Name: removal of exogenous materials from the outer portion of frozen cores to investigate the ancient biological communities harbored inside
Uploaded: 2016-07-03T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Removal of Exogenous Materials from the Outer Portion of Frozen Cores to Investigate the Ancient Biological Communities Harbored Inside at JoVE.com

This work was funded through the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Basic Research Program Office. Permission for publishing this information has been granted by the Chief of Engineers.

1. apparecchiature Preparazione e Permafrost Collezione Core <ol><li> preparazione attrezzature e la raccolta del campione campo e gli attrezzi di conservazione <ol><li> Assemblare coclea per la raccolta del campione inserendo l&#39;adattatore azionamento nella parte superiore della canna e ruotando la leva per bloccarla in posizione. Pin il tubo adattatore sull&#39;adattatore unità e il perno del motore sul tubo adattatore. Inserire le frese sulla canna. </li><li> Indossare abiti leggeri dovere, guanti di nitrile, e...

<ol>
	<li>Solomon, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. , (2007).</li><li>Marchenko, S., Romanovsky, V., Tipenko, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Numerical+Modeling+of+Spatial+Permafrost+Dynamics+in+Alaska.">Numerical Modeling of Spatial Permafrost Dynamics in Alaska.</a> Proc. Ninth Int. Conferen. Permafr. 29, 1125-1130 (2008).</li><li>Pachauri, R. K., Meyer, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contributions of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. , (2007).</li><li>Osterkamp, T. E., Romanovsky, V. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+warming+and+thawing+of+discontinuous+permafrost+in+Alaska.">Evidence for warming and thawing of discontinuous permafrost in Alaska.</a> Permafr. Periglac. Process. 10 (1), 17-37 (1999).</li><li>Wolken, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+and+implications+of+recent+and+projected+climate+change+in+Alaska's+forest+ecosystems.">Evidence and implications of recent and projected climate change in Alaska's forest ecosystems.</a> Ecosphere. 2 (11), 1-35 (2011).</li><li>Hinzman, L. D., Kane, D. L., Gieck, R. E., Everett, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrologic+and+thermal+properties+of+the+active+layer+in+the+Alaskan+Arctic.">Hydrologic and thermal properties of the active layer in the Alaskan Arctic.</a> Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 19 (2), 95-110 (1991).</li><li>Hinzman, L. D., Goering, D. J., Kane, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+distributed+thermal+model+for+calculating+temperature+profiles+and+depth+of+thaw+in+permafrost+regions.">A distributed thermal model for calculating temperature profiles and depth of thaw in permafrost regions.</a> J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 103 (D22), 28975-28991 (1998).</li><li>Osterkamp, T. E., Jorgenson, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Warming+of+Permafrost+in+the+Arctic+National+Wildlife+Refuge.">Warming of Permafrost in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.</a> Alaska. Permafr. Periglac. Process. 17, 65-69 (2006).</li><li>Petrone, K. C., Jones, J. B., Hinzman, L. D., Boone, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Seasonal+export+of+carbon,+nitrogen,+and+major+solutes+from+Alaskan+catchments+with+discontinuous+permafrost.">Seasonal export of carbon, nitrogen, and major solutes from Alaskan catchments with discontinuous permafrost.</a> J. Geophys. Res. 111, G02020 (2006).</li><li>Guo, L., Ping, C. -. L., Macdonald, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mobilization+pathways+of+organic+carbon+from+permafrost+to+arctic+rivers+in+a+changing+climate.">Mobilization pathways of organic carbon from permafrost to arctic rivers in a changing climate.</a> Geophys. Res. Lett. 34 (13), L13603 (2007).</li><li>Katayama, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phylogenetic+analysis+of+bacteria+preserved+in+a+permafrost+ice+wedge+for+25,000+years.">Phylogenetic analysis of bacteria preserved in a permafrost ice wedge for 25,000 years.</a> Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73 (7), 2360-2363 (2007).</li><li>Katayama, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glaciibacter+superstes+gen.+nov.,+sp.+nov.,+a+novel+member+of+the+family+Microbacteriaceae+isolated+from+a+permafrost+ice+wedge.">Glaciibacter superstes gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Microbacteriaceae isolated from a permafrost ice wedge.</a> Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59, 482-486 (2009).