Name: generation of induced-pluripotent stem cells using fibroblast-like synoviocytes isolated from joints of rheumatoid arthritis patients
Uploaded: 2016-10-16T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Induced-pluripotent Stem Cells Using Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes Isolated from Joints of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the Research Program funded by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (HI13D2188).

Ethics Statement: This study protocol was approved by the institutional review board of The Catholic University of Korea (KC12TISI0861).
1. Synoviocyte Isolation and Expansion
<ol>
	<li>Synoviocyte Isolation
	<ol>
		<li>Sterilize two pairs of surgical scissors and one pair of forceps.</li>
		<li>Transfer the synovial tissue to a 100 mm dish and wash with 5 ml of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 1% penicillin/streptomycin.</li>
		<li>Cut off the yellowish fat tissue and bone residues. Transfer the trimm...

<ol>
	<li>Yu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induced+pluripotent+stem+cell+lines+derived+from+human+somatic+cells.">Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells.</a> Science. 318 (5858), 1917-1920 (2007).</li><li>Takahashi, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+adult+human+fibroblasts+by+defined+factors.">Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors.</a> Cell. 131 (5), 861-872 (2007).</li><li>Takahashi, K., Yamanaka, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+mouse+embryonic+and+adult+fibroblast+cultures+by+defined+factors.">Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors.</a> Cell. 126 (4), 663-676 (2006).</li><li>Zhou, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+urine+samples.">Generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells from urine samples.</a> Nat Protoc. 7 (12), 2080-2089 (2012).</li><li>Haase, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+human+cord+blood.">Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human cord blood.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 5 (4), 434-441 (2009).</li><li>Loh, Y. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+human+blood.">Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human blood.</a> Blood. 113 (22), 5476-5479 (2009).</li><li>Aasen, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+and+rapid+generation+of+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+human+keratinocytes.">Efficient and rapid generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human keratinocytes.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 26 (11), 1276-1284 (2008).</li><li>Scott, D. L., Wolfe, F., Huizinga, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rheumatoid+arthritis.">Rheumatoid arthritis.</a> Lancet. 376 (9746), 1094-1108 (2010).</li><li>Chang, S. K., Gu, Z., Brenner, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibroblast-like+synoviocytes+in+inflammatory+arthritis+pathology:+the+emerging+role+of+cadherin-11.">Fibroblast-like synoviocytes in inflammatory arthritis pathology: the emerging role of cadherin-11.</a> Immunol Rev. 233 (1), 256-266 (2010).</li><li>Bartok, B., Firestein, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibroblast-like+synoviocytes:+key+effector+cells+in+rheumatoid+arthritis.">Fibroblast-like synoviocytes: key effector cells in rheumatoid arthritis.</a> Immunol Rev. 233 (1), 233-255 (2010).</li><li>Lee, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+disease-specific+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+patients+with+rheumatoid+arthritis+and+osteoarthritis.">Generation of disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.</a> Arthritis Res Ther. 16 (1), R41 (2014).</li></ol>

Before the discovery of iPSCs, scientists mainly used ESCs to study stem cell biology and other cell lineages through differentiation. However, ESCs originate from the inner mass of a blastocyst, which is an early-stage embryo. To isolate ESCs, destruction of the blastocyst is inevitable, raising ethical issues that are impossible to overcome. Moreover, although ESCs have stemness characteristics and pluripotency, they cannot be obtained from individuals and are sometimes not an ideal tool for personalized analysis and d...

