Name: tissue engineering by intrinsic vascularization in an in vivo tissue engineering chamber
Uploaded: 2016-05-30T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Tissue Engineering by Intrinsic Vascularization in an In Vivo Tissue Engineering Chamber at JoVE.com

Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto da finanziamenti provenienti NHMRC e Stafford Fox Medical Foundation. Gli autori riconoscono l&#39;assistenza chirurgica di Sue McKay, Liliana Pepe, Anna Deftereos e Amanda Rixon del Medical Sperimentale e l&#39;Unità Chirurgia, Ospedale di St. Vincent, Melbourne. Il supporto è fornito anche dal Dipartimento del Governo dello Stato del Victoria di innovazione, l&#39;industria e il Programma delle infrastrutture di supporto operativi per lo sviluppo regionale.

I protocolli descritti qui sono stati approvati dal Comitato Etico Animal Hospital di Melbourne di San Vincenzo, in Australia, e sono state condotte in stretta aderenza alle linee guida Australian National sanità e ricerca medica del Consiglio. NOTA: due protocolli della camera sono descritti di seguito. I due modelli diversi e loro disegni camera specifici sono illustrati in Figura 1. Sezione (1) è realizzato in policarbonato (per il modello camera di ciclo di ratto artero). È cilindrico con diametro interno 13 ...

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Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+tissue+engineering+chamber+supports+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cell+survival+and+rapid+differentiation.">In vivo tissue engineering chamber supports human induced pluripotent stem cell survival and rapid differentiation.</a> Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 422 (1), 75-79 (2012).</li><li>Piao, Y., Hung, S. S., Lim, S. Y., Wong, R. C., Ko, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+generation+of+integration-free+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+keratinocytes+by+simple+transfection+of+episomal+vectors.">Efficient generation of integration-free human induced pluripotent stem cells from keratinocytes by simple transfection of episomal vectors.</a> Stem Cells Transl Med. 3 (7), 787-791 (2014).</li></ol>

Ingegneria della microcircolazione è attualmente in fase di studio essenzialmente attraverso due approcci. La prima comporta lo sviluppo di una rete vascolare altamente interconnessa all&#39;interno del costrutto in vitro in modo che quando impiantato, capillari dal letto vascolare ospitante collegano con quelli del trapiantato costruire attraverso un processo chiamato inosculation, garantendo così la consegna di nutrienti non solo la periferia ma anche al nucleo. 21,32,33 Questo è chiamato pre-va...