</li><li>Waldrop, M. P., White, R., Douglas, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+identification+of+cold-adapted+fungi+in+the+Fox+Permafrost+Tunnel,+Alaska.">Isolation and identification of cold-adapted fungi in the Fox Permafrost Tunnel, Alaska.</a> Proc. Ninth Int. Conferen. Permafr. , 1887-1891 (2008).</li><li>Douglas, T. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biogeochemical+and+geocryological+characteristics+of+wedge+and+thermokarst-cave+ice+in+the+CRREL+Permafrost+Tunnel.">Biogeochemical and geocryological characteristics of wedge and thermokarst-cave ice in the CRREL Permafrost Tunnel.</a> Alaska Permafr. Periglac. Process. 21 (2), 120-128 (2011).</li><li>Willerslev, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diverse+plant+and+animal+genetic+records+from+Holocene+and+Pleistocene+sediments.">Diverse plant and animal genetic records from Holocene and Pleistocene sediments.</a> Science. 300 (5620), 791-795 (2003).</li><li>Bellemain, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fungal+palaeodiversity+revealed+using+high-throughput+metabarcoding+of+ancient+DNA+from+Arctic+permafrost.">Fungal palaeodiversity revealed using high-throughput metabarcoding of ancient DNA from Arctic permafrost.</a> Environ. Microbiol. 15 (4), 1176-1189 (2013).</li><li>Steven, B., Pollard, W. H., Greer, C. W., Whyte, L. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbial+diversity+and+activity+through+a+permafrost/ground+ice+core+profile+from+the+Canadian+high+Arctic.">Microbial diversity and activity through a permafrost/ground ice core profile from the Canadian high Arctic.</a> Environ. Microbiol. 10 (12), 3388-3403 (2008).</li><li>Lorenzen, E. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Species-specific+responses+of+Late+Quaternary+megafauna+to+climate+and+humans.">Species-specific responses of Late Quaternary megafauna to climate and humans.</a> Nature. 479 (7373), 359-364 (2011).</li><li>Wilhelm, R. C., Radtke, K., Mykytczuk, N. C. S., Greer, C. W., Whyte, L. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Life+at+the+wedge:+The+activity+and+diversity+of+Arctic+ice+wedge+microbial+communities.">Life at the wedge: The activity and diversity of Arctic ice wedge microbial communities.</a> Astrobiol. 12 (4), 347-360 (2012).</li><li>Sheriden, P. P., Miteva, V. I., Brenchley, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phylogenetic+analysis+of+anaerobic+psychrophilic+enrichment+cultures+obtained+from+a+Greenland+glacier+ice+core.">Phylogenetic analysis of anaerobic psychrophilic enrichment cultures obtained from a Greenland glacier ice core.</a> Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69 (4), 2153-2160 (2003).</li><li>Rivkina, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biogeochemistry+of+methane+and+methanogenic+archaea+in+permafrost.">Biogeochemistry of methane and methanogenic archaea in permafrost.</a> FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 61 (1), 1-15 (2007).</li><li>Juck, D. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Utilization+of+fluorescent+microspheres+and+a+green+fluorescent+protein-marked+strain+for+assessment+of+microbiological+contamination+of+permafrost+and+ground+ice+core+samples+from+the+Canadian+High+Arctic.">Utilization of fluorescent microspheres and a green fluorescent protein-marked strain for assessment of microbiological contamination of permafrost and ground ice core samples from the Canadian High Arctic.</a> Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71 (2), 1035-1041 (2005).</li><li>Griffiths, R. I., Whiteley, A. S., O'Donnell, A. G., Bailey, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+method+for+coextraction+of+DNA+and+RNA+from+natural+environments+for+analysis+of+ribosomal+DNA-+and+rRNA-based+microbial+community+composition.">Rapid method for coextraction of DNA and RNA from natural environments for analysis of ribosomal DNA- and rRNA-based microbial community composition.</a> Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66 (12), 5488-5491 (2000).</li><li>T&#246;we, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+protocol+for+the+simultaneous+extraction+and+column-based+separation+of+DNA+and+RNA+from+different+soils.">Improved protocol for the simultaneous extraction and column-based separation of DNA and RNA from different soils.</a> J. Microbiol. Methods. 84 (3), 406-412 (2011).</li><li>Nadkarni, M. A., Martin, F. E., Jacques, N. A., Hunter, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+bacterial+load+by+real-time+PCR+using+a+broad+range+(universal)+probe+and+primers+set.">Determination of bacterial load by real-time PCR using a broad range (universal) probe and primers set.