Name: preparation of 3d collagen gels and microchannels for the study of 3d interactions in vivo
Uploaded: 2016-05-09T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of 3D Collagen Gels and Microchannels for the Study of 3D Interactions In Vivo at JoVE.com

作者はこの仕事に資金を供給するための助成金番号UO1CA143069、R01CA142833、R01CA114462、RO1CA179556、T32-AG000213-24、およびT32-GM008692-18を承認したいと思います。また、CT-FIRE分析での開発と支援のための遺伝子座のジェレミーBredfeltとユーミン劉を認めます。

1.中和、希釈および3D調査と細胞収縮アッセイのためのコラーゲンソリューションの重合<ol><li>滅菌組織培養フード中で氷上で、コラーゲン（1：1）を中和2×PBS、pH7.4中の滅菌、氷冷100mMのHEPESで、15ミリリットルコニカルチューブ内を。溶液が均一でないと、混合渦巻きが見えなくなるまで、プラスチックピペットを用いて完全に混合します。混合プロセスの間に気泡を導入しないように注意...

<ol>
	<li>Conklin, M. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aligned+collagen+is+a+prognostic+signature+for+survival+in+human+breast+carcinoma.">Aligned collagen is a prognostic signature for survival in human breast carcinoma.</a> Am J Pathol. 178, 1221-1232 (2011).</li><li>Provenzano, P. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Collagen+reorganization+at+the+tumor-stromal+interface+facilitates+local+invasion.">Collagen reorganization at the tumor-stromal interface facilitates local invasion.</a> BMC Med. 4, 38 (2006).</li><li>Riching, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+collagen+alignment+limits+protrusions+to+enhance+breast+cancer+cell+persistence.">3D collagen alignment limits protrusions to enhance breast cancer cell persistence.</a> Biophys J. 107, 2546-2558 (2014).</li><li>Even-Ram, S., Yamada, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+migration+in+3D+matrix.">Cell migration in 3D matrix.</a> Curr Opin Cell Biol. 17, 524-532 (2005).</li><li>Friedl, P., Wolf, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasticity+of+cell+migration:+a+multiscale+tuning+model.">Plasticity of cell migration: a multiscale tuning model.</a> J Cell Biol. 188, 11-19 (2010).</li><li>Petrie, R. J., Gavara, N., Chadwick, R. S., Yamada, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonpolarized+signaling+reveals+two+distinct+modes+of+3D+cell+migration.">Nonpolarized signaling reveals two distinct modes of 3D cell migration.</a> J Cell Biol. 197, 439-455 (2012).</li><li>Cukierman, E., Pankov, R., Yamada, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+interactions+with+three-dimensional+matrices.">Cell interactions with three-dimensional matrices.</a> Curr Opin Cell Biol. 14, 633-639 (2002).</li><li>Wozniak, M. A., Desai, R., Solski, P. A., Der, C. J., Keely, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ROCK-generated+contractility+regulates+breast+epithelial+cell+differentiation+in+response+to+the+physical+properties+of+a+three-dimensional+collagen+matrix.">ROCK-generated contractility regulates breast epithelial cell differentiation in response to the physical properties of a three-dimensional collagen matrix.</a> J Cell Biol. 163, 583-595 (2003).</li><li>Paszek, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tensional+homeostasis+and+the+malignant+phenotype.">Tensional homeostasis and the malignant phenotype.</a> Cancer Cell. 8, 241-254 (2005).</li><li>Provenzano, P. P., Inman, D. R., Eliceiri, K. W., Keely, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Matrix+density-induced+mechanoregulation+of+breast+cell+phenotype,+signaling+and+gene+expression+through+a+FAK-ERK+linkage.">Matrix density-induced mechanoregulation of breast cell phenotype, signaling and gene expression through a FAK-ERK linkage.</a> Oncogene. 28, 4326-4343 (2009).</li><li>Tlsty, T. D., Coussens, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+stroma+and+regulation+of+cancer+development.">Tumor stroma and regulation of cancer development.