Pluripotent stem cells are the next-generation platform in various clinical and biological fields. They are a promising tool that can be used in disease modeling, drug screening, and regenerative medical therapy. Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs) were mainly used to study and understand pluripotent cells. However, isolated by the destruction of the human blastocyst, hESCs are associated with several ethical concerns. In 2007, Dr. Shinya Yamanaka and his team reversed the cell programming process and developed stem cells from human adult somatic cells1,2. Therefore, unlike hESCs, induced-Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) can be generated from mature somatic cells, avoiding the ethical hurdles.
Usually, iPSCs are generated by the delivery of four exogenous genes: Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. These Yamanaka factors are originally delivered using lentiviral and retroviral systems. The first iPSCs were derived from mouse somatic cells3. Afterwards, the technique was applied to human dermal fibroblasts1,2. Subsequent studies successfully generated iPSCs from various sources, such as urine4, blood5,6, keratinocytes7, and several other cell types. However, there are some somatic cells that have not been used in reprogramming, and screening of the reprogramming capabilities of various cell types from specific tissues in disease state, is still required.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disease that can strike all joints and lead to autoimmune conditions in other organs. RA affects about 1% of adults in the developed world. It is a rather common disease and its incidence increases each year8. However, RA is hard to identify in the early stages and oncebone destruction occurs there is no treatment that can recover the damage. Moreover, drug efficacy differs from patient to patient, and it is hard to predict the medicine that is required. Therefore, the development of a drug-screening method is needed, and a cell material that can reflect the conditions of RA is required.
Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes (FLSs) are an active cellular participant in the pathogenesis of RA9,10. FLSs exist in the synovial intimal lining between the joint capsule and cavity, which is also referred to as the synovium. By supporting the joint structure and providing nutrients to the surrounding cartilage, FLSs usually play a crucial role in joint function and maintenance. However, FLSs in RA have an invasive phenotype. RA FLSs have a cancer-like phenotype, eventually destroying the surrounding bone by infinite proliferation10. With this unique characteristic, FLSs can be used as a promising material that can reflect the pathobiology of RA. Yet, these cells are rarely produced, and the cell phenotypes alter as the cells go through several passages in in vitro conditions. Therefore, it can be complicated to use RA FLSs as a tool that can represent the patient&#39;s condition.
Theoretically, RA patient-derived iPSCs (RA-iPSCs) can become an ideal tool for drug screening and further research. Generated iPSCs have self-renewal ability and can be maintained and expanded in vitro. With pluripotency, these cells can be differentiated into mature chondrocyte and osteocyte lineages, which can contribute cell material for specific research in RA and other bone-related diseases11.
In this study, we demonstrate how to isolate and expand FLSs from a surgically removed synovium, and how to generate RA-iPSCs from FLSs using lentiviruses containing Yamanaka factors.

