Name: how to create conditioned taste aversion for grazing ground covers in woody crops with small ruminants
Uploaded: 2016-04-30T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants at JoVE.com

This work is part of a CICYT research project (AGL 2010-22178) of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology. The authors are grateful to Nic Aldam and Kristi Prunty for the English revision of the manuscript.

odunsu bitkileri doğru BTA uyarılması için aşağıda açıklanan protokol (Bellaterra, İspanya) &quot;Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona&quot; hayvan bakım kuralları takip ve koyun ve keçi için Hayvan ve İnsan Deneyleri Etik Komitesi (CEEAH tarafından onaylanmıştır, 770 başvuruyor ve 998 sırasıyla). LiCİ Doz hazırlanması 1. <ol><li> damıtılmış su içinde a / h (ağırlık / hacim) LiCİ çözeltisi% 25 w sağlayın. Alternatif olarak, temiz musluk suyu kullanın. Li...

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	<li>Alonso, A. M., Guzm&#225;n, G. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evoluci&#242;n+comparada+de+la+sostenibilidad+agraria+en+el+olivar+ecol&#242;gico+y+convencional.">Evoluci&#242;n comparada de la sostenibilidad agraria en el olivar ecol&#242;gico y convencional.</a> Agroecol. 1, 63-73 (2006).</li><li>King, A. P., Berry, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vineyard+&#948;15N,+nitrogen+and+water+status+in+perennial+clover+and+bunch+grass+cover+crop+systems+of+California's+central+valley.">Vineyard &#948;15N, nitrogen and water status in perennial clover and bunch grass cover crop systems of California's central valley.</a> Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 109 (3-4), 262-272 (2005).</li><li>Malik, R. K., Green, T. H., Brown, G. 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Hedef besleme, hayvan önce yenen asla ve yeri doldurulamaz bir besin öğesi içermeyen bir bitkidir ise CTA kolayca küçükbaş kurulmuştur. Önceki temas zor söz konusu besleme 7,33 kendi algısını değiştirmek için yapar sürece Hayvanlar toksik olmayan bir besleme ile pozitif post-içmeğe ilişkisi var. LiCl kırıklık veya gastrointestinal rahatsızlık 34 üreten kusturucu sistemini uyarır, çünkü koşul tat kaçınma üretilir. LiCI tüketen hayvanlar, solunum oranları artmış...

Odunsu bitki hatları arasında toprak örtüsünün kullanımı toprak erozyonu ve bozulmasını azaltır ve su, organik karbon ve azot retansiyonu 1-3 artar. Ayrıca, yer örtücü korur ve bitki zararlıları ve bunların doğal düşmanları arasındaki dengeyi destekleyen, biyoçeşitliliği artırır. Çiftçiler zirai ilaç ürünleri uygulamadan veya orak makinesi makinesi ile yabancı otların ortadan kaldırmak eğilimindedir; böylece bitkileri ve yeşil kapak arasında besin rekabeti azaltır. toprak örtüsü denetlemek için bir maliyet etkin bir şekilde küçükbaş otlatma kullanımı olacaktır. Hayvan otlatma ek bir fayda toprak sağlığı ve doğurganlık gelişmedir. Ancak, çiftçilerin nedeniyle genç yaprakları ve filizi tüketerek ekinlere zarar küçükbaş hayvan için bu uygulamayı hayata isteksizdir. potansiyel ürün zararını önlemek için sürünün ya da sürüye içinde koyun veya keçi koşullandırılmış tat kaçınma (CTA) ikna etmek için yararlıdır. BTA kolayca n kurulmuşturew nedeniyle küçükbaş hayvan doğuştan besleme neophobia davranışı 4,5 ile beslemeleri ve tanıdık yemler olumlu bir ile ilişkili olduğundan değiştirmek veya 6 işlemek için daha zordur durumu &quot;güvenlik öğrendi&quot;. Hayvanlar nedeniyle olumsuz sonrası içmeğe etkisi (koşulsuz uyaran) belirli bir beslemeyi (klimalı uyaran) reddetmek öğrenirler. Hayvan hedef bitki tüketir sonra oral olarak uygulanır; kabul edilebilir ve toksik olmayan bitkiler, lityum klorür (indüktör ajanı LiCİ) doğru CTA tetiklemek için karıştırılabilir. Diğerleri indüktör ajanlar (örn apomorfin, ciclosphosphamide, tiyabendazol) varken, LiCl nedeniyle genel hafif belirtileri ile kemoreseptor tetikleme bölgesi alanının uyarılması ve gastrointestinal sıkıntı 7,8 ile kusturucu sistemi üzerindeki etkisi en güçlü ve en kalıcı CTA gösterdi rahatsızlık. Lityum (Li), üst mide-bağırsak sisteminden absorbe edilir ve toplam vücut suyu alan 9 dağıtılır. hayvanlar can iki gün 7,10,11 gibi kısa bir iyileşme dönemi var. LiCİ bir jelatin kapsül 13,14 ya da bir ıslatma gun 15-17, ağız yolu ile, bir çözelti içinde, gıda 12,13 ile karıştırılarak uygulanabilir. LiCl çözeltisi yakıcı da, ağız ya da yemek borusu yaralanma yok ve tanımlanmıştır. LiCİ daha yüksek dozlar 16,18 ile daha iyi sonuçlar (daha kalıcı CTA) ile vücut ağırlığının her 100 ila 400 mg LiCI / kg (BW) aralığında kullanılır. Bununla birlikte, farklı tür ve ırkların yönelik bilinen bir dozaj etkileri göz önüne alındığında, bazı durumlarda, öldürücü etkisi 400 mg LiCİ / kg vücut ağırlığı başlar. Etkili bir uzun vadede önerilen doz BTA keçiler için 200 mg / kg BW ve koyun 10,17,19 225 mg / kg BW başlar. Li dışkı (6.5 ± 1.3%) ve süt (2.8 ± 0.4%) 11 ardından ağırlıklı olarak idrar (92 ± 4%) üzerinden, ilk 4 gün sonrası idare içinde atılır bu dozajlarda, kullanılan. tamplazmada LiCl tek doz tahmini çekilme süresi sırasıyla koyun ve keçiler için 9 ve 11 gündür. Nedeniyle süt minimal Li atılımı, CTA doğal off-bahar 11,20 emzirme kurulmuş edilemez. Koyunlarda uzun vadeli CTA sebat alternatif yem kaynağı bir sonraki otlatma tek bir LiCl doz ile neredeyse tam bir kaçınma yeniden kurulmakta olan, 14,21 kullanılabilir tüm otlatma mevsimi (3-4 ay) boyunca rapor edilmiştir sezon (9 ay sonra) 14. Ayrıca, 2 ve 3 yıl CTA persistences hedef besleme toksik ama kabul edilebilir bitki 22,23 olan takviye dozları gerek olmadan, mera koşullarında sığırlarda rapor edilmiştir. Hayvan, toksik olmayan bir bitki karşı CTA koruması için alternatif bir besleme dikkate seçeneği kritiktir. Her bir hayvan sindirim di yol açmadan önlenen bitki fazla 10 g tüketirscomfort, CTA 24 tehlikeye girecekti.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="598">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Lithium Chloride PRS</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Panreac</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">141392.1209</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Different amounts of same product can be supplied by the same company.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Labelvage drencher 70 mL</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Labelvage</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">240040</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Similar product can be used (different brand or volume).</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