Fabbricazione del tessuto vascolarizzato funzionale utilizzando un approccio di ingegneria dei tessuti è un paradigma emergente nel campo della medicina rigenerativa. 1,2 Molti approcci di ingegnerizzare tessuti nuovi e sani per la sostituzione di tessuto danneggiato o organi difettosi sono stati sviluppati, 3-6 sperimentalmente in modelli animali di piccole dimensioni con promettente potenziale clinico. 7,8 Tuttavia, vascolarizzazione rimane una delle grandi sfide per l&#39;ingegneria dei tessuti che limitano il potenziale per crescere tessuti di dimensioni clinicamente rilevante. 9 Gli attuali approcci per vascolarizzano tessuto seguire sia una via estrinseca in cui i nuovi vasi crescono da letto vascolare destinatario e invadono tutto il tessuto impiantato costruisce 10 o un percorso di vascolarizzazione intrinseca dove il sistema vascolare cresce e si espande in sintonia con il tessuto di recente sviluppo. 11 L&#39;approccio estrinseca coinvolge tradizionalmente le cellule di semina su una impalcaturain vitro e impiantare il costrutto completo nella animale vivente con l&#39;aspettativa che i nutrienti, in precedenza forniti da terreni di coltura, sarà acquistato dalla circolazione. 12,13 Il concetto è semplice come crescita interna vascolare è troppo lento e solo gli impianti molto sottili (&lt; di spessore 1-2 mm) rimane valida. Fornire sostanze nutritive e ossigeno per mezzo di una vascolarizzazione sufficiente e rapida è al centro di tutti i tentativi riusciti a crescere sostituti tissutale più complesse e più grandi, come ossa, muscoli, grasso e gli organi solidi. 14,15 vascolarizzazione intrinseca offre il potenziale per costrutti più grandi per lo sviluppo dalla crescita di tessuto progressiva compatibile con la sua espansione apporto di sangue. Un disegno è l&#39;impianto in vivo in una camera di un peduncolo vascolare con o senza un ponteggio seminato cellule. 5,6 Questo ha aperto la strada a nuove procedure per la generazione di tessuti intrinsecamente vascolarizzati spessi. 16,17 &lt;/ P&gt; Più recentemente, sono state sviluppate strategie di pre-vascolarizzano innesti di tessuto, prima dell&#39;impianto. Queste reti dei vasi sanguigni incorporate hanno lo scopo di inosculate con vasi di accoglienza presso l&#39;impianto consentono la rapida fornitura di un apporto di sangue completo per migliorare la sopravvivenza di tutte le parti di un innesto di tessuto spesso trapiantato. 18 Siamo stati pionieri di un vascolarizzato vivo modello in ingegneria dei tessuti nei piccoli animali che coinvolge una via sottocutanea impiantato semirigido camera chiusa contenente un peduncolo vascolare perfusione e biomateriali cellulari contenenti. La camera crea un ambiente ischemico che stimola sprouting angiogenico dai vasi impiantati. 3 Il peduncolo vascolare può essere un ciclo arterovenosa ricostruite o un&#39;arteria flusso continuo intatta e vena. 3-6,19 This vascolari germogli peduncolari un funzionamento ed estesa artero rete -capillary-venosa che collega sia l&#39;arteeriole e venoso si conclude con il peduncolo vascolare. 3,20, inoltre, la circostante camera di supporto cava protegge il tessuto in via di sviluppo da potenzialmente deformare forze meccaniche e prolunga l&#39;unità ischemico per migliorare la vascolarizzazione. 3,21,22 Se il peduncolo nave è semplicemente impiantato in tessuto normale e non all&#39;interno dello spazio protetto della camera, germinazione angiogenico cessa lungo la stessa timeline come una ferita normale e nessun nuovo tessuto si accumulano intorno al peduncolo. Gli investigatori hanno utilizzato questa configurazione in vivo per produrre costrutti di tessuto tridimensionali funzionali vascolarizzati con vascolarizzazione di sostegno e di dimensioni clinicamente rilevante. 4,23 Inoltre, i costrutti di tessuto vascolarizzate ingegnerizzati con il suo peduncolo vascolare intatto possono essere raccolti per il successivo trapianto presso il sito della lesione . 24,25 Uno scenario più clinicamente fattibile sarebbe la creazione della camera presso il sito definitivo per la ricostruzione sale come il petto. Così, questa de novo tessuto approccio ingegneristico potrebbe avere potenziale clinico di fornire una nuova fonte di tessuto bersaglio funzionale per la chirurgia ricostruttiva. 26-28 Il seguente protocollo fornirà una guida generale per costruire un vascolarizzati camera di ingegneria tissutale in vivo nel ratto, che potrebbe essere adattato in diversi modelli animali e impiegato per esaminare i processi complicati dell&#39;angiogenesi, produzione della matrice, e la migrazione e la differenziazione cellulare.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="649">
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:123px;">1 15 Blade Scalpel</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Braun</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">BB515</td>
			<td style="width:176px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1 Toothed Adson Forceps</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>BD527R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1 Needle Holder</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>BM201R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1 Bipolar Coagulator&#160;</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>US335</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1 Micro Needle Holder B-15-8.3</td>
			<td>S &#38; T</td>
			<td>00763</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1 Micro Dilator Forceps D-5a.2</td>
			<td>S &#38; T</td>
			<td>00125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1 Micro Jeweler&#39;s Forceps JF-5</td>
			<td>S &#38; T</td>
			<td>00108</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1 Micro Scissors - Straight SAS-11</td>
			<td>S &#38; T</td>
			<td>00098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1 Micro Scissors - Curved SDC-11</td>
			<td>S &#38; T</td>
			<td>00090</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">2 Single Clamps B-3</td>
			<td>S &#38; T</td>
			<td>00400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">2 10/0 nylon suture</td>
			<td>S &#38; T</td>
			<td>03199</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1 6/0 nylon suture</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>G2095469</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">2 4/0 Silk Sutures</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>C0760145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Xilocaine 1%</td>
			<td>Dealmed</td>
			<td>150733</td>
			<td>10 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Heparin Sodium</td>
			<td>Dealmed</td>
			<td>272301</td>
			<td>5000 UI / ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ringer Lactate</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>JB2323</td>
			<td>500 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1 dome-shaped tissue engineering chamber</td>
			<td>custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1 flow-through chamber</td>
			<td>custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Lectin I, Griffonia Simplicifolia&#160;</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>B-1105</td>
			<td>1.67 &#956;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Troponin T antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>Ab8295</td>
			<td>4 &#956;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Human-specific Ku80 antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>Ab80592</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">0.06 &#956;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Desmin antibody</td>
			<td>Dako</td>
			<td>M0760</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">2.55 &#956;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Cell Tracker CM-DiI dye</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C-7000</td>
			<td>3 mg/106 cells</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

tissue engineering by intrinsic vascularization in an in vivo tissue engineering chamber