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	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>100mm Dish</td>
			<td>TPP</td>
			<td>93100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well Plate</td>
			<td>TPP</td>
			<td>92006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL Cornical Tube</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>50050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL Cornical Tube</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>50015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mL Disposable Pipette</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>7551</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL Disposable Pipette</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>7543</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12-well Plate</td>
			<td>TPP</td>
			<td>92012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FLS Isolation Materials</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical Scissors</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical Forcep</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14190-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11995-073</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicilin Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>16000-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C6885-100MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>54956</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS/1 mM EDTA</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>12604-039</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iPSC Generation Materials</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11885</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solution (100X)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11140-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M3148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polybrene</td>
			<td>Chemicon</td>
			<td>TR-1003-G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicilin Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>P4333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>16000-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14190-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lentivirus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12, HEPES</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11330-057</td>
			<td>iPSC media ingredient (500 mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25080-094</td>
			<td>iPSC media ingredient (Conc.: 543 &#956;g/mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Selenite</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5261</td>
			<td>iPSC media ingredient&#160; (Conc.: 14 ng/mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Transfferin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>T3705</td>
			<td>iPSC media ingredient (Conc.: 10.7 &#956;g/mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Basic FGF2</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>100-18B</td>
			<td>iPSC media ingredient&#160; (Conc.: 100 ng/mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Insulin</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>12585-014</td>
			<td>iPSC media ingredient (Conc.: 20 &#956;g/mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human TGF&#946;1</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>100-21</td>
			<td>iPSC media ingredient (Conc.: 2 ng/mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ascorbic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A8960</td>
			<td>iPSC media ingredient&#160; (Conc.: 64 &#956;g/mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polybrene</td>
			<td>Chemicon</td>
			<td>TR-1003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Butyrate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>B5887</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vitronectin</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A14700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ROCK Inhibitor</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>Y0503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Guality Control Materials</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18 mm Cover Glass</td>
			<td>Superior</td>
			<td>HSU-0111580</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% Paraformaldyhyde</td>
			<td>Tech &#38; Innovation</td>
			<td>BPP-9004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>BIOSESANG</td>
			<td>9002-93-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Vector Lab</td>
			<td>SP-5050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-SSEA4 Antibody</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB4304</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Oct4 Antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>SC9081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-TRA-1-60 Antibody</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB4360</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Sox2 Antibody</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>630801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-TRA-1-81 Antibody</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB4381</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Klf4 Antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab151733</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) antibody</td>
			<td>Molecular Probe</td>
			<td>A11029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 594 goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) antibody</td>
			<td>Molecular Probe</td>
			<td>A11037</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Molecular Probe</td>
			<td>D1306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolong gold antifade reagent</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>P36934</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slide Glass, Coated</td>
			<td>Hyun Il Lab-Mate</td>
			<td>HMA-S9914</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trizol</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15596-018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>366919</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoprypylalcohol</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>109634</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Duksan</td>
			<td>64-17-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RevertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientfic</td>
			<td>K1622</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>i-Taq DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>iNtRON BIOTECH</td>
			<td>25021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UltraPure 10X TBE Buffer</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15581-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>loading star</td>
			<td>Dyne Bio</td>
			<td>A750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>9012-36-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1kb (+) DNA ladder marker</td>
			<td>Enzynomics</td>
			<td>DM003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alkaline Phosphatase</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SCR004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of induced-pluripotent stem cells using fibroblast-like synoviocytes isolated from joints of rheumatoid arthritis patients

Mature somatic cells can be reversed into a pluripotent stem cell-like state using a defined set of reprogramming factors. Numerous studies have generated induced-Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from various somatic cell types by transducing four Yamanaka transcription factors: Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc. The study of iPSCs remains at the cutting edge of biological and clinical research. In particular, patient-specific iPSCs can be used as a pioneering tool for the study of disease pathobiology, since iPSCs can be induced from the tissue of any individual. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease, classified by the destruction of cartilage and bone structure in the joint. Synovial hyperplasia is one of the major reasons or symptoms that lead to these results in RA. Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes (FLSs) are the main component cells in the hyperplastic synovium. FLSs in the joint limitlessly proliferate, eventually invading the adjacent cartilage and bone. Currently, the hyperplastic synovium can be removed only by a surgical procedure. The removed synovium is used for RA research as a material that reflects the inflammatory condition of the joint. As a major player in the pathogenesis of RA, FLSs can be used as a material to generate and investigate the iPSCs of RA patients. In this study, we used the FLSs of a RA patient to generate iPSCs. Using a lentiviral system, we discovered that FLSs can generate RA patient-specific iPSC. The iPSCs generated from FLSs can be further used as a tool to study the pathophysiology of RA in the future.

In this study, we describe a protocol to generate iPSCs from FLSs using a lentiviral system. Figure 1A shows a simple scheme of the FLS isolation protocol. Following surgical removal of the synovium, the tissue was chopped into small pieces using surgical scissors. Collagenase was added to isolate the cells from the clumps of tissue. Cells were incubated for 14 days before further processing. Figure1B shows the morphology of the isolated ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Induced-pluripotent Stem Cells Using Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes Isolated from Joints of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients at JoVE.com

Generation of Induced-pluripotent Stem Cells Using Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes Isolated from Joints of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients

Here we describe a protocol for generating human induced-pluripotent stem cells from patient-derived fibroblast-like synoviocytes, using a lentiviral system without feeder cells.

Mature somatic cells can be reversed into a pluripotent stem cell-like state using a defined set of reprogramming factors. Numerous studies have generated ...

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