Name: removal of exogenous materials from the outer portion of frozen cores to investigate the ancient biological communities harbored inside
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This work was funded through the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Basic Research Program Office. Permission for publishing this information has been granted by the Chief of Engineers.

1. 장비 준비 및 영구 동토 코어 컬렉션 <ol><li> 장비 준비 및 현장 샘플 수집 및 보존 기어 <ol><li> 배럴의 상단에 드라이브 어댑터를 삽입하고 제자리에 고정하는 레버를 돌려 샘플 수집을위한 오거를 조립합니다. 드라이브 어댑터에 어댑터 튜브 핀 어댑터 튜브 상 모터에 핀. 배럴에 커터를 넣습니다. </li><li> 샘플에 어떤 오염을 줄이기 위해 경량 정장, 니트릴 장갑 및 마스크를 착용 할 것. 귀 보?...

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빙권은 과거 환경 조건에서 유지 보존 생물에 대한 액세스를 제공합니다. 복구 된 분류군이 전체 역사적인 지역 사회를 대표하지 않을 수 있지만, 빙하와 영구 동토층 샘플의 분석에서 발견 한 사람들은 선택 기간 15 ~ 16에 대한 중요한 역사적인 정보를 얻을 수 있습니다. 예를 들어, 의미있는 생물학적 정보는 해동 (33)의 결과로 탄소 순환 과정을 조사 얼음 그린란드 빙상 (20)?...