Nella chirurgia ricostruttiva, vi è una necessità clinica di un&#39;alternativa ai metodi attuali di ricostruzione autologo che sono complessi, costosi e commercio un difetto per un altro. L&#39;ingegneria dei tessuti mantiene la promessa di affrontare questa crescente domanda. Tuttavia, la maggior parte delle strategie di ingegneria tissutale non riescono a generare sostituti stabili e funzionali dei tessuti a causa della scarsa vascolarizzazione. Questo documento si concentra su una ingegneria dei tessuti modello in vivo della camera di vascolarizzazione intrinseca in cui un&#39;arteria perfusione e una vena o come un ciclo artero o di una configurazione peduncolo a flusso continuo è diretto all&#39;interno di una camera cava protetta. In questo sistema camerale basato germinazione angiogenica verifica dai vasi arterovenose e questo sistema attrae migrazione cellulare endogena ischemica e infiammatoria motore che riempie progressivamente spazio della camera con tessuto fibro-vascolare. cellula esogena / matrice impianto al momento della costruzione della camera migliora sur cellularevivenza e determina la specificità dei tessuti ingegnerizzati che si sviluppano. I nostri studi hanno dimostrato che questo modello camera può generare con successo diversi tessuti come grasso, muscolo cardiaco, fegato e altri. Tuttavia, sono necessarie modifiche e perfezionamenti per garantire tessuto bersaglio formazione è coerente e riproducibile. Questo articolo descrive un protocollo standardizzato per la realizzazione di due differenti modelli a camera ingegneria tissutale vascolarizzate in vivo.

La creazione microchirurgico di camere ingegneria tissutale è stata eseguita come descritto nel protocollo di cui sopra. I tessuti generati all&#39;interno delle camere possono essere esaminate istologicamente come descritto nel passaggio protocollo 3. Vari tipi di tessuto sono stati progettati con successo utilizzando la camera vascolarizzata in vivo (Figura 2). Questi includono tessuto cardiaco con cardiomiociti neonatali di ratto (Figura 2A),</strong...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Tissue Engineering by Intrinsic Vascularization in an In Vivo Tissue Engineering Chamber at JoVE.com

Tissue Engineering by Intrinsic Vascularization in an In Vivo Tissue Engineering Chamber

This is a guideline for constructing in vivo vascularized tissue using a microsurgical arteriovenous loop or a flow-through pedicle configuration inside a tissue engineering chamber. The vascularized tissues generated can be employed for organ regeneration and replacement of tissue defects, as well as for drug testing and disease modeling.

Ingegneria dei tessuti da parte intrinseca Vascolarizzazione in un<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Camera ingegneria dei tessuti

