Name: whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in brain slices
Uploaded: 2016-06-15T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices at JoVE.com

这项研究是由德克萨斯大学西南启动资金（SK）的支持。

所有实验均按照由UT西南机构动物护理和使用委员会批准的方案进行，并且被选择，以最小化应力，不适，疼痛由实验动物经历。 1.解决方案注：事先准备好微管内部的解决方案。对于最基本的实验目的，两种解决方案应该足够了：CS +的和K +的解决方案。 <ol><li>使用铯+的解决方案（ 例如 ，铯+葡萄糖液，见材料 ），电压钳实验。?...

<ol>
	<li>Neher, E., Sakmann, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-channel+currents+recorded+from+membrane+of+denervated+frog+muscle+fibres.">Single-channel currents recorded from membrane of denervated frog muscle fibres.</a> Nature. 260 (5554), 799-802 (1976).</li><li>Sakmann, B., Neher, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patch+clamp+techniques+for+studying+ionic+channels+in+excitable+membranes.">Patch clamp techniques for studying ionic channels in excitable membranes.</a> Annu Rev Physiol. 46, 455-472 (1984).</li><li>Cahalan, M., Neher, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patch+clamp+techniques:+an+overview.">Patch clamp techniques: an overview.</a> Methods Enzymol. 207, 3-14 (1992).</li><li>Staley, K. J., Otis, T. S., Mody, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membrane+properties+of+dentate+gyrus+granule+cells:+comparison+of+sharp+microelectrode+and+whole-cell+recordings.">Membrane properties of dentate gyrus granule cells: comparison of sharp microelectrode and whole-cell recordings.</a> J Neurophysiol. 67 (5), 1346-1358 (1992).</li><li>Horn, R., Marty, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Muscarinic+activation+of+ionic+currents+measured+by+a+new+whole-cell+recording+method.">Muscarinic activation of ionic currents measured by a new whole-cell recording method.</a> J Gen Physiol. 92 (2), 145-159 (1988).</li><li>Pusch, M., Neher, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rates+of+diffusional+exchange+between+small+cells+and+a+measuring+patch+pipette.">Rates of diffusional exchange between small cells and a measuring patch pipette.</a> Pflugers Arch. 411 (2), 204-211 (1988).</li><li>Kandel, E. R., Dudai, Y., Mayford, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+molecular+and+systems+biology+of+memory.">The molecular and systems biology of memory.</a> Cell. 157 (1), 163-186 (2014).</li><li>Kourrich, S., Bonci, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+5:+Synaptic+and+Neural+plasticity.">Chapter 5: Synaptic and Neural plasticity.</a> Neurobiology of Mental Illness. 4th edn. , (2013).</li><li>Mozzachiodi, R., Byrne, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=More+than+synaptic+plasticity:+role+of+nonsynaptic+plasticity+in+learning+and+memory.">More than synaptic plasticity: role of nonsynaptic plasticity in learning and memory.</a> Trends Neurosci. 33 (1), 17-26 (2010).</li><li>Zhang, W., Linden, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+other+side+of+the+engram:+experience-driven+changes+in+neuronal+intrinsic+excitability.">The other side of the engram: experience-driven changes in neuronal intrinsic excitability.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 4 (11), 885-900 (2003).</li><li>Kourrich, S., Calu, D. J., Bonci, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrinsic+plasticity:+an+emerging+player+in+addiction.">Intrinsic plasticity: an emerging player in addiction.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 16 (3), 173-184 (2015).</li><li>Luscher, C., Malenka, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drug-evoked+synaptic+plasticity+in+addiction:+from+molecular+changes+to+circuit+remodeling.">Drug-evoked synaptic plasticity in addiction: from molecular changes to circuit remodeling.</a> Neuron. 69 (4), 650-663 (2011).</li><li>McEwen, B. S., Morrison, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+brain+on+stress:+vulnerability+and+plasticity+of+the+prefrontal+cortex+over+the+life+course.">The brain on stress: vulnerability and plasticity of the prefrontal cortex over the life course.</a> Neuron. 79 (1), 16-29 (2013).</li><li>Sandi, C., Haller, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stress+and+the+social+brain:+behavioural+effects+and+neurobiological+mechanisms.">Stress and the social brain: behavioural effects and neurobiological mechanisms.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 16 (5), 290-304 (2015).</li><li>Kim, S. J., Linden, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ubiquitous+plasticity+and+memory+storage.">Ubiquitous plasticity and memory storage.</a> Neuron. 56 (4), 582-592 (2007).</li><li>Ganguly, K., Poo, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activity-dependent+neural+plasticity+from+bench+to+bedside.">Activity-dependent neural plasticity from bench to bedside.</a> Neuron. 80 (3), 729-741 (2013).</li><li>Kullmann, D. M., Moreau, A. W., Bakiri, Y., Nicholson, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasticity+of+inhibition.">Plasticity of inhibition.</a> Neuron. 75 (6), 951-962 (2012).</li><li>Bar-Yehuda, D., Korngreen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Space-clamp+problems+when+voltage+clamping+neurons+expressing+voltage-gated+conductances.">Space-clamp problems when voltage clamping neurons expressing voltage-gated conductances.</a> J Neurophysiol. 99 (3), 1127-1136 (2008).</li><li>Williams, S. R., Mitchell, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+measurement+of+somatic+voltage+clamp+errors+in+central+neurons.">Direct measurement of somatic voltage clamp errors in central neurons.