Name: a protocol for functional assessment of whole-protein saturation mutagenesis libraries utilizing high-throughput sequencing
Uploaded: 2016-07-03T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol for Functional Assessment of Whole-Protein Saturation Mutagenesis Libraries Utilizing High-Throughput Sequencing at JoVE.com

R.R. acknowledges support from the National Institutes of Health (RO1EY018720-05), the Robert A. Welch Foundation (I-1366), and the Green Center for Systems Biology.

Obs: Se figur 1 för beskrivning av protokollet. Flera steg och reagens i protokollet kräver säkerhetsåtgärder (indikerade med &quot;FÖRSIKTIGHET&quot;). Konsultera säkerhetsdatablad före användning. Alla protokollstegen utförs vid RT inte annat anges. 1. Förbered Kultur Media och Plates <ol><li> Förbered och sterilisera i autoklav 1 L renat vatten, 100 ml Super Optimal buljong (SOB, tabell 1), en L Luria-Bertani-buljong (LB, tabell 2)</...

<ol>
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Här ett protokoll beskrivs för att utföra den funktionella bedömningen av hel-proteinmättnadsmutagenesbibliotek, med hjälp av high-throughput sekvenseringsteknologi. En viktig aspekt av förfarandet är användningen av ortogonala primrar under kloningsprocessen. I korthet är varje aminosyraposition randomiserades genom mutagen PCR, och blandas samman i grupper av positioner vars sammanlagda sekvenslängden upptas av hög genomströmning sekvensering. Dessa grupper klonas i plasmidvektorer innehållande par av or...