</a> Microbiol. 148, 257-266 (2002).</li><li>Takai, K., Horikoshi, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+detection+and+quantification+of+members+of+the+archaeal+community+by+quantitative+PCR+using+fluorogenic+probes.">Rapid detection and quantification of members of the archaeal community by quantitative PCR using fluorogenic probes.</a> Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66 (11), 5066-5072 (2000).</li><li>Fogel, G. B., Collins, C. R., Brunk, C. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prokaryotic+genome+size+and+SSU+rDNA+copy+number:+Estimation+of+microbial+relative+abundance+from+a+mixed+population.">Prokaryotic genome size and SSU rDNA copy number: Estimation of microbial relative abundance from a mixed population.</a> Microb. Ecol. 38, 93-113 (1999).</li><li>Bodilis, J., Nsigue-Meilo, S., Besaury, L., Quillet, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variable+copy+number,+intra-genomic+heterogeneities+and+later+transfers+of+the+16S+rRNA+gene+in+Pseudomonas.">Variable copy number, intra-genomic heterogeneities and later transfers of the 16S rRNA gene in Pseudomonas.</a> PLOS One. 7, e35647 (2012).</li><li>Caporaso, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=QIIME+allows+analysis+of+high-throughput+community+sequencing+data.">QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data.</a> Nature Methods. 7, 335-336 (2010).</li><li>Sellmann, P. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Geology of the USA CRREL permafrost tunnel, Fairbanks, Alaska. US Army Cold Reg. Res. Eng. Lab. Technical Rep. 199. , (1967).</li><li>Sellmann, P. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Additional information on the geology and properties of materials exposed in the USA CRREL permafrost tunnel. US Army CRREL Special Rep. , (1972).</li><li>Christner, B. C., Mikucki, J. A., Foreman, C. M., Denson, J., Priscu, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glacial+ice+cores:+A+model+system+for+developing+extraterrestrial+decontamination+protocols.">Glacial ice cores: A model system for developing extraterrestrial decontamination protocols.</a> Icarus. 174 (2), 572-584 (2005).</li><li>Mackelprang, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metagenomic+analysis+of+a+permafrost+microbial+community+reveals+a+rapid+response+to+thaw.">Metagenomic analysis of a permafrost microbial community reveals a rapid response to thaw.</a> Nature. 480 (7377), 368-371 (2011).</li><li>Champlot, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+efficient+multistrategy+DNA+decontamination+of+PCR+reagents+for+hyper+sensitive+PCR+applications.">An efficient multistrategy DNA decontamination of PCR reagents for hyper sensitive PCR applications.</a> PLoS One. 5 (9), e13042 (2010).</li><li>Yergeau, E., Hogues, H., Whyte, L. G., Greer, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+functional+potential+of+high+Arctic+permafrost+revealed+by+metagenomic+sequencing,+qPCR,+and+microarray+analyses.">The functional potential of high Arctic permafrost revealed by metagenomic sequencing, qPCR, and microarray analyses.</a> The ISME J. 4 (9), 1206-1214 (2010).</li><li>Welzl, G., Schloter, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+community+structure+in+soils+of+the+Tibetan+Plateau+affected+by+discontinuous+permafrost+or+seasonal+freezing.">Bacterial community structure in soils of the Tibetan Plateau affected by discontinuous permafrost or seasonal freezing.</a> Biol. Fertil. Soils. 50 (3), 555-559 (2014).</li><li>Vishnivetskaya, T. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Commercial+DNA+extraction+kits+impact+observed+microbial+community+composition+in+permafrost+samples.">Commercial DNA extraction kits impact observed microbial community composition in permafrost samples.</a> FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 87 (1), 217-230 (2014).</li><li>Wagner, D., Kobabe, S., Liebner, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+community+structure+and+carbon+turnover+in+permafrost-affected+soils+of+the+Lena+Delta,+northeastern+Siberia.">Bacterial community structure and carbon turnover in permafrost-affected soils of the Lena Delta, northeastern Siberia.</a> Can. J. Microbiol. 55 (1), 73-83 (2009).</li><li>Jiang, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characteristic+microbial+communities+in+the+continuous+permafrost+beside+the+bitumen+in+Qinghai-Tibetan+Plateau.">Characteristic microbial communities in the continuous permafrost beside the bitumen in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.</a> Environ. Earth Sci. 74, 1343-1352 (2015).</li></ol>

