Name: clean sampling and analysis of river and estuarine waters for trace metal studies
Uploaded: 2016-07-01T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Clean Sampling and Analysis of River and Estuarine Waters for Trace Metal Studies at JoVE.com

The authors thank Drs. Bobby J. Presley, Robert Tayloy, Paul Boothe, Mr. Bryan Brattin, and Mr. Mike Metcalf for their assistance during the laborious field sampling and lab work for the practical development and application of "clean techniques".

1. 샘플러 준비 <ol><li> 샘플러 <ol><li> 샘플러의 조립 <ol><li> 1.5 m 화학성 실리콘 펌핑 튜브 (OD 0.635 cm)에 4 m 길이 플루오르 에틸렌 프로필렌 (FEP) 튜브 (ID 0.635 cm, OD 0.95 cm 또는 유사한)를 연결합니다. </li><li> 펌핑 튜브에 폴리 프로필렌 Y 커넥터를 삽입하고, 다른 하나의 콘센트 및 (20 cm 펌핑 튜브에 의해) 0.45 μm의 캡슐 필터에 50 cm 펌핑 튜브를 연결합니다. </li><li> 클린 룸 (벤치)에서 호스 그들이 청?...

<ol>
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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Preconcentration Techniques for Trace Elements. , 181-210 (1992).</li><li>Pai, S. -. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pre-concentration+efficiency+of+Chelex-100+resin+for+heavy+metals+in+seawater.+Part+2.+Distribution+of+heavy+metals+on+a+Chelex-100+column+and+optimization+of+the+column+efficiency+by+a+plate+simulation+method.">Pre-concentration efficiency of Chelex-100 resin for heavy metals in seawater. Part 2. Distribution of heavy metals on a Chelex-100 column and optimization of the column efficiency by a plate simulation method.</a> Analytica Chimica Acta. 211, 271-280 (1988).</li><li>Pai, S. -. C., Fang, T. -. H., Chen, C. -. T. A., Jeng, K. -. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+low+contamination+Chelex-100+technique+for+shipboard+pre-concentration+of+heavy+metals+in+seawater.">A low contamination Chelex-100 technique for shipboard pre-concentration of heavy metals in seawater.</a> Marine Chemistry. 29, 295-306 (1990).</li><li>Pai, S. -. C., Whung, P. -. Y., Lai, R. -. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pre-concentration+efficiency+of+Chelex-100+resin+for+heavy+metals+in+seawater.+Part+1.+Effects+of+pH+and+salts+on+the+distribution+ratios+of+heavy+metals.">Pre-concentration efficiency of Chelex-100 resin for heavy metals in seawater. Part 1. Effects of pH and salts on the distribution ratios of heavy metals.</a> Analytica Chimica Acta. 211, 257-270 (1988).</li><li>Salbu, B., Oughton, D. H., Salbu, B., Steinnes, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Trace Elements in Natural Waters. , 41-69 (1995).</li><li>. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Method 1669. Sampling ambient water for trace metals at EPA Water Quality criteria levels Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www3.epa.gov/caddis/pdf/Metals_Sampling_EPA_method_1669.pdf">https://www3.epa.gov/caddis/pdf/Metals_Sampling_EPA_method_1669.pdf</a> (1996)</li><li>Horowitz, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Problems+associated+with+using+filtration+to+define+dissolved+trace+metal+concentrations+in+natural+water+samples.">Problems associated with using filtration to define dissolved trace metal concentrations in natural water samples.</a> Environmental Science and Technology. 30, 954-963 (1996).</li><li>Cortecci, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Geochemistry+of+trace+elements+in+surface+waters+of+the+Arno+River+Basin,+northern+Tuscany,+Italy.">Geochemistry of trace elements in surface waters of the Arno River Basin, northern Tuscany, Italy.</a> Applied Geochemistry. 24 (5), 1005-1022 (2009).</li><li>Markich, S. J., Brown, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relative+importance+of+natural+and+anthropogenic+influences+on+the+fresh+surface+water+chemistry+of+the+Hawkesbury-Nepean+River,+south-eastern+Australia.">Relative importance of natural and anthropogenic influences on the fresh surface water chemistry of the Hawkesbury-Nepean River, south-eastern Australia.</a> The Science of the Total Environment. 217, 201-230 (1998).</li><li>Shafer, M. M., Overdier, J. T., Hurley, J. P., Armstrong, D., Webb, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+dissolved+organic+carbon,+suspended+particles,+and+hydrology+on+the+concentration,+partitioning+and+variability+of+trace+metals+in+two+contrasting+Wisconsin+watersheds+(U.S.A.).">The influence of dissolved organic carbon, suspended particles, and hydrology on the concentration, partitioning and variability of trace metals in two contrasting Wisconsin watersheds (U.S.A.).</a> Chemical Geology. 136, 71-97 (1997).</li><li>Warren, L. A., Haack, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biogeochemical+controls+on+metal+behaviour+in+freshwater+environments.">Biogeochemical controls on metal behaviour in freshwater environments.</a> Earth-Science Reviews. 54, 261-320 (2001).</li><li>Jiann, K. -. T., Santschi, P. H., Presley, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationships+between+geochemical+parameters+(pH,+DOC,+SPM,+EDTA+Concentrations)+and+trace+metal+(Cd,+Co,+Cu,+Fe,+Mn,+Ni,+Pb,+Zn)+concentrations+in+river+waters+of+Texas+(USA).">Relationships between geochemical parameters (pH, DOC, SPM, EDTA Concentrations) and trace metal (Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) concentrations in river waters of Texas (USA).</a> Aquatic Geochemistry. 19 (2), 173-193 (2013).</li><li>Peltzer, E. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+methods+for+the+measurement+of+dissolved+organic+carbon+in+natural+waters.">A comparison of methods for the measurement of dissolved organic carbon in natural waters.</a> Marine Chemistry. 54, 85-96 (1996).</li><li>Nowack, B., Kari, F., Hilger, S. U., Sigg, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+dissolved+and+adsorbed+EDTA+species+in+water+and+sediments+by+HPLC.">Determination of dissolved and adsorbed EDTA species in water and sediments by HPLC.</a> Analytical Chemistry. 68 (3), 561-566 (1996).</li><li>Bergers, P. J. M., de Groot, A. 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자연의 바다에서 신뢰할 수있는 미량 금속의 데이터를 얻기 오염을 감소하는 것을 목표로 샘플 수집, 처리, 전처리 및 분석 중에 강조로 큰 관심을 필요로한다. 농도가 이전에보고 된 것보다 낮은 크기의 주문이 될 수 있다는 것을 발견 지난 20 년에 &quot;깨끗한 기술&quot;을 사용하여 얻은 천연 바다에서 금속 농도를 추적합니다. 미량 금속의 수준을 정확하게 인간과 고등 생물에 유해한 영향을 더 ...