</a> Nat Neurosci. 11 (7), 790-798 (2008).</li><li>Neher, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correction+for+liquid+junction+potentials+in+patch+clamp+experiments.">Correction for liquid junction potentials in patch clamp experiments.</a> Methods Enzymol. 207, 123-131 (1992).</li><li>Defelice, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Electrical Properties of Cells-Patch Clamp for Biologists. , (1997).</li><li>Kornreich, B. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+patch+clamp+technique:+principles+and+technical+considerations.">The patch clamp technique: principles and technical considerations.</a> J Vet Cardiol. 9 (1), 25-37 (2007).</li><li>Molleman, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Patch Clamping: An Introductory Guide To Patch Clamp Electrophysiology. , (2003).</li><li>Neher, E., Sakmann, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+patch+clamp+technique.">The patch clamp technique.</a> Sci Am. 266 (3), 44-51 (1992).</li><li>Richerson, G. B., Messer, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+composition+of+experimental+solutions+on+neuronal+survival+during+rat+brain+slicing.">Effect of composition of experimental solutions on neuronal survival during rat brain slicing.</a> Exp Neurol. 131 (1), 133-143 (1995).</li><li>Tanaka, Y., Tanaka, Y., Furuta, T., Yanagawa, Y., Kaneko, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+cutting+solutions+on+the+viability+of+GABAergic+interneurons+in+cerebral+cortical+slices+of+adult+mice.">The effects of cutting solutions on the viability of GABAergic interneurons in cerebral cortical slices of adult mice.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 171 (1), 118-125 (2008).</li><li>Ye, J. H., Zhang, J., Xiao, C., Kong, J. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patch-clamp+studies+in+the+CNS+illustrate+a+simple+new+method+for+obtaining+viable+neurons+in+rat+brain+slices:+glycerol+replacement+of+NaCl+protects+CNS+neurons.">Patch-clamp studies in the CNS illustrate a simple new method for obtaining viable neurons in rat brain slices: glycerol replacement of NaCl protects CNS neurons.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 158 (2), 251-259 (2006).</li><li>Kourrich, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+interaction+between+sigma-1+receptor+and+Kv1.2+shapes+neuronal+and+behavioral+responses+to+cocaine.">Dynamic interaction between sigma-1 receptor and Kv1.2 shapes neuronal and behavioral responses to cocaine.</a> Cell. 152 (1-2), 236-247 (2013).</li><li>Kourrich, S., Klug, J. R., Mayford, M., Thomas, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AMPAR-Independent+Effect+of+Striatal+aCaMKII+Promotes+the+Sensitization+of+Cocaine+Reward.">AMPAR-Independent Effect of Striatal aCaMKII Promotes the Sensitization of Cocaine Reward.</a> J Neurosci. , (2012).</li><li>Kourrich, S., Rothwell, P. E., Klug, J. R., Thomas, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cocaine+experience+controls+bidirectional+synaptic+plasticity+in+the+nucleus+accumbens.">Cocaine experience controls bidirectional synaptic plasticity in the nucleus accumbens.</a> J Neurosci. 27 (30), 7921-7928 (2007).</li><li>Kourrich, S., Thomas, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Similar+neurons,+opposite+adaptations:+psychostimulant+experience+differentially+alters+firing+properties+in+accumbens+core+versus+shell.">Similar neurons, opposite adaptations: psychostimulant experience differentially alters firing properties in accumbens core versus shell.</a> J Neurosci. 29 (39), 12275-12283 (2009).</li><li>Rothwell, P. E., Kourrich, S., Thomas, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+novelty+causes+stress-like+adaptations+at+nucleus+accumbens+synapses:+implications+for+studying+addiction-related+plasticity.">Environmental novelty causes stress-like adaptations at nucleus accumbens synapses: implications for studying addiction-related plasticity.</a> Neuropharmacology. 61 (7), 1152-1159 (2011).</li><li>Rothwell, P. E., Kourrich, S., Thomas, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptic+adaptations+in+the+nucleus+accumbens+caused+by+experiences+linked+to+relapse.">Synaptic adaptations in the nucleus accumbens caused by experiences linked to relapse.</a> Biol Psychiatry. 69 (11), 1124-1126 (2011).</li><li>Koya, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Silent+synapses+in+selectively+activated+nucleus+accumbens+neurons+following+cocaine+sensitization.">Silent synapses in selectively activated nucleus accumbens neurons following cocaine sensitization.</a> Nat Neurosci. 15 (11), 1556-1562 (2012).</li><li>Conrad, K. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formation+of+accumbens+GluR2-lacking+AMPA+receptors+mediates+incubation+of+cocaine+craving.">Formation of accumbens GluR2-lacking AMPA receptors mediates incubation of cocaine craving.</a> Nature. 454 (7200), 118-121 (2008).</li><li>Kruskal, P. B., Jiang, Z., Gao, T., Lieber, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beyond+the+patch+clamp:+nanotechnologies+for+intracellular+recording.">Beyond the patch clamp: nanotechnologies for intracellular recording.</a> Neuron. 86 (1), 21-24 (2015).</li><li>Novak, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanoscale-targeted+patch-clamp+recordings+of+functional+presynaptic+ion+channels.">Nanoscale-targeted patch-clamp recordings of functional presynaptic ion channels.</a> Neuron. 79 (6), 1067-1077 (2013).</li></ol>