La criosfera offre l&#39;accesso a organismi conservati che persiste in condizioni ambientali del passato. Anche se il taxa recuperato non può rappresentare la comunità storica completa, quelli recuperati dalle analisi di campioni di ghiaccio e permafrost glaciali possono produrre preziose informazioni storiche su Select periodi di tempo 15-16. Per esempio, informazioni biologiche significativa è stata elaborata da studi di ghiaccio che studiano l&#39;attività anaerobica nella calotta glaciale della Groen...

La criosfera (ad esempio, permafrost, caratteristiche ghiaccio, neve glaciale, firn e ghiaccio) offre uno sguardo in quali tipi di organismi persistito in condizioni ambientali del passato. Dal momento che questi substrati possono essere decine a centinaia di migliaia di anni, le loro comunità microbiche, quando conservati congelati dal deposito, riflettere antiche condizioni ambientali. Per analizzare in modo appropriato questi ecosistemi ed estrarre informazioni biologiche significative da terreni congelati e ghiaccio, la raccolta corretta e il trattamento dei campioni congelati è necessario. Questo è della massima importanza come proiezioni climatiche per il 21 ° secolo, indicano la possibilità di un riscaldamento accentuato in regioni artiche e subartiche 1. In particolare, Interno dell&#39;Alaska e la Groenlandia sono attesi per riscaldare circa 5 ° C e 7 ° C, rispettivamente, nel 2100 2,3. Questo dovrebbe avere un impatto significativo comunità microbiche acquatiche suolo e, quindi, relativiprocessi biogeochimici. Le temperature più calde e regime delle precipitazioni alterata si prevede di avviare la degradazione del permafrost in molte zone 2-5 che potrebbe condurre ad una più spessa, stagionalmente scongelati (attivo) strato 6,7, lo scongelamento dei terreni congelati, e lo scioglimento dei corpi di ghiaccio enormi, come ghiaccio a terra, cunei di ghiaccio, e la segregazione ghiaccio 8. Questo sarebbe radicalmente modificare gli attributi biogeochimici, oltre alla biodiversità di piante e animali in questi ecosistemi. ghiaccio glaciale e le caratteristiche del permafrost sedimenti e ghiaccio syngenetic hanno intrappolato chimica e prove biologiche di un ambiente che rappresenta ciò che ha vissuto lì al momento le caratteristiche formate. Per esempio, in Alaska interna, sia Illinoisan e Wisconsin età del permafrost sono presenti e questo strato di ghiaccio permanente, in particolare, offre luoghi unici risalenti moderno a 150.000 anni prima del presente (YBP) che contengono prove biologiche e geochimiche del IMPAct dei cambiamenti climatici sulla biodiversità del passato. Come risultato, questi sedimenti forniscono una registrazione della biogeochimica e biodiversità corso di migliaia di anni. Dal momento che la zona ha tassi di sedimentazione bassi e non è mai stato glaciale, campioni indisturbati sono accessibili per la raccolta e l&#39;analisi, sia di perforazione verticalmente nel profilo del suolo o la perforazione orizzontale in galleria. Ancora più importante, i record estesi esistono che soprattutto evidenziare le caratteristiche uniche di biogeochimici del permafrost in questa regione 9-14. In particolare, l&#39;applicazione di analisi del DNA per stimare la presenza e l&#39;entità della biodiversità in entrambi i campioni di ghiaccio e permafrost esistenti e antiche consente esplorazione del legame di antichi condizioni ambientali e habitat per occupazione da organismi specifici. Precedenti studi hanno identificato impatti climatici sui mammiferi, piante e microrganismi da campioni risalenti a 50k YBP 11, 15-19, anche se ogni studio ha usato un differemetodologia nt per raccogliere e decontaminare il permafrost o ghiaccio core. In alcuni casi, i nuclei di perforazione sono state sterilizzate 16, 20-21, anche se la metodologia specifica non ha chiarito se gli acidi nucleici estranei sono stati eliminati anche dai campioni. In altri studi, batteri isolati 15 (ad esempio, Serratia marcescens) e microsfere fluorescenti 22 sono stati utilizzati per misurare l&#39;efficacia delle procedure di decontaminazione. Questo esperimento è stato parte di un più ampio studio indaga le comunità microbiche da campioni permafrost che risalgono a circa 40k YBP. L&#39;obiettivo specifico di questa parte dello studio è stato quello di decontaminare successo di ghiaccio e permafrost core. A nostra conoscenza, metodologia ha integrato l&#39;uso di soluzioni progettate per eliminare gli acidi nucleici estranei e nucleasi associati dalla porzione esterna dei nuclei congelati. Questo nonostante il fatto che queste soluzioni sono commonly utilizzata per decontaminare attrezzature di laboratorio per esperimenti molecolari. Una volta che i nuclei sono stati decontaminati, DNA genomico è stato estratto utilizzando i protocolli sviluppati da Griffiths et al. 23 e Towe et al. 24, quantificato utilizzando uno spettrofotometro, e diluito con acqua sterile, priva di DNA per ottenere 20 ng per reazione. Batteriche 16S rRNA geni sono stati amplificati con i primer 331F e 797R e sonda BacTaq 25 e 16S archeali rRNA geni sono stati amplificati con i primer Arch 349F e Arco 806R e sonda TM Arch 516F 26 alle seguenti condizioni: 95 ° C per 600 secondi seguiti da 45 cicli di 95 ° C per 30 sec, 57 ° C per 60 sec e 72 ° C per 25 sec con estensione finale a 40 ° C per 30 sec. Tutte le reazioni qPCR sono state condotte in duplicato. I 20 volumi di reazione microlitri incluse 20 ng di DNA, 10 mM di primer, 5 mM della sonda, e 10 ml di miscela di reazione qPCR. standard FOr batterico e dell&#39;archea qPCR sono stati preparati utilizzando DNA genomico da Pseudomonas fluorescens e Halobacterium salinarum, rispettivamente. Entrambi sono stati coltivati ​​a fase di login. conteggio delle piastre sono state condotte e il DNA è stato isolato dalle colture. DNA genomico è stato quantificato con uno spettrofotometro con l&#39;assunzione di uno e sei copie del gene 16S rRNA per genoma per H. salinarum e P. fluorescens, rispettivamente, 27-28. numero di copie dei geni batterici e archeali sono stati calcolati sulla base della curva standard, log-trasformati per tenere conto di varianze ineguali tra i trattamenti, e valutati da ANOVA. Composizione della Comunità è stato determinato dal sequenziamento del gene 16S rRNA utilizzando celle di flusso e le tecnologie di amplificazione del ponte e l&#39;analisi delle comunità con &#39;intuizioni quantitativi in ecologia microbica&#39; (QIIME) 29. Avanti e retromarcia legge sono state riunite insieme e poi le sequenze sono stati filtrati, indicizzati,e rappresentanti di alta qualità sono stati selezionati per de novo unità tassonomiche operative (OTU) Assegnazione attraverso l&#39;allineamento di sequenze, con un database di riferimento. sequenze allineate sono stati confrontati con un database di riferimento separata per l&#39;assegnazione tassonomica. Una tabella OTU livello phylum è stato creato per determinare la composizione generale della comunità.