Name: removal of exogenous materials from the outer portion of frozen cores to investigate the ancient biological communities harbored inside
Uploaded: 2016-07-03T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Removal of Exogenous Materials from the Outer Portion of Frozen Cores to Investigate the Ancient Biological Communities Harbored Inside at JoVE.com

This work was funded through the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Basic Research Program Office. Permission for publishing this information has been granted by the Chief of Engineers.

1.機器の準備や永久凍土コアコレクション<ol><li>機器の準備およびフィールドサンプル収集および保存ギア<ol><li>バレルの上部にドライブアダプタを挿入し、所定の位置にロックするレバーを回転させることにより、サンプル収集のためのオーガーを組み立てます。ドライブアダプタにアダプタチューブをピンとアダプターチューブ上にモーターを固定します。バレル上のカッターを挿入し?...

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雪氷圏は過去の環境条件の下で持続保存生物へのアクセスを提供しています。回収された分類群は完全な歴史的なコミュニティを表していないかもしれないが、氷河や永久凍土サンプルの分析から回収されたものは、選択期間15-16に関する貴重な歴史的な情報を得ることができます。例えば、意味のある生体情報は、解凍33の結果としての炭素循環プロセスを調査アイスグリ?...

雪氷圏（ 例えば 、永久凍土の土壌、氷の特徴、氷、雪、フィルン、氷は）過去の環境条件の下で持続する生物の種類に垣間見ることができます。これらの基板が堆積するので凍結保存古い何千年もの間、その微生物群集、数十〜数百することができますので、古代の環境条件を反映しています。適切にこれらの生態系を分析し、凍結した土壌や氷から意味のある生物学的情報を抽出するには、凍結試料の適切な回収方法や処理が必要です。 21世紀のための気候予測は北極と亜北極地域1における顕著な温暖化の可能性を示しているので、これは最も重要です。具体的には、インテリアアラスカやグリーンランドは、2100年2,3によってそれぞれ約5℃〜7℃で、温めることが期待されます。これは、大幅に土壌や水生微生物群集に影響を与えることが予想されるので、関連されます生物地球化学的プロセス。気温の上昇と変更された沈殿政権は、潜在的に厚く、季節解凍（アクティブ）につながる多くの地域2-5の永久凍土の劣化6,7、凍結した土壌の解凍、およびなどの大規模な氷体の融解をレイヤーを開始することが期待されていますグランドアイス、アイスウェッジ、および分離氷8。これは劇的にこれらの生態系における植物や動物の生物多様性に加えて、生物地球化学的属性を変更します。 氷河氷とsyngenetic永久凍土の堆積物と氷の特徴は、化学的および機能が形成された時にそこに住んでいたものを表す環境の生物学的証拠を閉じ込められています。たとえば、インテリアアラスカで、イリノイ州のウィスコンシンの両方が永久凍土が存在している熟成させ、特にこの永久凍土が存在IMPAの生物学的および地球化学的証拠を含む（YBP）の前に15万年に現代の出会い系からのユニークな場所を提供します生物多様性に関する過去の気候の変化のCT。その結果、これらの堆積物は何千年もかけて生物地球化学と生物多様性の記録を提供します。面積が低い沈降速度を有しており、氷河ではありませんでしたので、邪魔されずにサンプルが土壌断面に垂直に掘削やトンネルに水平掘削いずれかで、収集と分析のためにアクセス可能です。さらに重要なのは、大規模なレコードは、特にこの領域9-14で永久凍土のユニークな生物地球化学的特徴を強調することを存在します。具体的には、DNA分析のアプリケーションは両方現存し、古代の氷と永久凍土試料中の生物多様性の有無と程度を推定するためには、特定の生物による占領に古代の環境条件の連携や生息地の探査を可能にします。 各研究はdiffereを使用しても以前の研究では、50kのYBP 11、15-19に遡るサンプルから哺乳動物、植物や微生物の気候への影響を確認しました永久凍土や氷床コアを収集し、除染するためのntの方法論。特定の方法は、外来核酸はまた、試料から除去されたかどうかを明らかにしなかったもののいくつかの例において、掘削コアは、16、20-21を滅菌しました。他の研究では、細菌の分離株15（ 例えば 、 セラチア・マルセッセンス ）、ならびに蛍光ミクロスフェア22は、除染手順の有効性を測定するために使用されてきました。 この実験は、後方に約40kのYBPまでさかのぼる永久凍土サンプルから微生物群集を調査する大規模な研究の一部でした。研究のこの部分の具体的な目的は、成功した氷と永久凍土コアを除染することでした。我々の知る限り、いかなる方法論は、凍結されたコアの外側部分から外国の核酸および関連するヌクレアーゼを排除するために設計されたソリューションの使用を統合していません。これは、これらのソリューションはcommonlであるという事実にもかかわらずですyは、分子の実験のための実験装置を除染するために使用されます。 コアを除染した後、ゲノムDNAをグリフィスら 23及びトウらによって開発されたプロトコルを用いて抽出した。24、分光光度計を用いて定量し、反応あたり20 ngのを達成するために、無菌の、DNAを含まない水で希釈しました。 600秒間95℃で45サイクル行った：細菌の16S rRNA遺伝子は、rRNA遺伝子を、プライマーアーチ349Fとアーチ806Rと、以下の条件でTMアーチ516F 26をプローブで増幅したプライマー331Fおよび797Rで増幅し、BacTaq 25と古細菌の16Sをプローブしました。 30秒間、95℃、57℃60秒間、および72℃での30秒間の40℃での最終伸長で25秒間。すべてのqPCR反応は二連で行いました。 20μlの反応容量は、20 ngのDNA、プライマーの10μM、プローブの5μM、および定量PCR反応ミックス10μlのを含んでいました。標準FOR細菌および古細菌の定量PCRは、それぞれ、 シュードモナス・フルオレッセンスおよび好塩菌のsalinarumからのゲノムDNAを用いて調製しました。両方とも、数期まで成長させました。プレートカウントを実施し、DNAを培養物から単離しました。ゲノムDNAはH.ためのゲノム当たり16S rRNA遺伝子の1と6のコピーを仮定した分光光度計で定量しましたsalinarumとP.それぞれ27-28、 フルオレッ 。細菌および古細菌の遺伝子のコピー数は、標準曲線に基づいて計算された、治療間不等分散を考慮して対数変換し、ANOVAによって評価しました。 コミュニティ組成物は、16S rRNA遺伝子の配列を決定するフローセルと、ブリッジ増幅技術を使用し、「微生物の生態に定量的洞察&#39;（QIIME）29でコミュニティを分析することによって決定しました。順方向および逆方向読み込みを接合し、その後の配列は、ろ過し、インデックス付けされました、高品質の代表者は、参照データベースとの配列アラインメントを経て新たに操作的分類単位（OTU）の割り当てのために選択しました。整列された配列は、分類学上の割り当てのための別個の基準データベースと比較しました。門レベルのOTUテーブルは、一般的なコミュニティの組成を決定するために作成されました。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1084">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:439px;">Auger</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Snow, Ice, and Permafrost Research Establishment (SIPRE), Fairbanks, AK</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:185px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">70% Isopropanol</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Walmart</td>
			<td>551116880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">95% Ethyl Alcohol (denatured)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">A407-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DNA decontamination solution, DNA Away</td>
			<td>Molecular Bio-Products, Inc., San Diego, CA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">7010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RNase decontamination solution, RNase Away</td>
			<td>Molecular Bio-Products, Inc., San Diego, CA&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">7002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Light Duty Suits</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Kimberly-Clark Professional, Roswell, GA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">10606</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nitrile Gloves</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">FFS-700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Antiviral Masks</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Curad, Walgreens</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">CUR3845</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile Sample Bags&#160;</td>
