Name: removal of exogenous materials from the outer portion of frozen cores to investigate the ancient biological communities harbored inside
Uploaded: 2016-07-03T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Removal of Exogenous Materials from the Outer Portion of Frozen Cores to Investigate the Ancient Biological Communities Harbored Inside at JoVE.com

This work was funded through the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Basic Research Program Office. Permission for publishing this information has been granted by the Chief of Engineers.

1. Utstyr Forberedelse og Permafrost kjernesamling <ol><li> Utstyr forberedelse og felt prøvetaking og bevaring utstyr <ol><li> Monter skrue for prøvetaking ved å sette stasjonsadapteren inn i toppen av sylinderen og vri spaken for å låse den på plass. Fest adapteren rør på stasjonsadapteren og pin motoren på adapteren røret. Sett skjærene på fat. </li><li> Bruk lette varebiler dresser, nitrilhansker, og masker for å redusere forurensning til prøvene. Bruk hørselvern og hjelm for sikkerhet ved å skrive...

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Kryosfæren tilbyr tilgang til bevarte organismer som vedvarte etter siste miljøforhold. Selv om den gjen taxa ikke kan representere hele historiske fellesskapet, kan de som utvinnes fra analyse av breis og permafrost prøver gi verdifull historisk informasjon om utvalgte tidsperioder 15-16. For eksempel har menings biologisk informasjon er hentet fra isen studier som undersøker anaerob aktivitet i isdekket på Grønland 20 og permafrost studier som undersøker karbon sykkel prosesser som følge ...