这个协议描述了在脑切片的神经元进行全细胞膜片钳实验的基本步骤。然而，该技术的复杂性，电势和敏感性不能完全在本文中描述。这里，我们试图描绘最基本的步骤和强调，必须加以控制以实现成功的和严格全细胞记录的重要参数。对于进一步的理论学习，许多书籍和文章已经在脑片3,21-24并可以以增强细胞活力细化使用25-27的解决方法，发表了两个全细胞膜片钳记录。为了经...

该膜片钳技术，已在70年代末1,2已经开发了一种技术，电，是在活组织研究单个或多个离子通道功能的主要工具。在可以实现不同的贴片的配置，全细胞膜片钳记录允许神经元的主要部分的电行为的研究。传统上，这种技术进行体外或脑切片，新鲜分离的神经元，或者在细胞培养模型3。当在脑切片的神经元进行的，该技术存在几个优点。特别是：（ⅰ）的神经元被记录在相对 ​​保存脑电路，其在一定程度上，并与细胞培养物制剂，提供即生理有关3的环境。这使得早期捕捉，甚至实时监测，即通过任何类型的急性pharmacolog触发细胞和分子事件的iCal操作-不能用在体内条件古典来实现时间分辨率; （二）功能，以视觉识别的脑切片脑区允许高特异性的区域时，3他们表达荧光标记物都为大脑区域的研究和针对特定神经元; （三）进入细胞的细胞内空间通过打开质膜的显著部分（对比与细胞内记录一个尖锐微量刺穿膜）4。反过来，这使得构成内部溶液特定离子的含量或浓度来进行修改，以便分子靶点或细胞机制可以在不同条件下进行研究。例如，在建立全细胞结构，任何具体的药理活性剂（ 例如 ，拮抗剂），人们可以添加到记录微量（膜片吸管）溶液将直接扩散进入细胞质和其putat作用香港专业教育学院细胞内靶没有在相邻小区中改变目标函数。此外，相对于尖锐微量记录，在膜片钳电极的前端的大的开口提供较低的电阻，较少的竞争噪音，并且因此更好的电接入单元4的内部。然而，请注意，在枪头的大开口可能会导致细胞透析和由此细胞内分子机械可能对的是所研究5,6-生物学现象的表达临界的损失。在这种情况下，锋利的电极录音可能更适合。这种类型的记录的需要与细孔比那些用于全细胞记录，从而防止了大多数的细胞内空间和所述内部电极内液之间的离子交换的小得多微量。 任何形式的经验（急性或慢性），包括学习7-10，避免滥用11,1药物2，应力13,14 等 ，可以改变在特定脑区域的神经元功能的各个方面。因为这些改变通常需要时间来制定（数小时至数天），在大脑切片全细胞记录从动物已经历特定体验允许研究人员确定这些变化。基本上，许多（如果不是全部）参与神经元功能（ 例如 ，配体活化的离子通道，电压门控离子通道，神经递质转运蛋白），由此脑电路的活动和行为，可以通过经验来改变（经验依赖性部件可塑性）10,15-17。在神经元水平，大脑回路活动从内在细胞的兴奋性因素（ 如 axosomato枝晶离子通道突触之间的不断互动（ 如谷氨酸传输），并出现了：;钾，K +，钠，钠离子和钙离子，钙离子 ）。在使用whol具体条件电子细胞膜片钳电生理技术，从突触与固有的兴奋性的变化特别始发信号变化可被分离。 在大多数情况下，突触兴奋是使用全细胞电压钳技术进行评估。该记录模式允许离子电流[ 例如 ，由α-氨基-3-羟基-5-甲基-4-异唑酸受体介导的测定（ AMPA受体）和N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体（NMDA受体）通过神经元质膜而保持在一设定的电压的膜电位。在这里，实验者使用含有铯的微量内部解决方案（CS +），K +通道的广泛阻滞剂（关键的内在因素兴奋）。一旦建立全细胞构型的， 对 Cs +的细胞内空间中的扩散将阻止K +通道，从而将允许一个相对有效的空间钳和预发泄对其他测量内在的兴奋性因素的影响。太空钳问题， 即难以电压钳全细胞膜，引起记录不规则形状的细胞（ 如神经元），并具有广阔而复杂的树突18,19特别的神经元时。因为体细胞电压钳很差控制在神经元的树突树电压，正在研究树突电信号的各个方面会扭曲，树枝状距离依赖性的方式。用溶解在细胞外溶液中的药理学工具，如印防己毒素（γ-氨基丁酸A受体拮抗剂）或犬尿烯酸（谷氨酸受体的宽阻断剂）（人工脑脊髓液，ACSF）相结合，这种技术允许谷氨酸的测定受体分别GABA A R介导的电流。 相比之下，固有兴奋性通常评估在电流钳记录模式。相对于电压钳记录，这种记录模式允许在由流经神经元质膜中的离子电流的诱导的膜电位变化的测量。通常情况下，改变在固有兴奋性是通过在能力改变评估神经元来产生动作电位，既要有Na +和K +通道。因此，执行电流钳记录时，微量填充有包含K +，而不是对 Cs +的内部溶液。与阻止谷氨酸和GABA溶解在学联A受体介导的电流药剂相结合，实验设计允许的内在因素（ 如 K +通道），神经元放电的贡献测量没有通过突触兴奋性的潜在变化被污染因素。 本文将介绍基本的必要程序ŤO（i）拟定健康的大脑切片; （ⅱ）实现全细胞结构，和（iii）监测基本参数来评估突触和固有的兴奋性。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="689">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Isolated pulse stimulus generator</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">A.M.P.I</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Master-8</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isolation unit (ISO-Flex)</td>
			<td>A.M.P.I</td>
			<td>ISO-Flex</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Computer controlled Amplifier&#160;</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>Multiclamp 700B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Digital Acquisition system</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>Digidata 1500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>BX-51</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>MPC-200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Chamber and in-line Heater</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>TC-344B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vibratome Slicer</td>
			<td>Leica&#160;</td>
			<td>VT1000 S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micropipette Puller</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>PC-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Imaging Camera</td>
			<td>Q Imaging</td>
			<td>QIClick-F-M-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Narishige pipette puller PC-10</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>PC-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glass capillaries</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>TW150F-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Slice hold-down (harp)</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>64-0255</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Slice Chamber</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>RC-26</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nonmetallic syringe needle</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>MF28G67-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Syringe filters</td>
			<td>Nalgene</td>
			<td>176-0045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glue Gun</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Home Depot</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">various</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gas dispersion tube</td>