			<td>Nasco, Fort Atkinson, WI</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">B01445</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Steel Microtome Blade&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">B-Sharp Microknife, Wake Forest, NC</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Metal Rack</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fabricated at CRREL, Hanover, NH</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Tray</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Handy Paint Products, Chanhassen, MN</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">7500-CC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Aluminum Foil</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Western Plastics, Temecula, CA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">500 ml Bottle with 0.22 &#956;m Filter</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Corning, Corning, NY</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">430513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Serratia marcescens&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">ATCC, Manassas, VA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">17991</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Biosafety Hood</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">NuAire, Plymouth, MN</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">NU-425-400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Petri Dish</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">FB0875712</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ATCC Agar 181- Tryptone</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Acros Organics, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">61184-5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ATCC Agar 181- Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BP381-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ATCC Agar 181- Yeast Extract</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BP1422-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ATCC Agar 181- Dipotassium Phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">JT Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">3252-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ATCC Agar 181- Agar</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Difco, Sparks, MD</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">214530</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">NanoDrop 2000 UV Vis Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific, Wilmington, DE</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:439px;">Lightcycler 480 System</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Roche Molecular Systems, Inc., Indianapolis, IN</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:439px;">Halobacterium salinarum</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Manassas, VA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:439px;">Pseudomonas fluorescens&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Manassas, VA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Microbial DNA Isolation Kit</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">MoBio Laboratories, Carlsbad, CA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">12224-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Ear Protection</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Elvex</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">EP-201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Hard Hat</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Kimwipes</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Kimberly-Clark Professional, Roswell, GA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">34705</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Glass Wool</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Pyrex</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">430330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Ruler</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Weighing Tin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">08-732-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">S-9625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Potassium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">JT Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">3040-04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Potassium phosphate, monobasic</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">JT Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">&#160;3246-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Potassium phosphate, dibasic</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">JT Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ</td>