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1084">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:439px;">Auger</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Snow, Ice, and Permafrost Research Establishment (SIPRE), Fairbanks, AK</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:185px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">70% Isopropanol</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Walmart</td>
			<td>551116880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">95% Ethyl Alcohol (denatured)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">A407-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DNA decontamination solution, DNA Away</td>
			<td>Molecular Bio-Products, Inc., San Diego, CA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">7010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RNase decontamination solution, RNase Away</td>
			<td>Molecular Bio-Products, Inc., San Diego, CA&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">7002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Light Duty Suits</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Kimberly-Clark Professional, Roswell, GA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">10606</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nitrile Gloves</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">FFS-700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Antiviral Masks</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Curad, Walgreens</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">CUR3845</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile Sample Bags&#160;</td>
			<td>Nasco, Fort Atkinson, WI</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">B01445</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Steel Microtome Blade&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">B-Sharp Microknife, Wake Forest, NC</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Metal Rack</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fabricated at CRREL, Hanover, NH</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Tray</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Handy Paint Products, Chanhassen, MN</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">7500-CC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Aluminum Foil</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Western Plastics, Temecula, CA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">500 ml Bottle with 0.22 &#956;m Filter</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Corning, Corning, NY</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">430513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Serratia marcescens&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">ATCC, Manassas, VA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">17991</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Biosafety Hood</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">NuAire, Plymouth, MN</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">NU-425-400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Petri Dish</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">FB0875712</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ATCC Agar 181- Tryptone</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Acros Organics, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">61184-5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ATCC Agar 181- Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BP381-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ATCC Agar 181- Yeast Extract</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BP1422-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ATCC Agar 181- Dipotassium Phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">JT Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">3252-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ATCC Agar 181- Agar</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Difco, Sparks, MD</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">214530</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">NanoDrop 2000 UV Vis Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific, Wilmington, DE</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:439px;">Lightcycler 480 System</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Roche Molecular Systems, Inc., Indianapolis, IN</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:439px;">Halobacterium salinarum</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Manassas, VA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:439px;">Pseudomonas fluorescens&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Manassas, VA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Microbial DNA Isolation Kit</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">MoBio Laboratories, Carlsbad, CA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">12224-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Ear Protection</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Elvex</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">EP-201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Hard