Mutagenes har länge använts i laboratoriet för att studera egenskaperna hos biologiska system och deras utveckling, och för att producera muterade proteiner eller organismer med förbättrade eller nya funktioner. Medan tidiga tillvägagångssätt förlitat sig på metoder som producerar slumpmässiga mutationer i organismer, tillkomsten av rekombinant DNA-teknik gjort det möjligt för forskare att införa utvalda förändringar DNA i ett platsspecifikt sätt, det vill säga., Riktad mutagenes 1,2. Med nuvarande tekniker, typiskt med användning av mutagena oligonukleotider i en polymeraskedjereaktion (PCR), är det relativt enkel att skapa och bedöma ett litet antal mutationer (t.ex.., Punktmutationer) i en given gen 3,4. Det är mycket svårare men när målet närmar sig, till exempel, att skapa och bedömning av alla möjliga single-site (eller högre ordning) mutationer. Även om mycket har lärt sig från tidiga studier försöker att bedöma ett stort antal mutations i gener, de tekniker som användes var ofta mödosam, till exempel kräver bedömning av varje mutation oberoende använder nonsens suppressor stammar 5-7, eller var begränsade i sin kvantitativa förmåga på grund av den låga sekvense djup Sanger-sekvensering 8. De tekniker som används i dessa studier har till stor del ersatts av förfaranden som använder hög genomströmning sekvenseringsteknologi 9-12. Dessa begreppsmässigt enkla metoderna medför skapandet av ett bibliotek innefattande ett stort antal mutationer, att utsätta biblioteket till en skärm eller urval för funktion, och sedan djupsekvensering (dvs., Av storleksordningen&gt; 10 6 sekvense läsningar) biblioteket som erhållits före och efter valet. På detta sätt, de fenotypiska eller fitness effekter av ett stort antal mutationer, som representeras som förändringen i populationen frekvensen för varje mutant, kan bedömas samtidigt och mer kvantitativt. Vi tidigare infört en simp(. dvs., hela proteinmättnadsmutagenes bibliotek) le tillvägagångssätt för att bedöma bibliotek av alla möjliga enkla aminosyra mutationer i proteiner, är tillämpliga på gener med en längd längre än sekvense läsa längd 11,13: För det första är varje aminosyraposition randomiserad genom ställesriktad mutagen PCR. Under denna process, är den gen som delas upp i grupper bestående av angränsande positioner med en total längd upptas genom sekvenseringsplattform. Den mutagena PCR-produkterna för varje grupp kombineras sedan, och varje grupp självständigt kastades selektion och hög genomströmning sekvensering. Genom att upprätthålla en korrespondens mellan placeringen av mutationer i sekvensen och sekvens läslängd, har denna metod fördelen att maximera sekvense djup: medan man kan helt enkelt sekvensera sådana bibliotek i korta fönster utan delas upp i grupper (t.ex. genom en standard hagelgevär. sekvense metod), mest läser erhålls skulle vara vild-typ och därmed majority av sekvense genomströmning spillo (t.ex., för en hel-proteinmättnadsmutagenes bibliotek med en 500 aminosyror långt protein sekvenserades i 100 aminosyra (300 bp) fönster, åtminstone 80% av läser kommer att vara den vildtypssekvensen). Här, är ett protokoll som presenteras som utnyttjar hög genomströmning sekvensering för den funktionella bedömningen av hel-proteinmättnadsmutagenesbibliotek, med användning av ovan beskrivna tillvägagångssätt (beskrivs översiktligt i fig 1). Viktigt, presenterar vi användning av ortogonala primers i biblioteket kloningsprocess för att streckkod varje sekvens grupp, som tillåter dem att multiplexeras till ett bibliotek, utsätts samtidigt för screening eller urval, och sedan de-multiplexeras för djup sekvensering. Eftersom sekvensgrupper inte utsätts för urval självständigt, reducerar denna arbetsbelastningen och säkerställer att varje mutation upplever samma nivå av val. TEM-1 β-laktamas, ett enzym som ger resistens på hög nivå tillantibiotika β-laktamantibiotika (t ex., ampicillin) i bakterier används som ett modellsystem 14-16. Ett protokoll beskrivs för bedömningen av en hel-proteinmättnadsmutagenes bibliotek av TEM-1 i E. coli under valet på en ungefärlig serumnivå för en dos ampicillin (50 mikrogram / ​​ml) 17,18.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1073">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Typtone</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Research Products Intl. Corp.</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">T60060-1000.0</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Yeast extract</td>
			<td>Research Products Intl. Corp.</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">Y20020-500.0</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">BP358-212</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">P9333-500G</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Magnesium sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">M7506-500G</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Agar</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">BP1423-500</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Tetracycline hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">T7660-5G</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">petri plates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">351029</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">MATLAB&#160;</td>
			<td>Mathworks</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">http://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">Oligonucleotide primers</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">https://www.idtdna.com/pages/products/dna-rna/custom-dna-oligos</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">25 nmol scale, standard desalting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:275px;">pBR322_AvrII</td>
			<td>available upon request</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">pBR322 plasmid modified to contain AvrII restriction site downstream of the TEM-1 gene</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:275px;">pBR322_OP1 &#8211; pBR322_OP5</td>
			<td>available upon request</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">five modified pBR322 plasmids each containing a pair of orthogonal priming sites</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">Q5 high-fidelity DNA polymerase</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">M0491L</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">includes 5X PCR buffer and PCR additive (GC enhancer)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">15 mL conical tube</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">430025</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">Multichannel pipettes (Eppendorf ResearchPlus)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">PCR plate, 96 well</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">14230232</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">96 well plate seal</td>
			<td>Excel Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">F-96-100</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Veriti 96-well thermal cycler</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">4375786</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">6X gel loading dye</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">B7024S</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Agarose</td>
			<td>Research Products Intl. Corp.</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">20090-500.0</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Ethidium bromide</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">161-0433</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">UV transilluminator (FOTO/Analyst ImageTech)</td>
			<td>Fotodyne Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">http://www.fotodyne.com/content/ImageTech_gel_documentation</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">EB buffer</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">19086</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">96-well black-walled, clear bottom assay plates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">3651</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Lambda phage DNA</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">N3011S</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">PicoGreen dsDNA reagent</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">P7581</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">dsDNA quantitation reagent, used in protocol step 2.2.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Victor 3V microplate reader</td>
			<td>PerkinElmer</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">DNA purification kit</td>
			<td>Zymo Research</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">D4003</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">3621</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Long-wavelength UV illuminator</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">FBUVLS-80</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Agarose gel DNA extraction buffer</td>