			<td>3252-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Sodium phosphate dibasic, anhydrous</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BP332-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">50 ml Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Corning, Corning, NY</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">4558</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">2 ml Microcentrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">MoBio Laboratories, Carlsbad, CA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1200-250-T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">2 ml Ceramic Bead Tubes (1.4 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">MoBio Laboratories, Carlsbad, CA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">13113-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Scoopula</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific, Wilmington, DE</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1437520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Balance</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Ohaus, Parsippany, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">E12130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC)</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">D5758</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hexadecyltrimethylammoniabromide (CTAB)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Acros Organics, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">22716-5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Polyethylene glycol 8000&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">P5413-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) (pH 8)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BP1752-400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Eppendorf, Hauppauge, NY</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">5417R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (24:1)</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">C0549-1PT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">TE Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Ambion (Thermo Fisher), Wilmington, DE</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">AM9860</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:439px;">Pipets</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Rainin, Woburn, MA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Pipet Lite XLS, 2, 10, 200, 1nd 1000ul pipets</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:439px;">Pipet tips</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Rainin, Woburn, MA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Rainin LTS presterilized, low retention, filtered tips, 10, 20, 200, 1000ul</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Vortexor</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Scientific Industries, Bohemia, NY</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">G-560</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Vortex Adaptor</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">MoBio Laboratories, Carlsbad, CA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">13000-V1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Clear Bottle</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Corning, Corning, NY</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">C1395500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Amber Bottle</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Corning, Corning, NY</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">C5135250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Bottle Top Filters, 0.22um</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Corning, Corning, NY</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">430513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:439px;">60 mL Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Becton, Dickenson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BD 309653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Millex Syringe filters, 0.22 &#956;m</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">SLGV033RB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">70% Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BP2818-500</td>
			<td>diluted &#38; filter sterilized</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Isotemp 100 L Oven</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">151030511</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Cell Spreader</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">08-100-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Disposable Inoculating Loops</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">22-363-602</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