Hat</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Kimwipes</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Kimberly-Clark Professional, Roswell, GA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">34705</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Glass Wool</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Pyrex</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">430330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Ruler</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Weighing Tin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">08-732-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">S-9625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Potassium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">JT Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">3040-04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Potassium phosphate, monobasic</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">JT Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">&#160;3246-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Potassium phosphate, dibasic</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">JT Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ</td>
			<td>3252-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Sodium phosphate dibasic, anhydrous</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BP332-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">50 ml Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Corning, Corning, NY</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">4558</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">2 ml Microcentrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">MoBio Laboratories, Carlsbad, CA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1200-250-T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">2 ml Ceramic Bead Tubes (1.4 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">MoBio Laboratories, Carlsbad, CA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">13113-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Scoopula</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific, Wilmington, DE</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1437520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Balance</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Ohaus, Parsippany, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">E12130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC)</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">D5758</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hexadecyltrimethylammoniabromide (CTAB)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Acros Organics, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">22716-5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Polyethylene glycol 8000&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">P5413-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) (pH 8)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BP1752-400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Eppendorf, Hauppauge, NY</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">5417R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (24:1)</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">C0549-1PT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">TE Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Ambion (Thermo Fisher), Wilmington, DE</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">AM9860</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:439px;">Pipets</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Rainin, Woburn, MA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Pipet Lite XLS, 2, 10, 200, 1nd 1000ul pipets</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:439px;">Pipet tips</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Rainin, Woburn, MA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Rainin LTS presterilized, low retention, filtered tips, 10, 20, 200, 1000ul</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Vortexor</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Scientific Industries, Bohemia, NY</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">G-560</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Vortex Adaptor</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">MoBio Laboratories, Carlsbad, CA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">13000-V1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Clear Bottle</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Corning, Corning, NY</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">C1395500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Amber Bottle</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Corning, Corning, NY</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">C5135250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Bottle Top Filters, 0.22um</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Corning, Corning, NY</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">430513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:439px;">60 mL Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Becton, Dickenson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BD 309653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Millex Syringe filters, 0.22 &#956;m</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">SLGV033RB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">70% Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BP2818-500</td>
			<td>diluted &#38; filter sterilized</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Isotemp 100 L Oven</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">151030511</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Cell Spreader</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">08-100-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Disposable Inoculating Loops</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">22-363-602</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