일반적으로 자연수 얻은 몇 가지 미량 금속 결과 샘플 수집, 처리 및 결정 1, 2 중에 적용 부적절한 기술에서 발생하는 이슈로 인해 부정확 할 수 있음을 인식하고있다. 용해 된 미량 금속의 (지표수 3 nM의 범위 서브 나노 미터 단위) 진정한 농도는 이전에 발행 된 값보다 작은 크기의 지금 2 주문이다. 같은 상황은 해양 바다에서 허용 용해 된 미량 금속 농도는 지난 40 년 동안 규모의 수주 감소했다 정도 개선 된 샘플링과 분석 방법이 도입되었습니다로 해양 화학에서 발견되었다. 노력 미량 금속 분석 4-8의 모든 단계에 걸쳐 환원 또는 미량 금속 오염의 제거를 목표로 &quot;클린 기술 &#39;의 개발을 통해 데이터 품질을 향상시키기 위해 이루어지고있다. 주변의 미량 금속의 농도를 결정하기위한수준, 농축 종종 필요합니다. 이온 교환 기술은 일반적으로 8-12 효율적인 농축 적용되었다. 오염이 컨테이너의 벽에서 발생할 수, 용기, 샘플러, 시료 처리 및 저장 및 샘플 보존 및 분석 7,13의 청소. 최근 실시 청소 방법을 사용하는 모든 연구는 자연수에서 미량 금속의 농도는 일반적으로 잘 일상적인 방법 (7)의 검출 한계 이하 나타냅니다. 1990 년대 초 용의자 추적 금속의 데이터를 인식하기 때문에, 깨끗한 방법은 미량 금속 결정 (14)에 대한 미국 EPA (환경 보호국) 가이드 라인에 통합되었습니다 미국 지질 조사국은 15 프로젝트들이 수질 모니터링을 위해 깨끗한 방법을 채택했다. 미량 금속 연구 면도 방법은 견고하고 정확한 데이터베이스를 생성하기 위하여 모든 프로젝트에 이용 될 필요가있다. <p원칙적으로 클래스 = &quot;jove_content은&quot;&gt;, 미량 금속의 결정에 사용되는 물 샘플은 특정 재료와 구성, 기기 분석을 진행하기 전에, 제대로 적절한 용기 및 장치를 사용하여 저장 및 치료의 적절한 샘플링 기어와 수집되어야한다. 입자상 부유물 (SPM)은 샘플 저장 기간 동안 변화를 겪게 물 조성, 물 샘플의 SPM의 신속한 분리를 변경할 수 있기 때문에, 수중 환경에서의 미량 금속 연구하는 것이 일반적이다. 자연수 용존 미량 금속의 농도를 결정하기위한 여과가 필요하고, 인 - 라인 여과 기술이 적절하고 효율적이다. 분포 및 표면 분쇄 물 등의 수계의 미량 금속의 동작은 자연 (예컨대, 풍)와 인위적으로 영향을받을 수있다 (예를 들어, 폐수 폐수) 재 등과 같은 요소뿐만 아니라 다른 환경 조건지역적 지질 학적, 형태, 토지 이용 및 식생, 기후 16-19. 이것은 그러한 부유 입자상 물질의 농도 (SPM), 용해 된 유기 탄소 (DOC), 인위적 리간드 (예, 에틸렌 디아민 테트라 아세트산, EDTA), 염, 산화 환원 전위와 pH가 17-20 등 물리 파라미터의 차이가 발생할 수있다. 따라서, 정확하고 관련 미량 금속 연구는 적절한 미량 금속 분석을위한 시료의 수집뿐만 아니라에 대한 관련 요인 및 매개 변수의 결정을 필요로한다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="782">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">Nitric Acid</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Seastar Chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:129px;"></td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Baseline grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">Ammonium hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Seastar Chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:129px;"></td>
			<td>Baseline grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">Acetic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Seastar Chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:129px;"></td>
			<td>Baseline grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">Nitric Acid</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">J. T. Baker</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">9601-05</td>
			<td>Reagent grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">J. T. Baker</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">9530-33</td>
			<td>Reagent grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Chromatographic columns</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>7311550&#160;</td>
			<td>Poly-Prep</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Column stack caps</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>7311555</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Cap connectors (female luers)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">7318223</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">2-way stopcocks</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>7328102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Cation exchange resin</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1422832&#160;</td>
			<td>Chelex-100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Portable sampler (sampling pump)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Cole Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-07571-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">FEP tube</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Cole Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-06450-07</td>
			<td>6.4 mm I.D., 9.5 mm O.D.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Pumping tube</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Cole Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-06424-24</td>
			<td>6.4 mm I.D. C-Flex</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Capsule filter (0.4 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>WP4HY410F0</td>
			<td>polypropylene casing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">1 L low density polyethylene bottle</td>
			<td>NALGE NUNC INTERNATIONAL</td>
			<td>312088-0032</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">1 L (or 500 ml) FEP bottle</td>
			<td>NALGE NUNC INTERNATIONAL</td>
			<td>381600-0032</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

