Name: measuring connectivity in the primary visual pathway in human albinism using diffusion tensor imaging and tractography
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Connectivity in the Primary Visual Pathway in Human Albinism Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Tractography at JoVE.com

这项工作是由加拿大自然科学和工程研究理事会（NSERC）的部分支持。作者感谢与会者，里克·汤普森博士，他在招募白化病的患者提供援助，丹尼斯Romanovsky运行一些分析和修改的身影他的帮助，莫妮卡希拉尔奇卡她与示踪她的帮助的知识和建议，乔伊·威廉姆斯在MRI采集和阿曼戈亚尔他的MRI分析的专业知识。

<html>伦理声明：目前的研究研究已获得约克大学，多伦多人参加审查委员会（HPRC）。所有参加了知情同意书。 1.除准备注：11学员OCA，年龄36±4岁（女6）进行比较十个年龄匹配的对照，年龄32±4年（6女）。参与者历史被记录在表1中 。 <ol><li>要求每名参加者填写并签署一份同意书，列出MRI安全准则和成像协议。 </li><li>对于每一个参与者，为...

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改变WM和，更具体地，与对照组相比，预计在白化病的连通减小。因此，在白化病的右半球减小的FA与对照相比，以及在男性患者白化病这里报告的减少连接在与我们的预测一致。性别与半球效果并不完全清楚，虽然健康的大脑研究表明男性的左半球女性相比下降WM复杂30-31可以解释一些在这项研究中观察到的性别和半球相关的差异。雄性白化病减少连接相比雌性白化病可能部分是由于在这...

白化病是一种遗传性疾病，主要特点是在受影响的个人观察到明显的色素减退。它是由遗传突变引起向参与黑色素的合成1的基因。白化病出现在两种主要形式：眼 - 皮肤白化病（OCA），为常染色体隐性性状都呈现眼部和皮肤的功能;和眼白化病（OA），X连锁的性状在男性更普遍，由眼部症状2特征主要。黑色素在视网膜色素上皮细胞（RPE）是中央视觉通路的适当发展是至关重要的。因此，其在没有白化病导致视力障碍，包括怕光，眼球震颤，视力下降及双眼视2-3损失。视力已链接到中心凹的形态，这是在白化病4改变。在人类中，十字交叉的视网膜线沿在于通过凹的nasotemporal边框，从鼻侧视网膜的纤维穿越到另一个半球和从颞侧视网膜同侧延伸。减少视觉功能在白化病的程度已被链接到色素减退的水平。具体地说，色素沉着成反比移位成十字交叉5的线的颞视网膜。如线十字交叉成颞视网膜的移位的结果，视神经纤维的交叉增大-一个共同特点在所有物种3。 对人类的结构的MRI研究已经表明在白化病较窄视神经chiasms与对照组相比，这很可能增加在白化病6-8观察视网膜神经节细胞的交叉的结果。视网膜和视交叉表达轴突指导线索如Eph家族受体和它们的配体9，因此对于错打10个候选点。 与诱发青光眼猴子的一项研究揭示了显著月rease在LGN小清蛋白免疫阳性中继神经元和LGN卷11的数量。这表明LGN大小和脑白质（WM）的轨迹通过或行驶到V1的数量之间的相关性。人类白化病验尸研究还揭示与融合M和P层12小LGN。高分辨率的结构MRI证实在白化病8 LGN量显著减少。两者合计，这些研究结果表明，降低LGN体积可以导致在LGN神经元数量的减少，并依次在LGN和V1之间减少连接。 在人类解剖连通的检查模式已被限制。夹层，示踪剂注入和病变感应是只能用验尸，并通常涉及一个非常小数量的患者侵入性技术。使用碳菁染料的DiI注射以往的研究表明V1和V2（次要的Visual C之间的神经连接ortex）13，以及内醛固定验尸人类大脑14海马复杂。以这种方式标记的纤维被限制为只有几十从注射14的点毫米的距离。弥散张量成像，DTI，是20世纪90年代初，中期开发，以确定纤维束的方向和组织核磁共振检查方式。它是一种非侵入性的方法，允许在活脑大WM通路映射。 DTI是水分子的生物组织15中的扩散敏感。在大脑中，水的扩散是各向异性（不均匀的），由于例如膜和髓鞘的障碍。 WM具有高的扩散各向异性，这意味着扩散大于平行于比垂直于纤维16的方向。 分数各向异性（FA）是描述分子的偏好在各向异性地扩散一个标量。 FA值的范围从0-1，由低到高anisot粘稠（脑脊髓液（CSF）&lt;灰质（GM）的&lt;WM）16。 简化（确定性）和概率纤维跟踪是三维重构路径两种不同的算法。确定性示踪使用线传播的方法，在一个限定的种子区域连接相邻体素。在这种算法中使用两个停止标准是转弯角度和F​​A值。因此，道相邻像素之间的跟踪是不可能在大转弯角度。该算法将因此也前进仅当在FA中的体素超过特定阈值时，限制在邻近灰质，其中各向异性滴准确限定通路的有效性。概率示踪，另一方面，产生描述的体素的概率连接映射到感兴趣（投资回报）的两个区域之间的管道的一部分，因此前进到灰质如V1 17。使用这个应用MRI，重点WM结构像或可被划定，如图以往的研究18-20。 因此，本研究采用扩散数据和跟踪技术，探索性轴索误传对眼膜 - geniculo皮质的连接效果。基于在LGN卷先前报道的降低在人类白化病8，我们预测从LGN纤维凸起为V1也减少（ 图1）。