			<td>Ace Glass Inc.</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Decapitation scissors</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>100649198</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Scalpel Handle #3</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>500236</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Small straight sharp tips scissors</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>14218</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vessel canulation forceps&#160;</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>500453</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Curved hemostatic forceps</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>501288</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Economy Tweezers #3</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>501976-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Spatula</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14357Q</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Scooping spatula</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-357Q</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Petri dish</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>08-747B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Filter paper</td>
			<td>Lab Depot</td>
			<td>CFP1-110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Solutions</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;"></td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="3" height="21" style="height:21px;">Cs-Gluconate internal solution (pH 7.2&#8211;7.3, 280&#8211;290 mOsm)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">D-gluconic acid 50%&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>G1951</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cesium-OH (CsOH) 50%&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>232041</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaCl, 2.8 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>S7653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HEPES, 20 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>H3375</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EGTA, 0.4 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>E4378</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">tetraethylammonium-Cl, 5 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>T2265</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Na2GTP, 0.3 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>G8877</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MgATP, 2 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>A9187</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="3" height="21" style="height:21px;">K-Gluconate internal solution (pH 7.2&#8211;7.3, 280&#8211;290 mOsm)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">K D-gluconate, 120 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>G4500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">KCl, 20 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>P3911</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HEPES, 10 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>H3375</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EGTA, 0.2 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>E4378</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MgCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>M8266</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Na2GTP, 0.3 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>G8877</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MgATP, 2 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>A9187</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="3" height="21" style="height:21px;">Standard artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF, osmolarity &#8776; 300-310 mOsm)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">KCl, 2.5 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>P3911</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaCl, 119 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>S7653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaH2PO4-H20, 1 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>S9638</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaHCO3, 26.2 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>S8875</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glucose, 11 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>G8270</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MgSO4-7H2O, 1.3 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>230391</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CaCl2-2H20, 2.5 mM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td>C3881</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;">Additional compounds used for solutions preparation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">KOH</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Kynurenic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich/various</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">K3375</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in brain slices