clean sampling and analysis of river and estuarine waters for trace metal studies

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination control. Developments of some techniques aiming to reduce trace metal contamination in the last couple of decades have resulted in concentrations reported now being orders of magnitude lower than those in the past. These low concentrations often necessitate preconcentration of water samples prior to instrumental analysis of samples. Since contamination can appear in all phases of trace metal analyses, including sample collection (and during preparation of sampling containers), storage and handling, pretreatments, and instrumental analysis, specific care needs to be taken in order to reduce contamination levels at all steps. The effort to develop and utilize "clean techniques" in trace metal studies allows scientists to investigate trace metal distributions and chemical and biological behavior in greater details. This advancement also provides the required accuracy and precision of trace metal data allowing for environmental conditions to be related to trace metal concentrations in aquatic environments.
This protocol that is presented here details needed materials for sample preparation, sample collection, sample pretreatment including preconcentration, and instrumental analysis. By reducing contamination throughout all phases mentioned above for trace metal analysis, much lower detection limits and thus accuracy can be achieved. The effectiveness of "clean techniques" is further demonstrated using low field blanks and good recoveries for standard reference material. The data quality that can be obtained thus enables the assessment of trace metal distributions and their relationships to environmental parameters.

개발 및 &quot;클린 기술&quot;의 사용과, 이제 잘 주변 바다에서 정확한 미량 금속의 농도를 얻기 위해, 물 샘플의 미량 금속이 농축 것이 일반적임을 인식한다. 자연수에서 미량 금속에 대한 대부분의 수질 기준이 낮은 μg의 / L 범위에있는 동안, 낮은 검출 한계는 수생 환경에서의 대기 농도에서 미량 금속에 화학적 및 생물학적 영향을 조사하기 위해 필요하다. <p class="jo...

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Clean Sampling and Analysis of River and Estuarine Waters for Trace Metal Studies

Special care using "clean techniques" is required to properly collect and process water samples for trace metal studies in aquatic environments. A protocol for sampling, processing, and analytical procedures with the aim of obtaining reliable environmental monitoring data and results with high sensitivity for detailed trace metal studies is presented.

클린 샘플링 및 추적 금속 연구 강 하구 바다의 분석

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination ...

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Environment

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