			<td>Zymo Research</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">D4001-1-100</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">AatII</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">R0117S</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">AvrII</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">R0174L</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">T4 DNA ligase</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">M0202S</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">EVB100 electrocompetent E. coli</td>
			<td>Avidity</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">EVB100</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Electroporator (E. coli Pulser)</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">1652102</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Electroporation cuvettes</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">165-2089</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Spectrophotometer (Ultrospec 3100 pro)</td>
			<td>Amersham Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">80211237</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">50 mL conical tubes</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">430828</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Plasmid purification kit</td>
			<td>Macherey-Nagel</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">740588.25</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">8 well PCR strip tubes</td>
			<td>Axygen</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">321-10-551</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Qubit dsDNA HS assay kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">Q32854</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">dsDNA quantitation reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Qubit assay tubes</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">Q32856</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Qubit fluorometer</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">Q32866</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Ampicillin sodium salt</td>
			<td>Akron Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">50824296</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">MiSeq reagent kit v2 (500 cycles)</td>
			<td>Illumina</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">MS-102-2003</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">MiSeq desktop sequencer</td>
			<td>Illumina</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">http://www.illumina.com/systems/miseq.html</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">alternatively, one could sequence on Illumina HiSeq platform</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">FLASh software</td>
			<td>John Hopkins University - open source</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">http://ccb.jhu.edu/software/FLASH/</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">software to merge paired-end reads from next-generation sequencing data</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">AatII_F</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">GATAATAATGGTTTCTTAGACGTCAGGTGGC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">AvrII_R</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">CTTCACCTAGGTCCTTTTAAATTAAAAATGAAG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">AvrII_F</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">CTTCATTTTTAATTTAAAAGGACCTAGGTGAAG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">AatII_OP1_R</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">ACCTGACGTCCGTATTTCAACTGTCCGGTCTAAGAAACCATTATTATCATGACATTAAC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">AatII_OP2_R</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">ACCTGACGTCCGCTCACGGAGTGTACTAATTAAGAAACCATTATTATCATGACATTAAC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">AatII_OP3_R</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">ACCTGACGTCGTACGTCTGAACTTGGGACTTAAGAAACCATTATTATCATGACATTAAC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">AatII_OP4_R</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">ACCTGACGTCCCGTTCTCGATACCAAGTGATAAGAAACCATTATTATCATGACATTAAC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">AatII_OP5_R</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">ACCTGACGTCGTCCGTCGGAGTAACAATCTTAAGAAACCATTATTATCATGACATTAAC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">OP1_F</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">GACCGGACAGTTGAAATACG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">OP1_R</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">CGACGTACAGGACAATTTCC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">OP2_F</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">ATTAGTACACTCCGTGAGCG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">OP2_R</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">AGTATTAGGCGTCAAGGTCC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">OP3_F</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">AGTCCCAAGTTCAGACGTAC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">OP3_R</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">GAAAAGTCCCAATGAGTGCC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">OP4_F</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">TCACTTGGTATCGAGAACGG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">OP4_R</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">TATCACGGAAGGACTCAACG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">OP5_F</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">AGATTGTTACTCCGACGGAC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">OP5_R</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">TATAACAGGCTGCTGAGACC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:275px;">Group1_F</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNNGCATTTTGCCTACCGGTTTTTGC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">Group1_R</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">GTGACTGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNNTCTTGCCCGGCGTCAAC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:275px;">Group2_F</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNNGAACGTTTTCCAATGATGAGCAC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:275px;">Group2_R</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">GTGACTGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNNGTCCTCCGATCGTTGTCAGAAG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:275px;">Group3_F</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNNAGTAAGAGAATTATGCAGTGCTGCC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:275px;">Group3_R</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">GTGACTGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNNTCGCCAGTTAATAGTTTGCGC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:275px;">Group4_F</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNNCCAAACGACGAGCGTGACAC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:275px;">Group4_R</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">GTGACTGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNNGCAATGATACCGCGAGACCC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">Group5_F</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNNCGGCTGGCTGGTTTATTGC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:275px;">Group5_R</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">GTGACTGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCTNNNNNTATATGAGTAAACTTGGTCTGACAG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">501_F</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACTATAGCCTACACTCTTTCCCTACACGAC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:275px;">502_F</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACATAGAGGCACACTCTTTCCCTACACGAC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">503_F</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACCCTATCCTACACTCTTTCCCTACACGAC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:275px;">504_F</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACGGCTCTGAACACTCTTTCCCTACACGAC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:275px;">505_F</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACAGGCGAAGACACTCTTTCCCTACACGAC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">701_R</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATCGAGTAATGTGACTGGAGTTCAGACGTG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">702_R</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
			<td style="width:271px;">CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATTCTCCGGAGTGACTGGAGTTCAGACGTG</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a protocol for functional assessment of whole-protein saturation mutagenesis libraries utilizing high-throughput sequencing