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		<tr>
			<td>Magnetom Tim Trio 3T MRI</td>
			<td>Siemens (Erlangen, Germany)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FMRIB&#8217;s Software Library (FSL)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FreeSurfer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DSI Studio</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://dsi-studio.labsolver.org</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPSS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measuring connectivity in the primary visual pathway in human albinism using diffusion tensor imaging and tractography

在白化病，同侧突出视网膜神经节细胞（RGC）的数目显著减少。视网膜和视交叉已被提议作为候选场址为错打。因为外侧膝状体（LGN）的数量之间的相关性中继神经元和LGN尺寸已经示出，并且基于在人类白化病LGN卷先前报道的减少，我们建议从LGN纤维凸出到初级视觉皮层（V1）也减少。研究在白化病的视觉系统的结构差异可以提高错误路由和随后的临床应用的机制的理解。扩散的数据和跟踪技术是用于映射或（视辐射）是有用的。这份手稿介绍两种算法或重建，以便在白化病和controls.An MRI扫描仪具有32通道头线圈用于获取结构性扫描大脑比较连通。用1mm的T1加权3D-MPRAGE序列3各向同性体素尺寸是用来产生为V1分割高分辨率图像。多质子密度（PD）加权图像冠收购了左，右LGN定位。弥散张量成像（DTI）扫描，以64扩散方向收购。无论确定性和概率跟踪方法已经运行和相比，具有LGN作为籽面膜和V1作为目标罩。虽然DTI提供空间分辨率相对较差，和OR的精确划定可能是具有挑战性的，由于其纤维密度低，束成像已被证明是有利的无论是在研究和临床。根据道空间统计（TBSS）比对照组患者的白化病透露或在显著降低白质完整性方面。两两比较揭示LGN到V1连接在一个白化病减少显著与对照组相比。比较两个跟踪算法透露常见的结果，加强可靠性的技术。

本节中提供了使用示踪，确定性和概率的两个不同的算法得到的结果的总结。在PD空间LGN卷，其中掩模最初拉伸，以及在该研究中使用的所有其它空间，记录在表2中 ，并LGN跟踪在图 4中示出。这里报告的结果是基于所使用的标准球作为LGN ROI运行。标准LGN量是左，右半球461毫米3在解剖空间（概率运行）两个半球，和292.5毫米<sup...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Connectivity in the Primary Visual Pathway in Human Albinism Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Tractography at JoVE.com

Measuring Connectivity in the Primary Visual Pathway in Human Albinism Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Tractography

这份手稿描述了白质（WM）重建，用于检查白化病和对照组之间视辐射（OR）连接差异确定性和概率算法。虽然概率示踪如下神经纤维的真实过程更加紧密的，确定性的示踪已运行以比较两种技术的可靠性和可重复性。

在人类白化病的初级视途径弥散张量成像和测量束成像连通

In albinism, the number of ipsilaterally projecting retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is significantly reduced. The retina and optic chiasm have been proposed ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Time-lapse Live Imaging of Clonally Related Neural Progenitor Cells in the Developing Zebrafish Forebrain

在发展中国家斑马鱼的前脑的神经祖细胞克隆相关的定时实时成像

Precise patterns of division, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are crucial for proper brain development and function1,2. To ...

科研

神经科学

Co-analysis of Brain Structure and Function using fMRI and Diffusion-weighted Imaging

使用功能磁共振成像和弥散加权成像脑结构与功能分析

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when ...

Diffusion Imaging in the Rat Cervical Spinal Cord

在大鼠颈脊髓弥散成像

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the state of the art approach for assessing the status of the spinal cord noninvasively, and can be used as a ...

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

同时<em&gt;体外</em两个由视网膜&gt;功能测试<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;电图系统

An In vivo electroretinogram (ERG) signal is composed of several overlapping components originating from different retinal cell types, as well as noise ...

Assessing Primary Neurogenesis in Xenopus Embryos Using Immunostaining

Assessing Primary Neurogenesis in Xenopus Embryos Using Immunostaining

评估主要神经再生<em&gt;爪</em&gt;胚胎使用免疫染色

Primary neurogenesis is a dynamic and complex process during embryonic development that sets up the initial layout of the central nervous system. During ...

Analyzing Dendritic Morphology in Columns and Layers

分析树突状形态的列和图层

In many regions of the central nervous systems, such as the fly optic lobes and the vertebrate cortex, synaptic circuits are organized in layers and ...

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

胸腺1-gmcmp6 转基因小鼠在原代体血源皮质中的成像神经活性

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in ...

Analyzing Neural Activity and Connectivity Using Intracranial EEG Data with SPM Software

利用 SPM 软件分析颅内脑电图数据的神经活动和连接性

Measuring neural activity and connectivity associated with cognitive functions at high spatial and temporal resolutions is an important goal in cognitive ...

Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Chronic Spinal Cord Compression

扩散张量磁共振成像在慢性脊髓压迫中的应用

Chronic spinal cord compression is the most common cause of spinal cord impairment in patients with nontraumatic spinal cord damage. Conventional magnetic ...