全细胞膜片钳记录是一种电生理技术，可以在神经元的主要部分的电特性的研究。在该构造中，微管是在与细胞膜，从而防止电流的泄漏，从而提供了更精确的离子电流测量，比以前使用的细胞内急剧电极记录方法紧密接触。经典地，全细胞记录，可对神经元在不同类型的制剂，包括细胞培养模型，解离的神经元，在脑切片的神经元进行的，并在完整的麻醉或清醒动物。总之，这项技术已经极大地促进了兴奋细胞的被动和主动生物物理性质的理解。这种技术的主要优点是，它提供了有关如何具体操作（ 例如 ，药理学，实验者诱发塑性）可以改变特定神经元功能或channels实时。此外，质膜显著开口允许内部吸管溶液自由地扩散到细胞质中，提供装置用于将药物， 例如激动剂或特定的细胞内蛋白质的拮抗剂，并且在不改变在相邻小区中其功能操作这些目标。本文将着重于全细胞记录在大脑切片进行神经元，即在相对 ​​保存完好的大脑回路， 即记录的神经元，在生理相关环境的优点做准备。特别是，当与适当的药理学结合，这种技术是一种强大的工具，允许发生以下的任何类型的经验，例如学习，暴露于滥用的药物，和应力具体neuroadaptations鉴定。总之，在脑切片全细胞膜片钳记录提供装置在体外制备持久的变化来测量在神经元功能，在完整的清醒动物已经制定。

