、センス配向でグロビンイントロンによって中断され、SDおよびSA部位により挟まれているL1のORFに対してアンチセンス配向のネオマイシン遺伝子から成ります。安定して染色体に組み込まれた場合、L1 mRNAが組み合わさCMVおよびL1-5&#39;UTRプロモーター（ 図1）</str...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level at JoVE.com

Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level

単核レベルでのLINE-1レトロ転位の分析

ここでは、安定的に合成LINE-1を発現したHepG2細胞株の染色体スプレッドの単核レベルでのLINE-1レトロ転位を追跡するためにFISH法を採用しています。

Long interspersed nuclear element-1 (Line-1 or L1) accounts for approximately 17% of the DNA present in the human genome. While the majority of L1s are ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Method for Measurement of Viral Fusion Kinetics at the Single Particle Level

単一粒子レベルでのウイルス融合動態の測定法

Membrane fusion is an essential step during entry of enveloped viruses into cells. Conventional fusion assays typically report on a large number of fusion ...

Direct Analysis of Single Cells by Mass Spectrometry at Atmospheric Pressure

大気圧質量分析法による単一細胞の直接分析

Analysis of biochemicals in single cells is important for understanding cell metabolism, cell cycle, adaptation, disease states, etc. Even the same cell ...

Studying Proteolysis of Cyclin B at the Single Cell Level in Whole Cell Populations

全細胞集団の単一細胞レベルでサイクリンBの分解を勉強

Equal distribution of chromosomes between the two daughter cells during cell division is a prerequisite for guaranteeing genetic stability 1. Inaccuracies ...

Efficient Agroinfiltration of Plants for High-level Transient Expression of Recombinant Proteins

組換えタンパク質の高レベルの一過性発現のための植物の効率的なアグロ

Mammalian cell culture is the major platform for commercial production of human vaccines and therapeutic proteins. However, it cannot meet the increasing ...

Analysis of Global RNA Synthesis at the Single Cell Level following Hypoxia

低酸素症後単一細胞レベルでのグローバルのRNA合成の分析

Hypoxia or lowering of the oxygen availability is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. At the molecular level, cells initiate a ...

CUBIC Protocol Visualizes Protein Expression at Single Cell Resolution in Whole Mount Skin Preparations

CUBICプロトコルは、全マウントスキン準備中の単一細胞の解像度でのタンパク質発現を可視化

The skin is essential for our survival. The outer epidermal layer consists of the interfollicular epidermis, which is a stratified squamous epithelium ...

Analysis of Beta-cell Function Using Single-cell Resolution Calcium Imaging in Zebrafish Islets

ゼブラフィッシュ ランゲルハンス島における単一セルの解像度カルシウム イメージングを用いた β-細胞機能の解析

Pancreatic beta-cells respond to increasing blood glucose concentrations by secreting the hormone insulin. The dysfunction of beta-cells leads to ...

Visualizing the Interaction Between the Qdot-labeled Protein and Site-specifically Modified &#955; DNA at the Single Molecule Level

Visualizing the Interaction Between the Qdot-labeled Protein and Site-specifically Modified ÃƒÆ’Ã…Â½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â» DNA at the Single Molecule Level

した Qdot 標識タンパク質と Site-specifically 変更された λ DNA の単一分子レベルでの相互作用の可視化

The fluorescence microscopy&#160;has made great contributions in dissecting the mechanisms of complex biological processes at the single molecule level. ...

Probing mRNA Kinetics in Space and Time in Escherichia coli using Two-Color Single-Molecule Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

Probing mRNA Kinetics in Space and Time in Escherichia coli using Two-Color Single-Molecule Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

Situハイブリダイゼーションにおける2色単分子蛍光を用いた 大腸菌 における空間と時間におけるmRNA運動学の探査

Single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) allows for counting the absolute number of mRNAs in individual cells. Here, we describe an ...