Name: murine prostate micro-dissection and surgical castration
Uploaded: 2016-05-11T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Prostate Micro-dissection and Surgical Castration at JoVE.com

Some of the figures in this manuscript were generously provided by the laboratory of Bart O. Williams. The authors are supported by National Cancer Institute grants U54CA143803, CA163124, CA093900, AND CA143055.

This protocol meets and follows the guidelines set by the Johns Hopkins University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
1. Micro-dissecting a Mouse Prostate
<ol>
	<li>Euthanize the mouse by carbon dioxide asphyxiation or an alternative approved method in accordance with institutional animal care and use guidelines.</li>
	<li>Pin the mouse in a supine position to a dissection board by putting a pin through each of the four paws.</li>
	<li>Spray the abdomen with 70% ethanol.</li>
	<li>Hold the skin of the ...

<ol>
	<li>Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., Jemal, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cancer+statistics.">Cancer statistics.</a> CA Cancer J Clin. 65 (1), 5-29 (2015).</li><li>Roehrborn, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathology+of+benign+prostatic+hyperplasia.">Pathology of benign prostatic hyperplasia.</a> Int J Impot Res. 20 (suppl 3), 11-18 (2008).</li><li>Valkenburg, K. C., Williams, B. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+models+of+prostate+cancer.">Mouse models of prostate cancer.</a> Prostate Cancer. , 895238 (2011).</li><li>Shappell, S. 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S., Labrie, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unique+features+of+the+basal+cells+of+human+prostate+epithelium.">Unique features of the basal cells of human prostate epithelium.</a> Microsc Res Tech. 51 (5), 436-446 (2000).</li><li>Prins, G. S., Huang, L., Birch, L., Pu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+estrogens+in+normal+and+abnormal+development+of+the+prostate+gland.">The role of estrogens in normal and abnormal development of the prostate gland.</a> Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1089, 1-13 (2006).</li><li>Valkenburg, K. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+Wnt/beta-catenin+signaling+in+a+subpopulation+of+murine+prostate+luminal+epithelial+cells+induces+high+grade+prostate+intraepithelial+neoplasia.">Activation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in a subpopulation of murine prostate luminal epithelial cells induces high grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia.</a> Prostate. 74 (15), 1506-1520 (2014).</li><li>Lukacs, R. U., Goldstein, A. S., Lawson, D. A., Cheng, D., Witte, O. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation,+cultivation+and+characterization+of+adult+murine+prostate+stem+cells.">Isolation, cultivation and characterization of adult murine prostate stem cells.</a> Nat Protoc. 5 (4), 702-713 (2010).</li><li>Michiel Sedelaar, J. P., Dalrymple, S. S., Isaacs, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Of+mice+and+men--warning:+intact+versus+castrated+adult+male+mice+as+xenograft+hosts+are+equivalent+to+hypogonadal+versus+abiraterone+treated+aging+human+males,+respectively.">Of mice and men--warning: intact versus castrated adult male mice as xenograft hosts are equivalent to hypogonadal versus abiraterone treated aging human males, respectively.</a> Prostate. 73 (12), 1316-1325 (2013).</li><li>Wang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+luminal+epithelial+stem+cell+that+is+a+cell+of+origin+for+prostate+cancer.">A luminal epithelial stem cell that is a cell of origin for prostate cancer.</a> Nature. 461 (7263), 495-500 (2009).</li><li>Pascal, L. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=5alpha-Reductase+inhibition+coupled+with+short+off+cycles+increases+survival+in+the+LNCaP+xenograft+prostate+tumor+model+on+intermittent+androgen+deprivation+therapy.">5alpha-Reductase inhibition coupled with short off cycles increases survival in the LNCaP xenograft prostate tumor model on intermittent androgen deprivation therapy.</a> J Urol. 193 (4), 1388-1393 (2015).</li><li>Shen, M. M., Abate-Shen, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+genetics+of+prostate+cancer:+new+prospects+for+old+challenges.">Molecular genetics of prostate cancer: new prospects for old challenges.</a> Genes Dev. 24 (18), 1967-2000 (2010).</li></ol>

Prostate micro-dissection allows for lobe-specific experimentation and analysis of the mouse prostate (Figure 1). In genetically engineered mouse models, phenotypes may be seen in one lobe that is not seen in others. Also, for histological analysis, this protocol assures that the maximum amount of pure prostate tissue can be sectioned and stained, without other urogenital tract tissues present in the section. Finally, for single-cell experiments, this protocol allows for isolation of almost pure prostate...