how to create conditioned taste aversion for grazing ground covers in woody crops with small ruminants

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a learning behavior process where animals are trained to reject certain feed after gastrointestinal discomfort has been produced. Lithium chloride (LiCl) is the preferred agent used in livestock to induce CTA because it specifically stimulates the vomit center. In addition, LiCl is commercially available, and easy to prepare and administer using a drenching gun. Nevertheless, some factors have to be considered to obtain an effective long-lasting CTA, which allows small ruminants to graze during the cropping season. A key aspect is to use animals with no previous contact with the target plant (the plant chosen to be avoided; new feed). Due to their native neophobic feeding behavior, small ruminants can easily associate the negative feedback effects with the new feed, resulting in a strong and persistent CTA. The recommended doses are 200 and 225 mg LiCl/kg body weight (BW) for goats and sheep, respectively. To induce CTA, 100 g of the target plant should be individually offered for at least 30 min, and LiCl administered thereafter if the intake is greater than 10 g. Each time the animal eats the target plant without negative consequences, the CTA becomes weaker. Consequently, to minimize the risk of target plant consumption, it is essential to have sufficient palatable ground cover available. The presence of an alternative feed (of quality and quantity) prevents the accidental consumption of the target plant. A close monitoring of the flock is recommended to remove and re-dose any animal consuming more than 4 bites or 10 g of the target plant. At the beginning of each grazing season, check the CTA status of each animal before moving them to the crop.

Aşağıda açıklanan sonuçlar Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona yürütülen küçükbaş odunsu bitkileri doğru CTA çeşitli çalışmalar ile elde edilmiş olup, önerilen protokol kurmak için kanıt sağlar. keçi ve 200 ve koyunlarda 225 mg LiCİ / kg vücut ağırlığı içinde 175 dozları 200 mg LiCl / kg vücut ağırlığı başarıyla tam tatbik yutmak olmayan iki hayvan hariç olmak üzere, tek bir uygulama i...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants at JoVE.com

How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants

Otlatma Zemin Küçükbaş Hayvan ile Woody Bitkilerinde Kapakları için ne Koúullanmıú tat kaçınma oluşturma

Feeding behavior preferences in livestock can be modified to implement a grazing management plan in woody crops. Here, we present a protocol to show a lithium chloride dose after eating a new plant that induces conditioned taste aversion.

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a learning behavior process where animals are trained to reject certain feed after gastrointestinal discomfort has ...

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