빙권은 (예를 들면, 영구 동토 토양, 얼음 기능, 빙하, 눈, 만년설과 얼음은) 과거의 환경 조건에서 지속 생물의 유형을 엿볼을 제공합니다. 이 기판을 증착 이후 동결 보존하고 이전 수천 년, 그들의 미생물 커뮤니티, 수백 수십 수 있기 때문에, 고대의 환경 조건을 반영한다. 적절하게 이러한 생태계를 분석하고 냉동 샘플의 냉동 토양과 얼음, 올바른 수거 및 처리에서 의미있는 생물학적 정보를 추출하는 것은 필요하다. 21 세기 기후 전망은 북극과 아 북극 지역 1에서 뚜렷한 온난화의 가능성을 나타내는 이것은 매우 중요하다. 특히, 실내 알래스카와 그린 랜드는 약 5 ° C 각각 2100, 3 7 ° C를 따뜻하게 할 것으로 예상된다. 이것은 상당히 토양 수생 미생물 커뮤니티, 따라서 관련 영향을 예상생지 화학 과정. 따뜻한 온도와 변경된 강수량 정권은 잠재적 두꺼운, 계절 해동 (활성)에 이르는 많은 지역 2-5에서 영구 동토 저하 6,7, 냉동 토양의 해동과 같은 거대한 얼음 기관의 용융 층을 시작할 것으로 예상된다 지상 얼음, 얼음 웨지와 분리 얼음 8. 이 극적으로 이러한 생태계에서 식물과 동물의 생물 다양성에 추가하여 생지 화학적 특성을 변경합니다. 빙하 얼음과 친연성의 영구 동토 침전물과 얼음 기능은 화학 및 기능이 형성되는 시간에 살았 무엇을 나타내는 환경의 생물학적 증거를 포획했다. 예를 들어, 인테리어 알래스카, Illinoisan 위스콘신 모두 영구 동토층이 존재하는 세 특히이 영구 동토층이 존재하는 IMPA의 생물학적, 화학적 증거를 포함 (YBP) 전에 150,000년에 현대 거슬러 올라가는 독특한 위치를 제공합니다생물 다양성에 대한 과거 기후 변화의 캐럿. 그 결과, 이러한 퇴적물은 수천 년에 걸쳐 생지 화학 및 생물 다양성의 기록을 제공합니다. 영역이 낮은 침강 속도를 가지며 빙하 적이 있기 때문에, 교란 샘플 수직 터널 토양 프로필 또는 수평 방향 시추에 수집 및 분석, 어느 드릴링 접근 가능하다. 더 중요한 것은, 광범위한 기록은 특히이 지역 9-14에서 영구 동토층의 고유 한 생물 지구 화학적 특징을 강조하는 것이 존재한다. 특히, DNA 분석의 응용 프로그램이 모두 현존하는 고대 얼음과 영구 동토층 샘플에서 생물 다양성의 존재와 정도를 추정하는 것은 특정 생물에 의해 점령 고대 환경 조건의 연계 및 서식지 탐사 할 수 있습니다. 각각의 연구가 differe를 사용하지만 이전 연구는 포유 동물, 식물, YBP 11, 15 ~ 19 50K 데이트 샘플에서 미생물에 기후에 미치는 영향을 확인했다NT 방법론 수집하고 영구 동토 또는 얼음 코어 오염을 제거합니다. 구체적인 방법은 외래 핵산은 또한 샘플들로부터 제거되었는지 명확하지 않지만 어떤 경우에는 시추 코어, 16, 20-21을 멸균 하였다. 다른 연구에서, 박테리아는 22 제염 방법의 효능을 측정하기 위하여 사용되어왔다 (15) (예를 들면, 세라 티아 균)과 형광 미립자를 분리. 이 실험은 다시 약 40K YBP 데이트 영구 동토 샘플에서 미생물 군집을 조사 더 큰 연구의 일부였다. 연구의이 부분의 구체적인 목적은 성공적으로 얼음과 영구 동토층 코어 오염을 제거하는 것이었다. 우리의 지식을 어떠한 방법은 고정 된 코어의 외측 부분으로부터 외래 핵산과 연관된 클레아 제를 제거하기위한 용액의 이용을 통합하지 않았다. 따라서 이러한 솔루션 commonl 있다는 사실에도 불구하고Y는 분자 실험 실험실 장비의 오염을 제거하는 데 사용됩니다. 코어는 정화 된 후에, 게놈 DNA는 그리피스 등. 23 Töwe 외. (24)에 의해 개발 된 프로토콜을 사용하여 추출하고, 분광 광도계를 사용하여 정량하고, 반응 당 20 ng를 달성하기 위해 멸균 DNA없는 물로 희석 하였다. 600 초 동안 95 ° C (45) 사이클 다음 : 세균 16S의 rRNA의 유전자 rRNA의 유전자가 프라이머 아치 349F와 아치 806R 다음과 같은 조건에서 TM 아치 516F (26)을 프로브로 증폭 된 프라이머 331F 및 797R 증폭 및 BacTaq 25 고세균 (16S)을 조사 하였다 30 초, 60 초 동안 57 ° C, 30 초 동안 40 ° C에서 최종 연장 25 초 동안 72 ° C 95 ° C의. 모든 qPCR의 반응은 중복으로 수행되었다. 20 ㎕의 반응 부피가 20 ng를 DNA, 프라이머 10 μM, 프로브의 5 μM 및 qPCR에 반응 혼합물 10 μl를 포함. 표준 FO슈도모나스 각각 fluorescens 및 Halobacterium의 salinarum에서 세균 및 고세균 qPCR의 게놈 DNA를 사용하여 제조 하였다 r에. 모두 상을 로그로 성장했다. 플레이트 카운트를 실시하고, DNA를 배양 물로부터 분리 하였다. 게놈 DNA는 하나의 가정 및 게놈 당 16S rRNA 유전자의 여섯 사본 H. 용으로 분광 광도계로 정량 하였다 salinarum 및 P. 각각 27 ~ 28, fluorescens. 세균 및 고세균 유전자의 카피 수를 표준 곡선에 기초하여 계산하고, 치료 사이의 불균등 한 분산을 고려하여 로그 변환하고, ANOVA에 의해 평가했다. 커뮤니티 조성물은 16S rRNA 유전자 염기 서열을 유동 세포 다리 증폭 기술을 이용하여 &#39;미생물 생태로 정량적 통계&#39;(QIIME) 29 커뮤니티를 분석하여 결정 하였다. 순방향 및 역방향 읽기가 함께 결합 된 다음 시퀀스를 필터링, 색인하고,고품질 대표는 참조 데이터베이스와 서열 정렬을 통해 드 노보 운​​영 분류 학적 단위 (OTU) 과제 선정되었다. 정렬 된 서열은 분류 학적 할당 별도 참조 데이터베이스에 비교 하​​였다. 문 수준 OTU 테이블은 일반 커뮤니티 구성을 결정하기 위해 만들어졌습니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1084">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:439px;">Auger</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Snow, Ice, and Permafrost Research Establishment (SIPRE), Fairbanks, AK</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:185px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">70% Isopropanol</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Walmart</td>
			<td>551116880</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">95% Ethyl Alcohol (denatured)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">A407-4</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DNA decontamination solution, DNA Away</td>
			<td>Molecular Bio-Products, Inc., San Diego, CA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">7010</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RNase decontamination solution, RNase Away</td>
			<td>Molecular Bio-Products, Inc., San Diego, CA&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">7002</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Light Duty Suits</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Kimberly-Clark Professional, Roswell, GA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">10606</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nitrile Gloves</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">FFS-700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Antiviral Masks</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Curad, Walgreens</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">CUR3845</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile Sample Bags&#160;</td>
			<td>Nasco, Fort Atkinson, WI</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">B01445</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Steel Microtome Blade&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">B-Sharp Microknife, Wake Forest, NC</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Metal Rack</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fabricated at CRREL, Hanover, NH</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Tray</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Handy Paint Products, Chanhassen, MN</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">7500-CC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Aluminum Foil</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Western Plastics, Temecula, CA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">500 ml Bottle with 0.22 &#956;m Filter</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Corning, Corning, NY</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">430513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Serratia marcescens&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">ATCC, Manassas, VA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">17991</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Biosafety Hood</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">NuAire, Plymouth, MN</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">NU-425-400</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Petri Dish</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">FB0875712</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ATCC Agar 181- Tryptone</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Acros Organics, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">61184-5000</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ATCC Agar 181- Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BP381-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ATCC Agar 181- Yeast Extract</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BP1422-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ATCC Agar 181- Dipotassium Phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">JT Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">3252-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ATCC Agar 181- Agar</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Difco, Sparks, MD</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">214530</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">NanoDrop 2000 UV