In reconstructive surgery, there is a clinical need for an alternative to the current methods of autologous reconstruction which are complex, costly and ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to create a space where tissue can grow and expand concomitantly with the development of a robust blood supply, ultimately leading to the generation of a vascularized, large, three-dimensional block of tissue. This method can help answer key questions in the engineering of vascularized tissue for reconstructive purposes as well as for organ replacement and repair. The main advantage of this technique is that the newly generated tissue is intrinsically supplied by its own vascular network without having to rely on diffusion from the environment for survival.Demonstrating the procedure will be Sue McKay and Liliana Pepe. Anesthetize a rat weighing at least 250 grams, and assess the depth of anesthesia using a toe pinch. If the rat is unresponsive, maintain its sedation using 2%isoflurane throughout the procedure.Next, apply epsomic ointment to the eyes. Then, with the rat supine, use electric razors to shave the groin and remove the hair with moistened gauze. Then, clean the surgical sites with a chlorhexidine solution containing 70%ethanol.Finally, drape the animal with sterile towels and proceed with the surgery. Using a number 15 blade, make a four centimeter long skin incision into the left groin parallel to the inguinal ligament. Next, cut through the exposed inguinal fat pad circumferentially with scissors, leaving it attached to its vascular pedicle, based on the epigastric vessels.Now, with micro-scissors, free the filmy connective tissue adhesions between the abdominal wall and underlying femoral vessels. Then, place a retractor on the abdominal wall and pull it medially to expose the inguinal ligament and the whole length of the femoral vessels. Next, using micro-forceps and curved scissors, dissect the epigastric vein and isolate it from the surrounding fat.This vein will function as a tether. Proceed by opening the perivascular sheath containing the femoral vessels and nerve. Open it all the way from the inguinal ligament to its bifurcation distal to the epigastric branch.At this point, and throughout the whole procedure, gentle handling of the femoral vessels is critical. Their damage can result in thrombosis and failure of the whole experiment. Then, using micro-forceps, pick up the femoral vein by its adventitia and gently separate it from the surrounding tissues and the accompanying artery.During this step, do not grasp the whole thickness of the vein wall, which could cause trauma to the intima, thus making the vein prone to thrombosis. Also during this step, ligate the side branches with 10-0 nylon suture, or coagulate them with a bipolar coagulator. With the femoral vein completely free, ligate it proximally and distally with 4-0 silk sutures to obtain a vein graft that is at least 10 millimeters long, which includes about half a centimeter length of the epigastric branch.The branch works as a guy rope tether to hold the loop open in the chamber. Next, trim the adventitia from the graft's ends. If necessary, this step may be postponed to before the micro-surgical anastomoses.Finish preparing the vein graft by flushing it with heparinized saline solution and leaving it to rest loaded with heparinized saline solution. Then, close the wound using continuous running 4-0 silk suture and two or three additional simple interrupted stitches. To begin, expose the inguinal ligament and the whole length of the femoral vessel of the contralateral limb as previously demonstrated.Then, using micro-forceps, dissect and isolate both the epigastric artery and vein from the surrounding fat pad. Be gentle when pulling the tissue away from the vessels. Continue by picking up the femoral artery by its adventitia and freeing it from the surrounding tissues.In this process, ligate or coagulate the artery side branches. Then, place a clamp proximally on both the femoral artery and vein. Now, using 4-0 silk suture, ligate the femoral artery and vein distal to the emergence of the epigastric vessels.Now place a sterile plastic contrast background under the vessels and use a sharp, straight micro-scissor to cut each vessel transversely. Once cut, flush the vessels out vigorously with generous amounts of heparinized saline until all the blood has been removed from the lumen. Now bring the vein graft into the operative field.Position the vein graft so that the proximal end of the vein graft is ready to be anastomosed to the recipient femoral vein, and the distal end to the recipient femoral artery. This will allow the blood to flow from the arterial to the venous side without resistance from the valves inside the vein graft. Make sure the femoral vessels and the vein graft rest in their natural position without any twists.Using 10-0 nylon suture, perform surgical anastomosis at both sides. A good and atraumatic micro-surgical anastomosis is key. Damage to the vessel intima, dessication of the vessels, or incorrectly placed stitches make the anastomotic site prone to thrombus formation.Then, check for leaks at both anastomotic sites. Resolve small leaks, which look like non-pulsating blood coming out of the anastomotic site, by placing a small piece of fat or a sponge on top and gently compressing for five to 10 minutes. Larger pulsating leaks that rapidly flood the entire field will need additional stitches.Next, check the patency of the arteriovenous loop. Gentle occlusion of the femoral artery should make it shrink. Conversely, occlusion of the femoral vein should engorge the loop.Now place the base of the tissue engineering chamber under the arteriovenous loop. Make sure that the loop rests in its natural position without any twists or kinks. Then, with 6-0 nylon sutures, secure the base of the chamber to the inguinal ligament and the underlying muscle fascia.Next, place the lid over the base of the chamber. Pinch the epigastric branches under the lid to hold the loop in position. Then, close the wound using continuous running 4-0 silk suture, plus two or three additional simple interrupted stitches.Finally, allow the animal to recover from anesthesia in an individual cage, and administer a single dose of carprofen subcutaneously as an analgesic. Prepare the animal for surgery as before. Two chambers can be implanted into a single rat, one in each groin.Then, isolate the femoral vessel as previously described. With both the artery and vein completely freed of surrounding tissues and their branches ligated, bring the chamber into the operative field. Then, place each of the intact femoral vessels into the corresponding slits of the chamber base.Make sure that neither is twisted or kinked. Next, close the chamber by attaching the lid to the base. Then close the wound and allow the animal to recover as previously described.The micro-surgical creation of tissue engineering chambers was performed as described. Various tissue types were successfully engineered using the in vivo vascularized chamber, which include cardiac tissue with neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, muscle tissue with rat skeletal myoblasts, and adipose tissue with hydrogel derived from adipose tissue extracellular matrix. The stereology system allows for unbiased quantification of specific tissue volume.For example, lectin-stained endothelial cells in transverse sections were used to estimate vascular volumes. Following in vivo implantation of cells labeled with fluorescent dyes, their fate can be tracked. For example, neonatal rat cardiomyocytes labeled with dye i were detected in the tissue constructs three days post-implantation.Alternatively, species-specific antibodies can be used to identify implanted cells in xenotransplanation studies. For example, human-induced pluripotent stem cells implanted in immuno-compromised rats could be identified in the tissue harvested from the chamber. Once mastered, the flow-through chamber and the arteriovenous loop can be implanted in approximately 20 and 90 minutes, respectively.While attempting this procedure, it's important to maintain sterility at all times and take the necessary measures should contamination occur. Don't forget that gentle handling of the blood vessels and atraumatic micro-surgical anastomosis are key to ensure success. In this sense, we do recommend basic micro-surgical training before attempting this procedure, particularly for the construction of the arteriovenous loop.