Kryosfæren (f.eks permafrost jord, is funksjoner, glacial snø, firn og is) gir et innblikk i hva slags organismer vedvarte etter siste miljøforhold. Siden disse underlag kan være titalls til flere hundre tusen år gamle, deres mikrobielle samfunn, når bevarte frosset siden deponering, reflektere gamle miljøforhold. For å riktig analysere disse økosystemene og trekke ut menings biologisk informasjon fra frossen jord og is, forsvarlig innsamling og behandling av de frosne prøvene er nødvendig. Dette er av største betydning som klima anslag for det 21. århundre indikerer potensialet for en markant oppvarming i Arktis og sub-arktiske strøk 1. Spesielt interiør Alaska og Grønland er forventet å varme ca 5 ° C og 7 ° C, henholdsvis 2100 2,3. Dette forventes å ha betydelig innvirkning jord og vannlevende mikrobielle samfunn, og derfor relatertbiogeokjemiske prosesser. Jo varmere temperaturer og endrede nedbørsregime er forventet å starte permafrost nedbrytning i mange områder 2-5 potensielt kan føre til en tykkere, sesong tint (aktiv) lag 6,7, tining av frosne jord, og smeltingen av massive isen organer som bakken is, iskiler, og segregering is 8. Dette vil dramatisk endre biogeokjemiske egenskaper i tillegg til det biologiske mangfoldet av planter og dyr i disse økosystemene. Breis og syngenetic permafrost sediment og is egenskaper har fanget kjemiske og biologiske bevis for et miljø som representerer hva bodde der på den tiden funksjonene dannet. For eksempel, i Interior Alaska, både Illinoisan og Wisconsin i alderen permafrost er til stede, og dette permafrost i bestemte gir unike steder som daterer seg fra moderne til 150.000 år før nåtid (YBP) som inneholder biologiske og geokjemiske bevis for impact av tidligere klimaendringer på biologisk mangfold. Som et resultat av disse sedimentene gi en oversikt over den biogeokjemi og biologisk mangfold gjennom mange tusen år. Siden området har lav sedimentasjonsratene og har aldri vært isbreer, uforstyrrede prøver er tilgjengelige for innsamling og analyse, enten boring vertikalt i jordsmonnet eller boring horisontalt i tunneler. Enda viktigere, omfattende poster finnes som spesielt fremheve de unike biogeokjemiske funksjoner i permafrosten i denne regionen 9-14. Spesielt til bruk av DNA-analyse anslår tilstedeværelse og omfang av biologisk mangfold i både nålevende og gamle isen og permafrostprøver gjør utforskning av sammenhengen av gamle miljøforhold og habitat til okkupasjon av bestemte organismer. Tidligere studier har identifisert klimatiske virkninger på pattedyr, planter og mikroorganismer fra prøver datert til 50k YBP 11, 15-19, selv om hver studie brukte en different metode for å samle og rense permafrosten eller iskjerner. I noen tilfeller ble borkjerner sterilisert 16, 20-21, skjønt den spesifikke metoden ikke avklare om fremmede nukleinsyrer ble også fjernet fra prøvene. I andre studier, isolerer bakterie 15 (f.eks, Serratia marcescens) samt fluorescerende mikrosfærer 22 har blitt brukt for å måle effekten av dekontaminering prosedyrer. Dette eksperimentet var en del av en større studie som undersøkte bakteriesamfunn fra permafrostprøver dateres tilbake til ca 40k YBP. Den spesifikke målet med denne delen av studien var å kunne rense is og permafrost kjerner. Så vidt vi vet, har ingen metode integrert bruken av løsninger som er utviklet for å eliminere fremmede nukleinsyrer og tilhørende nukleaser fra den ytre del av de frosne kjerner. Dette er til tross for det faktum at disse løsningene er commonly brukes til å rense laboratorieutstyr for molekylære eksperimenter. Når kjernene ble dekontaminert, ble genomisk DNA ekstrahert ved hjelp av de protokoller som er utviklet av Griffiths et al., 23 og hå et al. 24, kvantifisert ved anvendelse av et spektrofotometer, og fortynnet med sterilt, DNA-fritt vann for å oppnå 20 ng pr reaksjon. Bakterielle 16S rRNA gener ble forsterket med primere 331F og 797R og undersøke BacTaq 25 og archaeal 16S rRNA gener ble forsterket med primere Arch 349F og Arch 806R og sonden TM Arch 516F 26 under følgende betingelser: 95 ° C i 600 sek etterfulgt av 45 sykluser på 95 ° C i 30 sek, 57 ° C i 60 sek, og 72 ° C i 25 sek med endelig forlengelse ved 40 ° C i 30 sek. Alle qPCR reaksjonene ble utført i duplikat. De 20 ul reaksjonsvolumer inkludert 20 ng DNA, 10 pM av primere, 5 uM av sonden, og 10 pl av qPCR reaksjonsblandingen. standarder for bakteriell og archaeal qPCR ble fremstilt ved anvendelse av genomisk DNA fra Pseudomonas fluorescens og Halobacterium salinarum, respektivt. Begge ble dyrket for å logge fase. Platetellinger ble utført, og DNA ble isolert fra kulturene. Genomisk DNA ble kvantifisert med et spektrofotometer med forutsetningen om en og seks kopier av 16S rRNA-genet per genom for H. salinarum og P. fluorescens, henholdsvis 27-28. Kopier antall bakterie og archaeal genene ble beregnet ut fra standardkurven, log-transformeres til å gjøre rede for ulike avvik mellom behandlingene, og vurdert av ANOVA. Fellesskapet sammensetning ble bestemt ved sekvensering av 16S rRNA-genet ved hjelp av flyt celler og bro forsterkerteknologi og analysere samfunn med kvantitative innsikt i mikrobiell økologi &quot;(QIIME) 29. Forover og revers leser ble slått sammen og deretter sekvenser ble filtrert, indeksert,og representanter høy kvalitet ble valgt for de novo operative taksonomiske enheter (Otu) oppdraget gjennom sekvenssammenstillingen med en referansedatabase. Innrettede sekvenser ble sammenlignet med en separat referansedatabase for taksonomisk oppdrag. En Otu tabellen phylum nivå ble opprettet for å avgjøre generelle samfunnet sammensetning.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1084">
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:439px;">Auger</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Snow, Ice, and Permafrost Research Establishment (SIPRE), Fairbanks, AK</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:185px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">70% Isopropanol</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Walmart</td>
			<td>551116880</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">95% Ethyl Alcohol (denatured)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">A407-4</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DNA decontamination solution, DNA Away</td>
			<td>Molecular Bio-Products, Inc., San Diego, CA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">7010</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RNase decontamination solution, RNase Away</td>
			<td>Molecular Bio-Products, Inc., San Diego, CA&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">7002</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Light Duty Suits</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Kimberly-Clark Professional, Roswell, GA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">10606</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nitrile Gloves</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">FFS-700</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Antiviral Masks</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Curad, Walgreens</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">CUR3845</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile Sample Bags&#160;</td>
			<td>Nasco, Fort Atkinson, WI</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">B01445</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Steel Microtome Blade&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">B-Sharp Microknife, Wake Forest, NC</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Metal Rack</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fabricated at CRREL, Hanover, NH</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Tray</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Handy Paint Products, Chanhassen, MN</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">7500-CC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Aluminum Foil</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Western Plastics, Temecula, CA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">500 ml Bottle with 0.22 &#956;m Filter</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Corning, Corning, NY</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">430513</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Serratia marcescens&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">ATCC, Manassas, VA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">17991</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Biosafety Hood</td>
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			<td style="width:161px;">NU-425-400</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Petri Dish</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">FB0875712</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ATCC Agar 181- Tryptone</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Acros Organics, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">61184-5000</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ATCC Agar 181- Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BP381-500</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ATCC Agar 181- Yeast Extract</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BP1422-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ATCC Agar 181- Dipotassium Phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">JT Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">3252-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ATCC Agar 181- Agar</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Difco, Sparks, MD</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">214530</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">NanoDrop 2000 UV Vis Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific, Wilmington, DE</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:439px;">Lightcycler 480 System</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Roche Molecular Systems, Inc., Indianapolis, IN</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:439px;">Halobacterium salinarum</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Manassas, VA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:439px;">Pseudomonas fluorescens&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Manassas, VA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Microbial DNA Isolation Kit</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">MoBio Laboratories, Carlsbad, CA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">12224-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Ear Protection</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Elvex</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">EP-201</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Hard Hat</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Kimwipes</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Kimberly-Clark Professional, Roswell, GA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">34705</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Glass Wool</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Pyrex</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">430330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Ruler</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Weighing Tin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">08-732-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">S-9625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Potassium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">JT Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">3040-04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Potassium phosphate, monobasic</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">JT Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">&#160;3246-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Potassium phosphate, dibasic</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">JT Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ</td>
			<td>3252-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Sodium phosphate dibasic, anhydrous</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BP332-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">50 ml Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Corning, Corning, NY</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">4558</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">2 ml Microcentrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">MoBio Laboratories, Carlsbad, CA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1200-250-T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">2 ml Ceramic Bead Tubes (1.4 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">MoBio Laboratories, Carlsbad, CA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">13113-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Scoopula</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific, Wilmington, DE</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1437520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Balance</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Ohaus, Parsippany, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">E12130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC)</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">D5758</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hexadecyltrimethylammoniabromide (CTAB)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Acros Organics, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">22716-5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Polyethylene glycol 8000&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">P5413-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) (pH 8)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BP1752-400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Eppendorf, Hauppauge, NY</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">5417R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (24:1)</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">C0549-1PT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">TE Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Ambion (Thermo Fisher), Wilmington, DE</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">AM9860</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:439px;">Pipets</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Rainin, Woburn, MA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Pipet Lite XLS, 2, 10, 200, 1nd 1000ul pipets</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:439px;">Pipet tips</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Rainin, Woburn, MA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Rainin LTS presterilized, low retention, filtered tips, 10, 20, 200, 1000ul</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Vortexor</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Scientific Industries, Bohemia, NY</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">G-560</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Vortex Adaptor</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">MoBio Laboratories, Carlsbad, CA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">13000-V1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Clear Bottle</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Corning, Corning, NY</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">C1395500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Amber Bottle</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Corning, Corning, NY</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">C5135250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Bottle Top Filters, 0.22um</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Corning, Corning, NY</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">430513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:439px;">60 mL Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Becton, Dickenson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BD 309653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Millex Syringe filters, 0.22 &#956;m</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">SLGV033RB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">70% Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BP2818-500</td>
			<td>diluted &#38; filter sterilized</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Isotemp 100 L Oven</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">151030511</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Cell Spreader</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">08-100-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Disposable Inoculating Loops</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">22-363-602</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