removal of exogenous materials from the outer portion of frozen cores to investigate the ancient biological communities harbored inside

The cryosphere offers access to preserved organisms that persisted under past environmental conditions. In fact, these frozen materials could reflect conditions over vast time periods and investigation of biological materials harbored inside could provide insight of ancient environments. To appropriately analyze these ecosystems and extract meaningful biological information from frozen soils and ice, proper collection and processing of the frozen samples is necessary. This is especially critical for microbial and DNA analyses since the communities present may be so uniquely different from modern ones. Here, a protocol is presented to successfully collect and decontaminate frozen cores. Both the absence of the colonies used to dope the outer surface and exogenous DNA suggest that we successfully decontaminated the frozen cores and that the microorganisms detected were from the material, rather than contamination from drilling or processing the cores.

提示された方法は、氷河からの永久凍土に、様々な雪氷圏環境から収集した凍結試料を除染するために使用することができます。ここでは、特に工学研究開発センターから収集した氷と永久凍土サンプルから収集したデータを提示-フォックス、AK（ 図1Aおよび1B）に位置する寒冷地調査及び技術研究所（ERDC-CRREL）永久凍土トンネル。永久凍土...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Removal of Exogenous Materials from the Outer Portion of Frozen Cores to Investigate the Ancient Biological Communities Harbored Inside at JoVE.com

Removal of Exogenous Materials from the Outer Portion of Frozen Cores to Investigate the Ancient Biological Communities Harbored Inside

雪氷圏は過去の環境条件の下で持続保存生物へのアクセスを提供しています。プロトコルは、収集し、土壌や氷の永久凍土コアを除染するために提示されています。外因性コロニーとDNAの不在が検出された微生物は、掘削や処理からの材料ではなく、汚染を表すことを示唆しています。

古代生物群集抱いて内部を調査するための冷凍コアの外側部分からの外因性物質の除去

The cryosphere offers access to preserved organisms that persisted under past environmental conditions. In fact, these frozen materials could reflect ...

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Microbial Communities in Nature and Laboratory - Interview

自然と実験室での微生物群集 - インタビュー

Method for the Isolation of Francisella tularensis Outer Membranes

Method for the Isolation of Francisella tularensis Outer Membranes

の分離のための方法野兎病菌外膜

Francisella tularensis is a Gram-negative intracellular coccobacillus and the causative agent of the zoonotic disease tularemia. When compared with other ...

A Simple Protocol for Extracting Hemocytes from Wild Caterpillars

ワイルド毛虫から血液細胞を抽出するための単純なプロトコル

Insect hemocytes (equivalent to mammalian white blood cells) play an important role in several physiological processes throughout an insect's life cycle ...

A Practical Guide to Phylogenetics for Nonexperts

Nonexpertsための系統学の実用ガイド

Many researchers, across incredibly diverse foci, are applying phylogenetics to their research question(s). However, many researchers are new to this ...

Fundamental Technical Elements of Freeze-fracture/Freeze-etch in Biological Electron Microscopy

生物学電子顕微鏡でのフリーズフラクチャー/フリーズエッチングの基本技術要素

Freeze-fracture/freeze-etch describes a process whereby specimens, typically biological or nanomaterial in nature, are frozen, fractured, and replicated ...

A Hybrid DNA Extraction Method for the Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Bacterial Communities from Poultry Production Samples

家禽生産のサンプルからの細菌群集の定性的および定量的評価のためのハイブリッドDNA抽出法

The efficacy of DNA extraction protocols can be highly dependent upon both the type of sample being investigated and the types of downstream analyses ...

Procedure to Evaluate the Efficiency of Flocculants for the Removal of Dispersed Particles from Plant Extracts

植物抽出物からの分散粒子の除去のための凝集剤の効率を評価するための手順

Plants are important to humans not only because they provide commodities such as food, feed and raw materials, but increasingly because they can be used ...

Measuring Nitrite and Nitrate, Metabolites in the Nitric Oxide Pathway, in Biological Materials using the Chemiluminescence Method

化学発光法を用いて、生物学的材料に、一酸化窒素経路に亜硝酸塩と硝酸塩、代謝物を測定します

Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the main regulator molecules in vascular homeostasis and also a neurotransmitter. Enzymatically produced NO is oxidized into ...

Volume Segmentation and Analysis of Biological Materials Using SuRVoS (Super-region Volume Segmentation) Workbench

Volume Segmentation and Analysis of Biological Materials Using SuRVoS Super-region Volume Segmentation Workbench

ボリューム分割と SuRVoS (超領域ボリューム分割) ワークベンチを用いた生物学的材料の分析

Segmentation is the process of isolating specific regions or objects within an imaged volume, so that further study can be undertaken on these areas of ...

Experimental Protocol for Using Drosophila As an Invertebrate Model System for Toxicity Testing in the Laboratory

Experimental Protocol for Using Drosophila As an Invertebrate Model System for Toxicity Testing in the Laboratory

無脊椎動物モデル システムとしてショウジョウバエを使用して毒性を実験室でテストするための実験プロトコル

Emergent properties and external factors (population-level and ecosystem-level interactions, in particular) play important roles in mediating ...