温度，即很容易被实验者控制的因素，影响离子通道和受体的生物物理特性，并由此突触后电流（的PSCs）（EPSC和IPSC的）和神经元以引起尖峰的能力的波形。 图3和图4显示温度对神经元放电和效果分别诱发EPSCS（eEPSCs）的斜率。点火模式（ 图3）（ 即 ，等待时间的1 次穗，穗数目，频率，和动作电位波形）被定时和协调...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices at JoVE.com

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices

这个协议描述用于执行全细胞膜片钳记录基本程序步骤。这种技术允许神经元的电行为的研究，并在大脑切片进行时，允许的各种神经元功能从仍在集成在相对保存良好脑电路的神经元的评估。

在脑片全细胞膜片钳记录

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Patch Clamp Recordings in Inner Ear Hair Cells Isolated from Zebrafish

膜片钳记录在内耳毛细胞的分离斑马鱼

Patch  clamp analyses of the voltage-gated channels in sensory hair cells isolated  from a variety of species have been described previously1-4 but this  ...

科研

神经科学

Whole Cell Patch Clamp for Investigating the Mechanisms of Infrared Neural Stimulation

全细胞膜片钳红外神经刺激机制的调查

It has been  demonstrated in recent years that pulsed, infrared laser light can be used to  elicit electrical responses in neural tissue, independent of ...

Patch Clamp Recordings from Embryonic Zebrafish Mauthner Cells

从胚胎斑马鱼的毛特纳细胞膜片钳记录

Mauthner cells (M-cells) are large  reticulospinal neurons located in the hindbrain of teleost fish. They are key  neurons involved in a characteristic ...

A Computer-assisted Multi-electrode Patch-clamp System

计算机辅助多电极膜片钳系统

The patch-clamp technique is today the most  well-established method for recording electrical activity from individual  neurons or their subcellular ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings from Morphologically- and Neurochemically-identified Hippocampal Interneurons

从Morphologically-和确定的Neurochemically海马的interneurons全细胞膜片钳记录

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons play a central role within neuronal circuits of the brain. Interneurons comprise a small subset of the neuronal ...

Paired Whole Cell Recordings in Organotypic Hippocampal Slices

在器官型海马脑片搭配全细胞记录

Pair recordings involve simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling not only direct ...

Electrophysiological and Morphological Characterization of Neuronal Microcircuits in Acute Brain Slices Using Paired Patch-Clamp Recordings

神经微电路急性脑片电生理和形态特征采用配对膜片钳记录

The combination of patch clamp recordings from two (or more) synaptically coupled neurons (paired recordings) in acute brain slice preparations with ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings for Electrophysiological Determination of Ion Selectivity in Channelrhodopsins

全细胞贴片记录用于电泳生理测定通道视紫质中的离子选择性

Over the past decade, channelrhodopsins became indispensable in neuroscientific research where they are used as tools to non-invasively manipulate ...

Application of Automated Image-guided Patch Clamp for the Study of Neurons in Brain Slices

自动图像引导贴片夹在脑切片神经元研究中的应用

Whole-cell patch clamp is the gold-standard method to measure the electrical properties of single cells. However, the in vitro patch clamp remains a ...

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

爪蟾Tectal 神经元全细胞膜片钳记录的制备与协议

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic ...