Name: fabrication and characterization of superconducting resonators
Uploaded: 2016-05-21T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators at JoVE.com

The authors acknowledge funding support from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)&#39;s ROSES and APRA programs. GC also acknowledges the Universities Space Research Association for administering his appointment at NASA.

1. Microstrip Line Resonator Fabrication14 (Figure&#160;3)
<ol>
	<li>Clean a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer, which has a 0.45-&#181;m-thick silicon device layer, with freshly mixed H2SO4:H2O2 (3:1) for 10 min. Then rinse the wafer in deionized water for 10 min and dry with a nitrogen gun. Immediately prior to subsequently processing, dip the wafer in H2O:HF (10:1) for 10 sec and rinse in deionized water for 5 min.</li>
	<li>Fabricate a lift-off mask, w...

<ol>
	<li>Monfardini, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+N&#233;el+IRAM+KID+Arrays+(NIKA).">The N&#233;el IRAM KID Arrays (NIKA).</a> J. Low Temp. Phys. 167 (5-6), 834-839 (2012).</li><li>Schlaerth, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Status+of+Music:+A+Multicolor+Sub/millimeter+MKID+Instrument.">The Status of Music: A Multicolor Sub/millimeter MKID Instrument.</a> J. Low Temp. Phys. 167 (3-4), 347-353 (2012).</li><li>Swenson, L. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MAKO:+a+pathfinder+instrument+for+on-sky+demonstration+of+low-cost+350+micron+imaging+arrays.">MAKO: a pathfinder instrument for on-sky demonstration of low-cost 350 micron imaging arrays.</a> Proc. SPIE. 8452, 84520P (2012).</li><li>Mazin, B. A., Bumble, B., Meeker, S. R., O'Brien, K., McHugh, S., Langman, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+superconducting+focal+plane+array+for+ultraviolet,+optical,+and+near-infrared+astrophysics.">A superconducting focal plane array for ultraviolet, optical, and near-infrared astrophysics.</a> Opt. Express. 20 (2), 1503-1511 (2012).</li><li>Mazin, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors. , (2005).</li><li>McHugh, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+readout+for+large+arrays+of+Microwave+Kinetic+Inductance+Detectors.">A readout for large arrays of Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors.</a> Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83 (4), 044702 (2012).</li><li>Mazin, B. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ARCONS:+A+2024+Pixel+Optical+through+Near-IR+Cryogenic+Imaging+Spectrophotometer.">ARCONS: A 2024 Pixel Optical through Near-IR Cryogenic Imaging Spectrophotometer.</a> Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 123 (933), 1348-1361 (2013).</li><li>Zmuidzinas, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Superconducting+Microresonators:+Physics+and+Applications.">Superconducting Microresonators: Physics and Applications.</a> Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. 3, 169-214 (2012).</li><li>Vijay, R., Slichter, D. H., Siddiqi, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Observation+of+Quantum+Jumps+in+a+Superconducting.">Observation of Quantum Jumps in a Superconducting.</a> Artificial Atom. Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 (11), 110502 (2011).</li><li>Krupka, J., Derzakowski, K., Tobar, M., Hartnett, J., Geyer, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complex+permittivity+of+some+ultralow+loss+dielectric+crystals+at+cryogenic+temperatures.">Complex permittivity of some ultralow loss dielectric crystals at cryogenic temperatures.</a> Meas. Sci. Technology. 10 (5), 387-392 (1999).</li><li>Cataldo, G., Wollack, E. J., Barrentine, E. M., Brown, A. D., Moseley, S. H., U-Yen, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+and+calibration+techniques+for+superconducting+resonators.">Analysis and calibration techniques for superconducting resonators.</a> Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86 (1), 013103 (2015).</li><li>Russell, D., Cleary, K., Reeves, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cryogenic+probe+station+for+on-wafer+characterization+of+electrical+devices.">Cryogenic probe station for on-wafer characterization of electrical devices.</a> Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83 (4), 044703 (2012).</li><li>Ranzani, L., Spietz, L., Popovic, Z., Aumentado, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-port+microwave+calibration+at+millikelvin+temperatures.">Two-port microwave calibration at millikelvin temperatures.</a> Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84 (3), 034704 (2013).</li><li>Patel, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+of+MKIDS+for+the+MicroSpec+Spectrometer.">Fabrication of MKIDS for the MicroSpec Spectrometer.</a> IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 23 (3), 2400404 (2013).</li><li>Brown, A., Patel, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-Precision+Thin+Film+Metal+Liftoff+Technique.">High-Precision Thin Film Metal Liftoff Technique.</a> , (2015).</li><li>Laermer, F., Schlip, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+of+anisotropically+etching+silicon.">Method of anisotropically etching silicon.</a> , (1996).</li><li>Chen, D., Wang, Q., Shen, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+broadband+microstrip-to-CPW+transition.">A broadband microstrip-to-CPW transition.</a> APMC 2005. Asian-Pac. Conf. Proc. 2 (4), (2005).</li><li>Fano, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sullo+spettro+di+assorbimento+dei+gas+nobili+presso+il+limite+dello+spettro+d'arco.">Sullo spettro di assorbimento dei gas nobili presso il limite dello spettro d'arco.</a> Il Nuovo Cimento. 12 (3), 154-161 (1935).</li><li>Fano, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+Configuration+Interaction+on+Intensities+and+Phase+Shifts.">Effects of Configuration Interaction on Intensities and Phase Shifts.</a> Phys. Rev. 124 (6), 1866-1878 (1961).</li><li>Marquezini, M. V., Kner, P., Bar-Ad, S., Tignon, J., Chemla, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Density+dependence+of+the+spectral+dielectric+function+across+a+Fano+resonance.">Density dependence of the spectral dielectric function across a Fano resonance.</a> Phys. Rev. B. 57 (7), 3745-3748 (1998).</li><li>Singh, R., Al-Naib, I., Cao, W., Rockstuhl, C., Koch, M., Zhang, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Fano+Resonance+in+Symmetry+Broken+Terahertz+Metamaterials.">The Fano Resonance in Symmetry Broken Terahertz Metamaterials.</a> IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. 3 (6), 820-826 (2013).</li><li>Giannini, V., Francescano, Y., Amrania, H., Phillips, C. C., Maier, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fano+Resonances+in+Nanoscale+Plasmonic+Systems:+A+Parameter-Free+Modeling+Approach.">Fano Resonances in Nanoscale Plasmonic Systems: A Parameter-Free Modeling Approach.</a> Nano Lett. 11 (7), 2835-2840 (2011).</li><li>O'Connell, A. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microwave+Dielectric+Loss+at+Single+Photon+Energies+and+Millikelvin+Temperatures.">Microwave Dielectric Loss at Single Photon Energies and Millikelvin Temperatures.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 (11), 112903 (2008).</li><li>Weber, S. J., Murch, K. W., Slichter, D. H., Vijay, R., Siddiqi, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+Crystal+Silicon+Capacitor+with+Low+Microwave+Loss+in+the+Single+Photon+Regime.">Single Crystal Silicon Capacitor with Low Microwave Loss in the Single Photon Regime.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 98 (17), 172510 (2011).</li><li>Cataldo, G., Hsieh, W. T., Huang, W. C., Moseley, S. H., Stevenson, T. R., Wollack, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micro-Spec:+an+ultracompact,+high-sensitivity+spectrometer+for+far-infrared+and+submillimeter+astronomy.">Micro-Spec: an ultracompact, high-sensitivity spectrometer for far-infrared and submillimeter astronomy.</a> Appl. Opt. 53 (6), 1094-1102 (2014).</li></ol>

The single-flip fabrication process provides a means for realizing superconducting resonators on both sides of a thin 0.45-&#181;m single-crystal Si substrate. One may be motivated to use a single-crystal Si dielectric because it has more than an order of magnitude lower loss than deposited dielectrics (such as Si3N4) with loss tangents in the 4.0-6.5-GHz range &#60; 1 x 10-5. 23-24 The ability to pattern features on both sides of this substrate allows one to employ a microstri...

Advances in astrophysical instrumentation have recently introduced superconducting microwave resonators for the detection of infrared light.1-4 A superconducting resonator will respond to infrared radiation of energy E = hv &#62; 2&#916; (where h is Planck&#39;s constant, v is the radiation frequency and &#916; is the superconducting gap energy). When the resonator is cooled to a temperature well below the superconductor critical temperature, this incident radiation breaks Cooper pairs in the resonator volume and generates quasiparticle excitations. The increase in the density of quasiparticle excitations changes the kinetic inductance, and thus the complex surface impedance of the superconductor. This optical response is observed as a shift in the resonance frequency to lower frequency and a reduction in the quality factor of the resonator. In the canonical read-out scheme for a microwave kinetic inductance detector (MKID), the resonator is coupled to a microwave feedline and one monitors the complex transmission through this feedline at a single microwave frequency tone on resonance. Here, the optical response is observed as a change in both the amplitude and phase of transmission5 (Figure 1). Frequency-domain multiplexing schemes are capable of reading out arrays of thousands of resonators.6-7
To successfully design and implement superconducting-resonator-based instrumentation, the properties of these resonant structures need to be characterized accurately and efficiently. For example, precision measurements of the noise properties, quality factors Q, resonance frequencies (including their temperature dependence) and optical response properties of superconducting resonators are desired in the context of MKID device physics,8 quantum computing,9 and the determination of low-temperature materials properties.10
In all of these cases, the measurement of the circuit&#39;s complex transmission scattering parameters is desired. This work concentrates on the determination of the resonator&#39;s complex transmission coefficient, S21, whose amplitude and phase can be measured with a vector network analyzer (VNA). Ideally, the VNA reference plane (or test port) would be directly connected to the device under test (DUT), but a cryogenic setting normally requires the use of additional transmission line structures to realize a thermal break between RT (~300 K) and the cold stage (~0.3 K in this work; see Figure 2). Additional microwave components such as directional couplers, circulators, isolators, amplifiers, attenuators, and associated interconnecting cables may be needed to appropriately prepare, excite, read out and bias the device of interest. The phase velocities and dimensions of these components vary when cooling from room to cryogenic temperatures, and therefore they affect the observed response at the device calibration plane. These intervening components between the instrument and the device calibration plane influence the complex gain and need to be appropriately accounted for in the interpretation of the measured response.11
In theory, a scheme is needed that sets the measurement reference plane, identical to the one employed during calibration, at the DUT. To reach this target, one could measure the calibration standards over multiple cool-downs; however, this poses constraints on the stability of the VNA and the repeatability of the cryogenic instrument, which are difficult to attain. To mitigate these concerns, one could place the necessary standards in the cooled test environment and switch between them. This is, for example, similar to what is found in microwave probe stations, where the sample and calibration standards are cooled to 4 K by a continuous liquid helium flow or a closed-cycle refrigeration system.12 This method was demonstrated at sub-kelvin temperatures but requires a low-power, high-performance microwave switch in the test band of interest.13
An in-situ calibration procedure is therefore desired which accounts for the instrumental transmission response between the VNA reference plane and the device calibration plane (Figure 2) and which overcomes the limitations of the methods described above. This cryogenic calibration method, presented and discussed in detail in Cataldo et al.11, allows one to characterize multiple resonators over a frequency range wide compared to the resonator line width and inter-resonator spacing with an accuracy of ~1%. This paper will focus on the details of the sample fabrication and preparation processes, experimental test set-up and measurement procedures used to characterize superconducting microwave resonators with planar line geometries.11

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="715">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Microposit S-1811 Photoresist</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Shipley</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">BCB</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Dow</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:201px;">3022-35</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:45px;width:216px;">SOI wafers</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">SOITec</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Fabricated with SmartCutTM process</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Mo</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Kamis</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:201px;">99.99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Nb</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Kamis</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:201px;">99.95% (excludes Ta)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">E-6 metal etch w/AES</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Fujifilm</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:201px;">CPG Grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">JT Baker</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">9005-05</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">CMOS Grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">HF dip (1:10)</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">JT Baker</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">5397-03</td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PMMA</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Microchem</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:201px;">950 PMMA A2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">GE 7031</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">General Electric</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Low-temperature adhesive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cryogenic Microwave Amplifier</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">MITEQ</td>
			<td>AF S3-02000400-08-CR-4</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">2-4 GHz, gain ~30dB</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">NbTi Semi-rigid SMA cables</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Coax. Co.</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">SC-086/50-NbTi-NbTi</td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Circulator</td>
			<td>PamTech</td>
			<td>CTD1229K</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">return loss &#62; -20 dB from 2-4 GHz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RF attenuator</td>
			<td>Weinschel</td>
			<td>Model-4M</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">7 dB attenuation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Flexible SMA cables</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Teledyne-Storm</td>
			<td>R94-240</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">ACCU-TEST</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Vector Network Analyzer</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Agilent</td>
			<td>N5242A PNA-X</td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Liquid He-4 cryogen</td>
			<td>Praxair&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">Liquid N2 cryogen</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Praxair&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fabrication and characterization of superconducting resonators