</a> Annu Rev Pathol. 1, 119-150 (2006).</li><li>Provenzano, P. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Collagen+density+promotes+mammary+tumor+initiation+and+progression.">Collagen density promotes mammary tumor initiation and progression.</a> BMC Med. 6, 11 (2008).</li><li>Provenzano, P. P., Inman, D. R., Eliceiri, K. W., Trier, S. M., Keely, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contact+guidance+mediated+three-dimensional+cell+migration+is+regulated+by+Rho/ROCK-dependent+matrix+reorganization.">Contact guidance mediated three-dimensional cell migration is regulated by Rho/ROCK-dependent matrix reorganization.</a> Biophys J. 95, 5374-5384 (2008).</li><li>Guo, C., Kaufman, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+and+magnetic+field+induced+collagen+alignment.">Flow and magnetic field induced collagen alignment.</a> Biomaterials. 28, 1105-1114 (2007).</li><li>Sung, K. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+3-dimensional+collagen+matrix+polymerization+for+reproducible+human+mammary+fibroblast+cell+culture+in+microfluidic+devices.">Control of 3-dimensional collagen matrix polymerization for reproducible human mammary fibroblast cell culture in microfluidic devices.</a> Biomaterials. 30, 4833-4841 (2009).</li><li>Lee, P., Lin, R., Moon, J., Lee, L. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidic+alignment+of+collagen+fibers+for+in+vitro+cell+culture.">Microfluidic alignment of collagen fibers for in vitro cell culture.</a> Biomed Microdevices. 8, 35-41 (2006).</li><li>Wozniak, M. A., Keely, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+three-dimensional+collagen+gels+to+study+mechanotransduction+in+T47D+breast+epithelial+cells.">Use of three-dimensional collagen gels to study mechanotransduction in T47D breast epithelial cells.</a> Biol Proced Online. 7, 144-161 (2005).</li><li>Gallagher, S., Winston, S. E., Fuller, S. A., Hurrell, J. G., Ausubel, F. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunoblotting+and+immunodetection.">Immunoblotting and immunodetection.</a> Current protocols in molecular biology. , 18 (2008).</li><li>Liu, X., Harada, S., Ausubel, F. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+isolation+from+mammalian+samples.">DNA isolation from mammalian samples.</a> Current protocols in molecular biology. , 14 (2013).</li><li>Roeder, B. A., Kokini, K., Sturgis, J. E., Robinson, J. P., Voytik-Harbin, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tensile+mechanical+properties+of+three-dimensional+type+I+collagen+extracellular+matrices+with+varied+microstructure.">Tensile mechanical properties of three-dimensional type I collagen extracellular matrices with varied microstructure.</a> J Biomech Eng. 124, 214-222 (2002).</li><li>Bredfeldt, J. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computational+segmentation+of+collagen+fibers+from+second-harmonic+generation+images+of+breast+cancer.">Computational segmentation of collagen fibers from second-harmonic generation images of breast cancer.</a> J Biomed Opt. 19, 16007 (2014).</li><li>Bischel, L. L., Beebe, D. J., Sung, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidic+model+of+ductal+carcinoma+in+situ+with+3D,+organotypic+structure.">Microfluidic model of ductal carcinoma in situ with 3D, organotypic structure.</a> BMC Cancer. 15, 12 (2015).</li></ol>

3Dコラーゲンゲルは、細胞がどのように解釈するかを理解し、それらの局所微小環境に対応するため、当社のツールボックスに貴重な追加されています。この原稿は、3Dコラーゲンマトリックス内に細胞を埋め込むための非常に基本的なプロトコルを提供している、かつ再現ランダムまたは整列したコラーゲン繊維とマトリクスを生成します。両方のプロトコルは、異なるコラーゲンアイソ?...