Site-directed mutagenesis has long been used as a method to interrogate protein structure, function and evolution. Recent advances in massively-parallel sequencing technology have opened up the possibility of assessing the functional or fitness effects of large numbers of mutations simultaneously. Here, we present a protocol for experimentally determining the effects of all possible single amino acid mutations in a protein of interest utilizing high-throughput sequencing technology, using the 263 amino acid antibiotic resistance enzyme TEM-1 &#946;-lactamase as an example. In this approach, a whole-protein saturation mutagenesis library is constructed by site-directed mutagenic PCR, randomizing each position individually to all possible amino acids. The library is then transformed into bacteria, and selected for the ability to confer resistance to &#946;-lactam antibiotics. The fitness effect of each mutation is then determined by deep sequencing of the library before and after selection. Importantly, this protocol introduces methods which maximize sequencing read depth and permit the simultaneous selection of the entire mutation library, by mixing adjacent positions into groups of length accommodated by high-throughput sequencing read length and utilizing orthogonal primers to barcode each group. Representative results using this protocol are provided by assessing the fitness effects of all single amino acid mutations in TEM-1 at a clinically relevant dosage of ampicillin. The method should be easily extendable to other proteins for which a high-throughput selection assay is in place.

Plasmiden kartan för de fem modifierade pBR322 plasmider innehållande ortogonala priming sajter (pBR322_OP1 - pBR322_OP5) visas i figur 2A. För att testa huruvida de ortogonala primrarna är specifika, PCR utfördes med användning av varje par av ortogonala primrar för sig, tillsammans med alla fem pBR322_OP1-5 plasmider, eller med alla plasmider minus plasmiden matcha den ortogonala primerparet. Den korrekta produkten endast erhålls när den matchande plasmiden in...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol for Functional Assessment of Whole-Protein Saturation Mutagenesis Libraries Utilizing High-Throughput Sequencing at JoVE.com

A Protocol for Functional Assessment of Whole-Protein Saturation Mutagenesis Libraries Utilizing High-Throughput Sequencing

Vi presenterar ett protokoll för funktionell bedömning av omfattande bibliotek av proteiner som använder hög genomströmning sekvense single-site mättnadsmutagenes. Viktigt använder detta tillvägagångssätt ortogonala primerpar att multiplexera bibliotekskonstruktion och sekvensering. Representativa resultat med hjälp av TEM-1 β-läktarnas väljs vid en kliniskt relevant dos av ampicillin tillhandahålls.

Ett protokoll för funktionell bedömning av hela proteinmutagenes bibliotek Använda hög genomströmning sekvensering

Site-directed mutagenesis has long been used as a method to interrogate protein structure, function and evolution. Recent advances in massively-parallel ...