removal of exogenous materials from the outer portion of frozen cores to investigate the ancient biological communities harbored inside

The cryosphere offers access to preserved organisms that persisted under past environmental conditions. In fact, these frozen materials could reflect conditions over vast time periods and investigation of biological materials harbored inside could provide insight of ancient environments. To appropriately analyze these ecosystems and extract meaningful biological information from frozen soils and ice, proper collection and processing of the frozen samples is necessary. This is especially critical for microbial and DNA analyses since the communities present may be so uniquely different from modern ones. Here, a protocol is presented to successfully collect and decontaminate frozen cores. Both the absence of the colonies used to dope the outer surface and exogenous DNA suggest that we successfully decontaminated the frozen cores and that the microorganisms detected were from the material, rather than contamination from drilling or processing the cores.

Il metodo presentato potrebbe essere utilizzato per decontaminare campioni congelati raccolti da vari ambienti criosfera, dal ghiaccio glaciale al permafrost. Qui vi presentiamo i dati specificamente raccolti da campioni di ghiaccio e permafrost raccolti dalla ricerca di Ingegneria e Centro Sviluppo - Cold Regions Research and Laboratory Engineering (ERDC-CRREL) Permafrost tunnel situato a Fox, AK (Figura 1A e 1B). Il permafrost tunnel si estende a circa...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Removal of Exogenous Materials from the Outer Portion of Frozen Cores to Investigate the Ancient Biological Communities Harbored Inside at JoVE.com

Removal of Exogenous Materials from the Outer Portion of Frozen Cores to Investigate the Ancient Biological Communities Harbored Inside

La criosfera offre l&#39;accesso a organismi conservati che persiste in condizioni ambientali del passato. Un protocollo è presentato per raccogliere e decontaminare nuclei permafrost di suoli e ghiaccio. L&#39;assenza di colonie esogeni e del DNA suggeriscono che i microrganismi rilevate rappresentano il materiale, piuttosto che la contaminazione da perforazione o di trasformazione.

Rimozione di materiali esogene dalla parte esterna della congelati core per Indagare sulla antica comunità biologiche ospitava Dentro

The cryosphere offers access to preserved organisms that persisted under past environmental conditions. In fact, these frozen materials could reflect ...

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Biology

Ecology

Ecosystems

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Microbial Communities in Nature and Laboratory - Interview

Comunità microbica in natura e laboratorio - Intervista

Ricerca

Biologia

Method for the Isolation of Francisella tularensis Outer Membranes

Method for the Isolation of Francisella tularensis Outer Membranes

Metodo per l&#39;isolamento di Francisella tularensis Membrane esterne

Francisella tularensis is a Gram-negative intracellular coccobacillus and the causative agent of the zoonotic disease tularemia. When compared with other ...

A Simple Protocol for Extracting Hemocytes from Wild Caterpillars

Un protocollo semplice per Estrazione emociti da bruchi selvaggi

Insect hemocytes (equivalent to mammalian white blood cells) play an important role in several physiological processes throughout an insect's life cycle ...

A Practical Guide to Phylogenetics for Nonexperts

Una guida pratica per Phylogenetics per i non esperti

Many researchers, across incredibly diverse foci, are applying phylogenetics to their research question(s). However, many researchers are new to this ...

Fundamental Technical Elements of Freeze-fracture/Freeze-etch in Biological Electron Microscopy

Fondamentale elementi tecnici di Freeze-frattura / Fermo-etch in Biological microscopia elettronica

Freeze-fracture/freeze-etch describes a process whereby specimens, typically biological or nanomaterial in nature, are frozen, fractured, and replicated ...

A Hybrid DNA Extraction Method for the Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Bacterial Communities from Poultry Production Samples

Un ibrido metodo di estrazione del DNA per la valutazione delle comunità batteriche qualitativa e quantitativa di pollame campioni di produzione

The efficacy of DNA extraction protocols can be highly dependent upon both the type of sample being investigated and the types of downstream analyses ...

Procedure to Evaluate the Efficiency of Flocculants for the Removal of Dispersed Particles from Plant Extracts

Procedura per valutare l&#39;efficienza di flocculanti per la rimozione di particelle disperse di estratti di piante

Plants are important to humans not only because they provide commodities such as food, feed and raw materials, but increasingly because they can be used ...

Measuring Nitrite and Nitrate, Metabolites in the Nitric Oxide Pathway, in Biological Materials using the Chemiluminescence Method

Misurazione nitriti e nitrati, metaboliti in ossido nitrico Pathway, nei materiali biologici utilizzando il metodo chemiluminescenza

Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the main regulator molecules in vascular homeostasis and also a neurotransmitter. Enzymatically produced NO is oxidized into ...

Volume Segmentation and Analysis of Biological Materials Using SuRVoS (Super-region Volume Segmentation) Workbench

Volume Segmentation and Analysis of Biological Materials Using SuRVoS Super-region Volume Segmentation Workbench

Volume di segmentazione e analisi dei materiali biologici utilizzando SuRVoS (Super regione Volume segmentazione) Workbench

Segmentation is the process of isolating specific regions or objects within an imaged volume, so that further study can be undertaken on these areas of ...

Experimental Protocol for Using Drosophila As an Invertebrate Model System for Toxicity Testing in the Laboratory

Experimental Protocol for Using Drosophila As an Invertebrate Model System for Toxicity Testing in the Laboratory

Protocollo sperimentale per l'utilizzo di Drosophila come sistema modello invertebrati marini per test di tossicità in laboratorio

Emergent properties and external factors (population-level and ecosystem-level interactions, in particular) play important roles in mediating ...