Many cellular processes have been extensively studied in 2 dimensions, thereby forming a collective knowledge of basic cell signaling mechanisms. These studies, however, neglect important cellular cues received from the structural and mechanical properties of the local cellular microenvironment and extracellular matrix (ECM). To better understand how cells interact within a physiological context, it is important to study them in 3-dimensional (3D) assays. The ECM for these 3D assays can either be cell-derived or reconstituted from purified proteins. Regardless of the source of the ECM, 3D matrix assays have proven to be invaluable for understanding how cells navigate and interact within the physiological world. For example, cells grown in 3D matrices display distinct modes of locomotion that depend on the mechanical nature of their surrounding ECM which are not observed in 2D experiments4-6. Moreover, cells cultured in 3D also have fewer and less pronounced stress fibers and focal adhesions than their counterparts grown on hard surfaces such as glass or plastic7. 
The importance of contextual 3D assays is not limited to cell migration, however. Some other cell signaling events can only be investigated through the use of 3D assays. During tissue and cell differentiation, the stiffness of the extracellular environment and ECM provides signals that can influence morphogenic events. For example, mammary epithelial tubulogenesis only occurs in low stiffness 3D matrices, but not in stiff matrices nor on 2D substrata8,9. When cultured within stiff 3D matrices, these same epithelial cells take on an aberrant phenotype with increased proliferation and cell membrane protrusions driven through altered FAK and ERK signaling10. Many other signaling pathways and cellular processes are known to be similarly affected by the stiffness of the local cellular environment, and these signaling cascades highlight the importance of investigating signaling events and cellular phenotype in the context of appropriate local mechanical properties of a 3D ECM. 
Collagen I is a particularly relevant protein to use for in vitro studies as it is the most abundant component of the ECM and is responsible for many of the mechanical properties of the cellular microenvironment. While it was originally thought of as merely a structural protein, its role is now known to be much more complex. Collagen fiber composition, architecture, orientation, density, and stiffness all provide a concentrated milieu of signaling information5. During the progression of certain diseases, such as chronic inflammation and tumorigenesis, the collagen network is dramatically remodeled2,11. More specifically in breast cancers, increased collagen deposition and tissue stiffness accompany and likely contribute to tumor progression. In these early tumors, the stiffened collagen network appears strained and more aligned, such that most of the fibers encapsulate the growing tumor2. As the tumor progresses, the collagen continues to reorganize, and regions of the fibrillar network become orientated perpendicular to the tumor boundary2,12. Perpendicular alignment serves as a prognostic biomarker where these patients have a poorer disease free progression and overall survival1. One explanation for this correlation is that the poor outcomes are a consequence of increased dissemination of tumor cells via persistent cell migration in aligned collagen networks3. 
To understand how cells specifically respond to alignment and organization that is observed in tumor progression, it is necessary to generate both random and aligned 3D collagen matrices for experimentation. There are three basic methodologies to induce alignment within fibrillar networks. The first technique utilizes a strain-inducing device where the collagen between two points is contracted or stretched to generate alignment. Fibers parallel to the axis of force are pulled taut while fibers perpendicular to the axis are compressed and buckled. While strain-induced techniques typically offer superb alignment, this approach requires bulky equipment that is not easily adaptable to many platforms3,13. Alternatively, cell-induced strain can be created by placing localized plugs of cells that subsequently contract and align the collagen13. This method has the problem of being variable, as many parameters may be subject to change. The second method utilizes magnetic beads and a magnetic field during polymerization to induce collagen alignment13,14. Good results can be obtained from this method with unsophisticated equipment, but it does require the use of antibodies or some other method to magnetize the polymer. Therefore, it can be somewhat expensive to use, and the stiffness of the collagen gel is potentially modified by the increased connections in the network. Moreover, the magnetic beads used in this process are often autofluorescent, which is problematic for imaging experiments. Lastly, alignment can be generated by PDMS microfluidic channels3,15,16. In this method, collagen alignment is achieved by flowing polymerizing collagen through small microfluidic channels. These microfluidic channels can be made in a multitude of designs, and are easily adaptable to many platforms. Moreover, they are very economical as very small quantities of collagen and other reagents are used due to their diminutive sizes.
Provided here is a simple protocol for embedding cells within a 3-dimensional, fibrillar collagen hydrogel. In addition, a more advanced technique, wherein PDMS microfluidic channels are used to control the organization and alignment of the collagen matrix is also provided. This protocol is readily adaptable to many platforms, and can reproducibly generate both aligned and random collagen matrices for investigation of cell migration, cell division, and other cellular processes in a 3-dimensional, physiological microenvironment.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="687">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:247px;">High Concentration Rat tail Collagen</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">354249</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">SylGard184 elastomer kit</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NC9285739</td>
			<td>Elastomer for PDMS channels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP310</td>
			<td>For HEPES neutralization buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">KCl&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP366</td>
			<td>For HEPES neutralization buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:247px;">KH2PO4</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP362</td>
			<td>For HEPES neutralization buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:247px;">Na2HPO4</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S374</td>
			<td>For HEPES neutralization buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP358</td>
			<td>For HEPES neutralization buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:247px;">Levy Improved Neubauer Hemacytometer</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15170-208</td>
			<td>cell counting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">6-well non-tissue culture plate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">351146</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">50 mm glass bottom dish</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">MatTek</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P50g-1.5-30-f</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Bel-Art Plastic Vacuum Desiccator</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Bel-Art</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F4200-2021</td>
			<td>Degassing chamber for PDMS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">transparency film&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">3M</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">pp2950</td>
			<td>Plastic film for pouring pdms channels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:247px;">ThermoScientific CimaRec</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">ThermoScientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HP141925</td>
			<td>Hot plate for curing PDMS microchannels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:247px;">Vacuum regulator</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Precision Medical</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PM3100</td>
			<td>Vacuum regulator for collagen microchannels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:247px;">8&#34; X 8&#34; rubber sheet&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Amazon - Rubber-Cal</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Silicone - 60A&#160;</td>
			<td>rubber sheet for pouring PDMS microchannel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:247px;">8&#34; X 8&#34; X .125&#34; acrylic sheet</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Amazon&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Plexiglass sheets</td>
			<td>for pouring PDMS microchannels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">10 lb weights</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Amazon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CAP Barbell</td>
			<td>for pouring PDMS microchannels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">15 ml Conical tubes</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">352097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">50 ml Conical tubes</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">352098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:247px;">Plastic pipets</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Dot Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">229202B, 229206B, and 667225B</td>
			<td>2ml, 5ml, and 25ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">70%EtOH</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NC9663244</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation of 3d collagen gels and microchannels for the study of 3d interactions in vivo