The prostate is the most common site of cancer in men in the US. Nearly 220,000 men each year will be diagnosed with prostate cancer, and approximately 27,000 men will succumb to their disease 1. Men have a 1 in 7 lifetime risk of a prostate cancer diagnosis in the US 1. Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), an age-related noncancerous enlargement of the prostate, is also a widespread condition, affecting over 80% of men over 80 2. As such, the prostate is the focus of considerable research.
Mouse models have been used widely to study diseases of the prostate 3. Overall, the mouse prostate is an excellent representative of the human gland 4, but there are similarities and differences between mouse and human prostate anatomy and physiology 5. In both species, the prostate is located at the base of the bladder, surrounding the urethra. The human prostate gland is a single lobe, split into four zones: central, transition, peripheral, and anterior fibromuscular stroma. In contrast, the mouse prostate consists of three paired lobes at different positions around the urethra: anterior, ventral, and dorsolateral. On a cellular level, the main difference is that the basal cell to luminal cell ratio in human is about 1:1, but it is 1:4 in mice 6. The murine stroma is also different in mice relative to humans &#8211; humans have more extensive smooth muscle, while the muscle layer is much thinner in murine prostate. The proper identification, dissection, and handling of the mouse prostate are essential to mouse prostate research.
Hormone levels drastically affect the development and homeostasis of the prostate gland in both humans and mice. While estrogen seems to play a role in prostate development 7, the most important hormone in the prostate is testosterone. Testosterone is essential for glandular development and maintenance. Following either physical or chemical castration, approximately 90% of the luminal cells in the adult prostate apoptose, and the gland shrinks. If testosterone is reintroduced to an individual under castration conditions, the prostate is able to regenerate itself to full capacity. Testosterone also seems to drive prostate cancer, which is why androgen deprivation therapy is a commonly used therapeutic strategy. However, many prostate cancers become resistant to androgen deprivation. In addition, men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy for treatment of prostate cancer undergo cycles of castrated and regenerated conditions. In the mouse, surgical castration, along with hormonal regeneration of the prostate by reintroducing testosterone, is an important tool with which to study castration resistance and the effects of testosterone cycling on the prostate.
In this article, we will discuss and demonstrate the proper techniques by which to locate and micro-dissect a mouse prostate, as well as to surgically castrate a mouse.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="741">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Surgical tools</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Various</td>
			<td style="width:239px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Formaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F8775</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">OCT medium</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>25608-930</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">Must be placed on dry ice to freeze, and stored at -80C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PBS</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td align="right">10010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Johns Hopkins</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Also available from vendors online</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cautery Pen</td>
			<td>Medline</td>
			<td>ESCT002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Silk suture</td>
			<td>AD Surgical</td>
			<td>M-S330R19</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Surgical Wound Clips</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-9265</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

murine prostate micro-dissection and surgical castration

Mouse models are used extensively to study prostate cancer and other diseases. The mouse is an excellent model with which to study the prostate and has been used as a surrogate for discoveries in human prostate development and disease. Prostate micro-dissection allows consistent study of lobe-specific prostate anatomy, histology, and cellular characteristics in the absence of contamination of other tissues. Testosterone affects prostate development and disease. Androgen deprivation therapy is a common treatment for prostate cancer patients, but many prostate tumors become castration-resistant. Surgical castration of mouse models allows for the study of castration resistance and other facets of hormonal biology on the prostate. This procedure can be coupled with testosterone reintroduction, or hormonal regeneration of the prostate, a powerful method to study stem cell lineages in the prostate. Together, prostate micro-dissection and surgical castration opens up a multitude of opportunities for robust and consistent research of prostate development and disease. This manuscript describes the protocols for prostate micro-dissection and surgical castration in the laboratory mouse.

All six prostate lobes were removed from a mouse via prostate micro-dissection (Figure 1). The complete urogenital tract (UGT) is composed of all prostate lobes, the bladder, seminal vesicles, and the urethra (Figure 1a). The vas deferens attaches to the urethra, but is unnecessary for prostate micro-dissection, and can thus be detached before removal of the UGT by cutting the urethra (Figure 1b-1c). The urogenital tract will remain toget...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Prostate Micro-dissection and Surgical Castration at JoVE.com

Murine Prostate Micro-dissection and Surgical Castration

This manuscript describes the protocols for prostate micro-dissection and surgical castration in the laboratory mouse. We also depict representative results produced by these protocols. Finally, we discuss the advantages and utilization of these protocols.

Mouse models are used extensively to study prostate cancer and other diseases. The mouse is an excellent model with which to study the prostate and has ...

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