Vis Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific, Wilmington, DE</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:439px;">Lightcycler 480 System</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Roche Molecular Systems, Inc., Indianapolis, IN</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:439px;">Halobacterium salinarum</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Manassas, VA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:439px;">Pseudomonas fluorescens&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Manassas, VA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Microbial DNA Isolation Kit</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">MoBio Laboratories, Carlsbad, CA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">12224-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Ear Protection</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Elvex</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">EP-201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Hard Hat</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Kimwipes</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Kimberly-Clark Professional, Roswell, GA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">34705</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Glass Wool</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Pyrex</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">430330</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Ruler</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Weighing Tin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">08-732-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">S-9625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Potassium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">JT Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">3040-04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Potassium phosphate, monobasic</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">JT Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">&#160;3246-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Potassium phosphate, dibasic</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">JT Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ</td>
			<td>3252-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Sodium phosphate dibasic, anhydrous</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BP332-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">50 ml Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Corning, Corning, NY</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">4558</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">2 ml Microcentrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">MoBio Laboratories, Carlsbad, CA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1200-250-T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">2 ml Ceramic Bead Tubes (1.4 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">MoBio Laboratories, Carlsbad, CA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">13113-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Scoopula</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific, Wilmington, DE</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1437520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Balance</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Ohaus, Parsippany, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">E12130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC)</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">D5758</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hexadecyltrimethylammoniabromide (CTAB)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Acros Organics, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">22716-5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Polyethylene glycol 8000&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">P5413-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) (pH 8)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BP1752-400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Eppendorf, Hauppauge, NY</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">5417R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (24:1)</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">C0549-1PT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">TE Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Ambion (Thermo Fisher), Wilmington, DE</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">AM9860</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:439px;">Pipets</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Rainin, Woburn, MA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Pipet Lite XLS, 2, 10, 200, 1nd 1000ul pipets</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:439px;">Pipet tips</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Rainin, Woburn, MA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Rainin LTS presterilized, low retention, filtered tips, 10, 20, 200, 1000ul</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Vortexor</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Scientific Industries, Bohemia, NY</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">G-560</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Vortex Adaptor</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">MoBio Laboratories, Carlsbad, CA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">13000-V1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Clear Bottle</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Corning, Corning, NY</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">C1395500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Amber Bottle</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Corning, Corning, NY</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">C5135250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Bottle Top Filters, 0.22um</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Corning, Corning, NY</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">430513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:439px;">60 mL Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Becton, Dickenson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BD 309653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Millex Syringe filters, 0.22 &#956;m</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">SLGV033RB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">70% Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BP2818-500</td>
			<td>diluted &#38; filter sterilized</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Isotemp 100 L Oven</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">151030511</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Cell Spreader</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">08-100-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Disposable Inoculating Loops</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">22-363-602</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