Historically, most cellular processes have been studied in only 2 dimensions. While these studies have been informative about general cell signaling mechanisms, they neglect important cellular cues received from the structural and mechanical properties of the local microenvironment and extracellular matrix (ECM). To understand how cells interact within a physiological ECM, it is important to study them in the context of 3 dimensional assays. Cell migration, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation are only a few processes that have been shown to be impacted by local changes in the mechanical properties of a 3-dimensional ECM. Collagen I, a core fibrillar component of the ECM, is more than a simple structural element of a tissue. Under normal conditions, mechanical cues from the collagen network direct morphogenesis and maintain cellular structures. In diseased microenvironments, such as the tumor microenvironment, the collagen network is often dramatically remodeled, demonstrating altered composition, enhanced deposition and altered fiber organization. In breast cancer, the degree of fiber alignment is important, as an increase in aligned fibers perpendicular to the tumor boundary has been correlated to poorer patient prognosis1. Aligned collagen matrices result in increased dissemination of tumor cells via persistent migration2,3. The following is a simple protocol for embedding cells within a 3-dimensional, fibrillar collagen hydrogel. This protocol is readily adaptable to many platforms, and can reproducibly generate both aligned and random collagen matrices for investigation of cell migration, cell division, and other cellular processes in a tunable, 3-dimensional, physiological microenvironment.