The overall goal of this protocol is to describe the functional assessment of comprehensive, single-site saturation mutagenesis libraries of proteins, utilizing high-throughput sequencing. This method can help answer key questions in the fields of biochemistry and molecular evolution. Such as, what are the biochemical structural and evolutionary constraints on proteins?And how can we engineer proteins with novel functions? The main advantage of this technique is that it maximizes a number of useful sequencing reads in a whole-protein saturation mutagenesis study, by mulitplexing library construction and sequencing. After preparing a plate of PCR Master Mix according to the text's protocol, use a multi-channel pipette to transfer 10 microliters from the 96-well plates containing the previously diluted sense mutagenesis primers to the cognate wells in the PCR plates.Use a plate seal to cover each PCR plate, and centrifuge at 200 Gs for two minutes. Then, transfer the PCR plates to a thermocycler, and run the following program. After carrying out additional PCR and diluting the reactions, one to 100, transfer one microliter from the mixed and diluted first-round mutagenic PCR products, to the cognate wells of new PCR plates containing Master Mix.Use a plate seal to cover each PCR plate. Centrifuge the plates at approximately 200 Gs for two minutes. Then transfer the plates to the thermocycler, and run the same program listed earlier in the video.After verifying the PCR product sizes, and measuring the concentrations according to the text protocol, mix 100 nanograms of each NNS sublibrary PCR product into five NNS sublibrary groups. After running sublibrary PCR reactions and digesting cloning vectors in the PCR reactions, according to the text protocol, set up ligation reactions following these guidelines for each digested NNS sublibrary group, with its cognate restriction digested cloning vector. Then, incubate at room temperature for one hour.Once electrocompetent E.coli cells have been thawed, add ten microliters of cells to each purified ligation reaction, and transfer to an electroproration cuvette. Electroprorate the cells at 1.8 kilovolts, then add one milliliter of SOB medium and incubate at 37 degrees celsius for one hour. Then, re-suspend 10 microliters of each recovery culture in 990 microliters of LB.And spread 100 microliters on LB auger plates containing 12 micrograms per milliliter of tetracycline.Per each recovery culture, prepare a 250-milliliter culture flask with 50 milliliters of LB and 50 microliters of tet-stock. Transfer the remaining approximately one milliliter of recovery culture to a flask. Incubate at 37 degrees celsius and 200 rpm overnight.After counting the number of successful transformants on the plates, and isolating the plasma DNA from the overnight cultures, mix together 100 nanograms of each plasmid. After transforming the DNA library according to the text protocol, dilute the library overnight culture to an OD-600 equal to 0.1. And add one milliliter to one flask.Incubate the pre-selection culture at 37 degrees celsius and 200 RPM. Periodically monitor the growth by measuring the OD-600, until it equals 0.1. Transfer 100 milliliters of the pre-selection culture to two 50-milliliter conical tubes, and centrifuge at 4, 000 Gs for six minutes, at four degrees celsius.Remove most of the supernatant and combine the pellets into a single, 15-milliliter conical tube. Then, after repeating the centrifugation, remove all the supernatant. To the other two flasks, add tetracycline to a final concentration of 12 micrograms per milliliter.And a volume of the pre-selection culture, such that the final OD-600 equals 0.001. To one flask, add one milliliter of 50 milligrams per milliliter Ampicillin at a final concentration of 50 micrograms per milliliter. This is the selection culture.While incubating the cultures at 37 degrees celsius in 200 RPM, monitor the growth of the culture containing no Ampicillin until it reaches an OD-600 equal to 0.1. Also measure the OD-600 of the selection culture. After dividing the OD-600 of the selection culture into 0.1, and multiplying by 100, transfer this volume to 50-milliliter conical tubes, and centrifuge at 4, 000 Gs and four degrees celsius for six minutes.After removing most of the supernatant, combine the pellets into a single tube before spinning again and removing all the supernatant. To carry out high-throughput sequencing, prepare a PCR Master Mix and transfer 23 microliters to 10 PCR tubes. Add one microliter of 0.5 nanograms per microliter of purified plasmid DNA from the pre-selection culture to tubes one through five.And from the selection culture to tubes six through 10. Mix together 50 microliters of 50 micromolar forward-orthogonal primers, OP1F to OP5F, with the respective reverse-orthogonal primers, OP1R to OP5R. In the same order, transfer one microliter to PCR tubes one through five, and six through 10.Transfer the PCR tubes to the thermocycler, and run the following program. Then, dilute the PCR reactions 100-fold, by transferring