removal of exogenous materials from the outer portion of frozen cores to investigate the ancient biological communities harbored inside

The cryosphere offers access to preserved organisms that persisted under past environmental conditions. In fact, these frozen materials could reflect conditions over vast time periods and investigation of biological materials harbored inside could provide insight of ancient environments. To appropriately analyze these ecosystems and extract meaningful biological information from frozen soils and ice, proper collection and processing of the frozen samples is necessary. This is especially critical for microbial and DNA analyses since the communities present may be so uniquely different from modern ones. Here, a protocol is presented to successfully collect and decontaminate frozen cores. Both the absence of the colonies used to dope the outer surface and exogenous DNA suggest that we successfully decontaminated the frozen cores and that the microorganisms detected were from the material, rather than contamination from drilling or processing the cores.

Den presenterte metoden kan brukes til å rense frosne prøver samlet inn fra ulike kryosfære miljøer, fra breis til permafrost. Her presenterer vi data spesielt innhentet fra is og permafrost prøver samlet fra Engineering Research and Development Center - Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (ERDC-CRREL) Permafrost Tunnel ligger i Fox, AK (figur 1A og 1B). Den Permafrost Tunnel strekker seg ca 110 m inn i siden av Goldstream dalen og gir ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Removal of Exogenous Materials from the Outer Portion of Frozen Cores to Investigate the Ancient Biological Communities Harbored Inside at JoVE.com

Removal of Exogenous Materials from the Outer Portion of Frozen Cores to Investigate the Ancient Biological Communities Harbored Inside

Kryosfæren tilbyr tilgang til bevarte organismer som vedvarte etter siste miljøforhold. En protokoll er presentert for å samle og rense permafrost kjerner av jord og is. Fraværet av eksogene DNA-kolonier og antyder at mikroorganismer som detekteres representerer materialet i stedet for forurensning fra boring eller foredling.

Fjerning av eksogene materialer fra den ytre delen av frosne kjerner for å undersøke den gamle biologiske samfunn skjult Inside

The cryosphere offers access to preserved organisms that persisted under past environmental conditions. In fact, these frozen materials could reflect ...

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Fundamental Technical Elements of Freeze-fracture/Freeze-etch in Biological Electron Microscopy

Fundamental Teknisk Elements of Freeze-brudd / Freeze-etch i biologisk Elektronmikroskopi

Freeze-fracture/freeze-etch describes a process whereby specimens, typically biological or nanomaterial in nature, are frozen, fractured, and replicated ...

A Hybrid DNA Extraction Method for the Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Bacterial Communities from Poultry Production Samples

En hybrid DNA Extraction Method for kvalitativ og kvantitativ vurdering av bakteriesamfunn fra fjærfe produksjon Samples

The efficacy of DNA extraction protocols can be highly dependent upon both the type of sample being investigated and the types of downstream analyses ...

Procedure to Evaluate the Efficiency of Flocculants for the Removal of Dispersed Particles from Plant Extracts

Prosedyre for å vurdere effektiviteten av Fnokker for fjerning av dispergert Partikler fra planteekstrakter

Plants are important to humans not only because they provide commodities such as food, feed and raw materials, but increasingly because they can be used ...

Measuring Nitrite and Nitrate, Metabolites in the Nitric Oxide Pathway, in Biological Materials using the Chemiluminescence Method

Måling nitritt og nitrat, metabolitter i nitrogenoksid Pathway, i biologisk materiale ved hjelp av Chemiluminescence Method

Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the main regulator molecules in vascular homeostasis and also a neurotransmitter. Enzymatically produced NO is oxidized into ...

Volume Segmentation and Analysis of Biological Materials Using SuRVoS (Super-region Volume Segmentation) Workbench

Volume Segmentation and Analysis of Biological Materials Using SuRVoS Super-region Volume Segmentation Workbench

Volum segmentering og analyse av biologisk materiale med SuRVoS (super regionen volum segmentering) Workbench

Segmentation is the process of isolating specific regions or objects within an imaged volume, so that further study can be undertaken on these areas of ...