3Dアッセイは、コラーゲンゲルの同じ剛性内で行うことができるが、ゲルの剛性を変化させることは、細胞がそれらの細胞の微小環境における機械的な変化に応答する方法を決定するために使用することができます。堅いコラーゲンハイドロゲルは、埋め込まれた細胞が局所的に周囲のコラーゲンを収縮することができないゲルとして定義されています。異なる細胞?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of 3D Collagen Gels and Microchannels for the Study of 3D Interactions In Vivo at JoVE.com

Preparation of 3D Collagen Gels and Microchannels for the Study of 3D Interactions In Vivo

コラーゲンは、ECMのコアコンポーネントであり、移行からの分化・増殖に至るまで、いくつかの細胞プロセスに不可欠な手がかりを提供します。 3Dコラーゲンハイドロゲル内の細胞を埋め込むためのプロトコル、およびPDMSマイクロチャネルを使用して、ランダム化または整列コラーゲンマトリックスを生成するための、より高度な技術がここに提供します。

3D相互作用の研究のための3Dコラーゲンゲルおよびマイクロチャネルの作製<em&gt;インビボ</em

Historically, most cellular processes have been studied in only 2 dimensions.  While these studies have been informative about general cell signaling ...

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Bioengineering

Preparation of 3D Collagen Gels and Microchannels for the Study of 3D Interactions In Vivo

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変性コラーゲンストランドを画像化する<em&gt;インビボ</em&gt;と<em&gt;生体外</em&gt;リテーナ入りコラーゲン模倣ペプチド写真·トリガブリダイゼーション経由

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The importance of cell migration can be seen through the development of human life. When cells migrate, they generate forces and transfer these forces to ...

Engineered 3D Silk-collagen-based Model of Polarized Neural Tissue

偏神経組織のエンジニア3Dシルクコラーゲンベースモデル

Despite huge efforts to decipher the anatomy, composition and function of the brain, it remains the least understood organ of the human body. To gain a ...

Micropatterning and Assembly of 3D Microvessels

微細と3D微小血管の組立

In vitro platforms to study endothelial cells and vascular biology are largely limited to 2D endothelial cell culture, flow chambers with polymer or glass ...

Bioprinting of Cartilage and Skin Tissue Analogs Utilizing a Novel Passive Mixing Unit Technique for Bioink Precellularization

軟骨と皮膚組織類縁ミキシング ユニット Bioink Precellularization の小説のパッシブ バイオプリンティング

Bioprinting is a powerful technique for the rapid and reproducible fabrication of constructs for tissue engineering applications. In this study, both ...

Rigid Embedding of Fixed and Stained, Whole, Millimeter-Scale Specimens for Section-free 3D Histology by Micro-Computed Tomography

剛体の埋め込み固定し、ステンド グラス、全体、マイクロ コンピューター断層撮影によってセクション-無料の 3 D の組織学のためのミリ波スケール標本

For over a hundred years, the histological study of tissues has been the gold standard for medical diagnosis because histology allows all cell types in ...

Standardized and Scalable Assay to Study Perfused 3D Angiogenic Sprouting of iPSC-derived Endothelial Cells In Vitro

iPSC由来内皮細胞の浸透した3D血管新生発芽をインビトロで研究するための標準化およびスケーラブルなアッセイ

Pre-clinical drug research of vascular diseases requires in vitro models of vasculature that are amendable to high-throughput screening. However, current ...

Preparation and Characterization of Graphene-Based 3D Biohybrid Hydrogel Bioink for Peripheral Neuroengineering

末梢神経工学のためのグラフェンベースの3Dバイオハイブリッドヒドロゲルバイオインクの調製と特性評価

Peripheral neuropathies can occur as a result of axonal damage, and occasionally due to demyelinating diseases. Peripheral nerve damage is a global ...