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Tissue Engineering by Intrinsic Vascularization in an In Vivo Tissue Engineering Chamber

Elastomeric PGS Scaffolds in Arterial Tissue Engineering

PGS elastomerico Ponteggi in Ingegneria tessuto arterioso

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading cause of mortality in the US and especially, coronary artery disease increases with an aging population and ...

Ricerca

Bioingegneria

Encapsulation of Cardiomyocytes in a Fibrin Hydrogel for Cardiac Tissue Engineering

Incapsulamento di cardiomiociti in un idrogel di fibrina per l&#39;ingegneria tissutale cardiaca

Culturing cells in a three dimensional hydrogel environment is an important technique for developing constructs for tissue engineering as well as studying ...

Postproduction Processing of Electrospun Fibres for Tissue Engineering

Elaborazione Postproduzione di fibre elettrofilate per l&#39;ingegneria tissutale

Electrospinning is a commonly used and versatile method to produce  scaffolds (often biodegradable) for 3D tissue engineering.1, 2, 3 Many tissues in vivo ...

Tissue Engineering of the Intestine in a Murine Model

L&#39;ingegneria dei tessuti del colon in un modello murino

Tissue-engineered small intestine (TESI) has successfully been used to rescue Lewis rats after massive small bowel resection, resulting in return to ...

Capillary Force Lithography for Cardiac Tissue Engineering

Capillare Forza litografia per Cardiac Tissue Engineering

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide1. Cardiac tissue engineering holds much promise to deliver groundbreaking medical ...

Tissue Engineering of a Human 3D in vitro Tumor Test System

Tissue Engineering of a Human 3D in vitro Tumor Test System

Ingegneria dei tessuti di un Umano 3D<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Sistema Tumore test

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide.  Current therapeutic strategies are predominantly developed in 2D culture  systems, which ...

Generation of a Three-dimensional Full Thickness Skin Equivalent and Automated Wounding

Generazione di una tridimensionale a tutto spessore della pelle Equivalent e Automated Ferimento

In vitro models are a cost effective and ethical alternative to study cutaneous wound healing processes. Moreover, by using human cells, these models ...

Engineering 3D Cellularized Collagen Gels for Vascular Tissue Regeneration

Ingegneria 3D Cellularized collagene Gel per Vascolare Rigenerazione Tissutale

Synthetic materials are known to initiate clinical complications such as inflammation, stenosis, and infections when implanted as vascular substitutes. ...

Sandwich-like Microenvironments to Harness Cell/Material Interactions

Microambienti sandwich di sfruttare Cellulari / Materiale Interazioni

Cell culture has been traditionally carried out on bi-dimensional (2D) substrates where cells adhere using ventral receptors to the biomaterial surface. ...

Isolation of Murine Adipose Tissue-derived Microvascular Fragments as Vascularization Units for Tissue Engineering

L&#39;isolamento di Murine adiposo derivate dal tessuto microvascolare Frammenti come vascolarizzazione Unità per Tissue Engineering

A functional microvascular network is of pivotal importance for the survival and integration of engineered tissue constructs. For this purpose, several ...