removal of exogenous materials from the outer portion of frozen cores to investigate the ancient biological communities harbored inside

The cryosphere offers access to preserved organisms that persisted under past environmental conditions. In fact, these frozen materials could reflect conditions over vast time periods and investigation of biological materials harbored inside could provide insight of ancient environments. To appropriately analyze these ecosystems and extract meaningful biological information from frozen soils and ice, proper collection and processing of the frozen samples is necessary. This is especially critical for microbial and DNA analyses since the communities present may be so uniquely different from modern ones. Here, a protocol is presented to successfully collect and decontaminate frozen cores. Both the absence of the colonies used to dope the outer surface and exogenous DNA suggest that we successfully decontaminated the frozen cores and that the microorganisms detected were from the material, rather than contamination from drilling or processing the cores.

제시된 방법은 영구 동토층에 빙하 얼음에서 다양한 빙권 환경에서 수집 된 냉동 샘플의 오염을 제거하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 여기, 우리는 특히 공학 연구 개발 센터에서 수집 얼음과 영구 동토층 샘플로부터 수집 된 데이터 제시 - 폭스, AK에있는 냉전 지역 연구 및 공학 연구소 (ERDC - CRREL) 영구 동토 터널 (그림 1A 및 1B). 영구 동토층 터널 골?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Removal of Exogenous Materials from the Outer Portion of Frozen Cores to Investigate the Ancient Biological Communities Harbored Inside at JoVE.com

Removal of Exogenous Materials from the Outer Portion of Frozen Cores to Investigate the Ancient Biological Communities Harbored Inside

빙권은 과거 환경 조건에서 유지 보존 생물에 대한 액세스를 제공합니다. 프로토콜은 수집하고 토양과 얼음의 영구 동토층 코어 오염을 제거하기 위해 제공됩니다. 외인성 DNA와 콜로니의 부재가 검출 된 미생물 또는 드릴링 처리에서 재료보다는 오염을 나타낸다는 것을 시사한다.

고대 생물 커뮤니티 숨겨 내부를 조사하기 위해 냉동 코어의 바깥 부분에서 외인성 물질의 제거

The cryosphere offers access to preserved organisms that persisted under past environmental conditions. In fact, these frozen materials could reflect ...

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SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Microbial Communities in Nature and Laboratory - Interview

자연과 실험실에서 미생물 커뮤니티 - 인터뷰

연구

생물학

Method for the Isolation of Francisella tularensis Outer Membranes

Method for the Isolation of Francisella tularensis Outer Membranes

의 분리를위한 방법 Francisella tularensis 아웃터 세포막

Francisella tularensis is a Gram-negative intracellular coccobacillus and the causative agent of the zoonotic disease tularemia. When compared with other ...

A Simple Protocol for Extracting Hemocytes from Wild Caterpillars

야생 유충에서 Hemocytes을 추출하기위한 간단한 프로토콜

Insect hemocytes (equivalent to mammalian white blood cells) play an important role in several physiological processes throughout an insect's life cycle ...

A Practical Guide to Phylogenetics for Nonexperts

비전문가를위한 계통 발생에 대한 실용 가이드

Many researchers, across incredibly diverse foci, are applying phylogenetics to their research question(s). However, many researchers are new to this ...

Fundamental Technical Elements of Freeze-fracture/Freeze-etch in Biological Electron Microscopy

생물 전자 현미경에서 동결 골절 / 동결 에칭의 기본 기술 요소

Freeze-fracture/freeze-etch describes a process whereby specimens, typically biological or nanomaterial in nature, are frozen, fractured, and replicated ...

A Hybrid DNA Extraction Method for the Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Bacterial Communities from Poultry Production Samples

가금류 생산 샘플에서 세균 공동체의 정성 및 정량 평가를위한 하이브리드 DNA 추출 방법

The efficacy of DNA extraction protocols can be highly dependent upon both the type of sample being investigated and the types of downstream analyses ...

Procedure to Evaluate the Efficiency of Flocculants for the Removal of Dispersed Particles from Plant Extracts

절차 식물 추출물에서 분산 된 입자의 제거를위한 응집제의 효율성을 평가하는

Plants are important to humans not only because they provide commodities such as food, feed and raw materials, but increasingly because they can be used ...

Measuring Nitrite and Nitrate, Metabolites in the Nitric Oxide Pathway, in Biological Materials using the Chemiluminescence Method

화학 발광 법을 사용하여 생체 물질에서 산화 질소 통로에서 아질산염과 질산염, 대사 산물을 측정

Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the main regulator molecules in vascular homeostasis and also a neurotransmitter. Enzymatically produced NO is oxidized into ...

Volume Segmentation and Analysis of Biological Materials Using SuRVoS (Super-region Volume Segmentation) Workbench

Volume Segmentation and Analysis of Biological Materials Using SuRVoS Super-region Volume Segmentation Workbench

볼륨 세분화 및 SuRVoS (슈퍼 지역 볼륨 세분화) 워크 벤치를 사용 하 여 생물학 물자의 분석

Segmentation is the process of isolating specific regions or objects within an imaged volume, so that further study can be undertaken on these areas of ...

Experimental Protocol for Using Drosophila As an Invertebrate Model System for Toxicity Testing in the Laboratory

Experimental Protocol for Using Drosophila As an Invertebrate Model System for Toxicity Testing in the Laboratory

무척 추 동물 모델 시스템으로 독성 테스트 실험실에서 초파리 를 사용 하 여 실험 프로토콜

Emergent properties and external factors (population-level and ecosystem-level interactions, in particular) play important roles in mediating ...