Superconducting microwave resonators are of interest for a wide range of applications, including for their use as microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) for the detection of faint astrophysical signatures, as well as for quantum computing applications and materials characterization. In this paper, procedures are presented for the fabrication and characterization of thin-film superconducting microwave resonators. The fabrication methodology allows for the realization of superconducting transmission-line resonators with features on both sides of an atomically smooth single-crystal silicon dielectric. This work describes the procedure for the installation of resonator devices into a cryogenic microwave testbed and for cool-down below the superconducting transition temperature. The set-up of the cryogenic microwave testbed allows one to do careful measurements of the complex microwave transmission of these resonator devices, enabling the extraction of the properties of the superconducting lines and dielectric substrate (e.g., internal quality factors, loss and kinetic inductance fractions), which are important for device design and performance.

The response of a half-wave Mo2N resonator (Figure 5) fabricated on a 0.45-&#181;m single-crystal silicon dielectric was validated with this methodology. In this instance, coupling to a Nb coplanar waveguide (CPW) feedline for read-out is achieved via capacitive coupling through a sputter-deposited SiO2 dielectric, in the &#34;H&#34; shaped region at one of the open ends of the resonator (see Protocol section 1.6). In other instances, capacitive coup...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators at JoVE.com

Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators

Superconducting microwave resonators are of interest for detection of light, quantum computing applications and materials characterization. This work presents a detailed procedure for fabrication and characterization of superconducting microwave resonator scattering parameters.

Superconducting microwave resonators are of interest for a wide range of applications, including for their use as microwave kinetic inductance detectors ...

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Physics

Engineering

Unit 1

Inductance

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Simulation, Fabrication and Characterization of THz Metamaterial Absorbers

THz Metamaterial Absorbers 시뮬레이션, 제조 및 특성

Metamaterials (MM),  artificial materials engineered to have properties that may not be found in  nature, have been widely explored since the first ...

연구

공학

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities

광자 크리스탈 느린 경 Waveguides 그리고 안의 공간의 제조 및 특성

Slow light has been one of the hot topics in the photonics community in the past decade, generating great interest both from a fundamental point of view ...

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

마이크로 웨이브 포토닉스 시스템 속삭이는 - 갤러리 모드 공진기를 기반으로

Microwave photonics systems rely fundamentally on the interaction between microwave and optical signals. These systems are extremely promising for various ...

Design, Fabrication, and Experimental Characterization of Plasmonic Photoconductive Terahertz Emitters

Plasmonic의 광전 테라 헤르츠 터의 설계, 제작 및 실험 특성

In this video article we present a detailed demonstration of a highly efficient method for generating terahertz waves. Our technique is based on ...

Fabrication and Characterization of Disordered Polymer Optical Fibers for Transverse Anderson Localization of Light

빛의 통과 앤더슨 현지화 무질서 폴리머 광섬유의 제조 및 특성

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. The developed ...

Fabrication and Testing of Microfluidic Optomechanical Oscillators

제작 및 미세 유체 광​​ 기계 발진기의 테스트

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including ...

Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions - Fabrication and Characterization

광학 가포 전환을 통해 패터닝 - 제조 및 특성

This protocol describes the fabrication and characterization of nanostructures using a novel nanolithographic technique called Patterning via Optical ...

Ohmic Contact Fabrication Using a Focused-ion Beam Technique and Electrical Characterization for Layer Semiconductor Nanostructures

오믹 접촉 제조 집중 이온 빔 기술 및 전기 특성 계층 반도체 나노 구조를 위해 사용

Layer semiconductors with easily processed two-dimensional (2D) structures exhibit indirect-to-direct bandgap transitions and superior transistor ...

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

벌크 이종 접합 태양 전지의 인쇄 제작 및<em&gt; 현장에서</em&gt; 형태학 특성

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices ...

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators

Microspherical 위스퍼 링 갤러리 모드 공진기에 자극 스톡스와 Antistokes 라만 산란

Dielectric microspheres can confine light and sound for a length of time through high quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGM). Glass microspheres ...