one microliter from each tube to 99 microliters of water. Mix well, then pipette 99 microliters from the tubes, and discard.Mix together 50 microliters of the forward, and respective reverse, primers. Then, transfer one microliter to the PCR tubes one through five, and six through 10. Then, after preparing a PCR Master Mix, add 23 microliters to each PCR tube, and run the following program.To carry out the final PCRs to add indexing sequences, after diluting the PCR reactions 100-fold, as before, and keeping one microliter, add 23 microliters of the PCR Master Mix. For tubes with template originating from NNS sublibrary groups one through five, add 0.5 microliters of forward primers 501F to 505F, respectively. For tubes with template resulting from the pre-selection and selection cultures, add 0.5 microliters of reverse primers 701R and 702R.Run the same PCR program as just indicated. Then, after measuring the concentrations of each reaction according to the text protocol, mix 100 nanograms of each PCR product into a single micro-centrifuge tube. After adding 6X gel loading dye, load the entire, combined PCR sample onto a two percent agarose gel.And run the gel at 100 volts, for 50 minutes. Using a long-wavelength UV illuminator, visualize, then excise the slice containing the PCR product of approximately 360 base pairs. Purify, sequence, and analyze the sample according to the text protocol.The plasmid map for the five modified pBR322 plasmids containing orthogonal priming sites is shown here. Testing for the specificity of the orthogonal primers using PCR, showed that the correct PCR product was only obtained when the matching plasmid was included in the reaction. And no product of any size was obtained in its absence.Following the processing of an experiment, 6.2 times 10 to the sixth reads from the pre-selection condition, and 6.3 times 10 to the sixth reads from the ampicillin condition were obtained. The counts for each amino acid mutation from the pre-selection condition display a log-normal distribution. This figure depicts the relative fitness effect, FIA, for each mutation at each position of TEM-one.And its distribution is shown here. Under selection at 50 micrograms per milliliter ampicillin, most mutations have a neutral, or nearly neutral, fitness effect. Corresponding to the white pixels here, and the large peak here.A small fraction of mutations at this antibiotic concentration have substantial effects on fitness. As expected, these include mutations within the highly-conserved active site residues. In contrast, few pixels appear as significantly red.Once mastered, this technique can be done in approximately a week. If it is performed properly, and all reagents are available. While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to stay organized during cloning to combine the mutagenic PCR products into the correct groups, and to clone into correct vectors.And during sequencing preparation, to use the correct primers. Extending from this procedure, the main steps of the protocol could be modified to examine mutation combinations, different selection environments, and other protein systems, in order to answer additional questions concerning the genetic and environmental context-dependence of mutations. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of the work required to construct a whole-protein saturation mutagenesis library, and to assess the functional effects of each mutation simultaneously, using high-throughput sequencing.Don't forget that working with ethidium bromide and ultraviolet light can be hazardous and precautions such as gloves, lab coat, and UV shield should always be taken while performing parts of this protocol.

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Mutagenesis and Functional Analysis of Ion Channels Heterologously Expressed in Mammalian Cells

Mutagenes och funktionsanalys av jonkanaler Uttryckt Heterologously i däggdjursceller

We will demonstrate how to study the functional effects of introducing a point mutation in an ion channel. We study G protein-gated inwardly rectifying ...

A High Throughput Screen for Biomining Cellulase Activity from Metagenomic Libraries

En hög genomströmning skärm för Biomining cellulas aktivitet från Metagenomic bibliotek

Cellulose, the most abundant source of organic carbon on the planet, has wide-ranging industrial applications with increasing emphasis on biofuel ...

Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli

Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli

Mutagenes och Funktionell Val Protokoll för riktad evolution av proteiner i E. coli</em

The efficient generation of genetic diversity represents an invaluable molecular tool that can be used to label DNA synthesis, to create unique molecular ...

Competitive Genomic Screens of Barcoded Yeast Libraries

Konkurrenskraftiga Genomic skärmar av streckkodade Jäst bibliotek

By virtue of advances in next generation sequencing technologies, we have access to new genome sequences almost daily.  The tempo of these advances is ...

Use of a Robot for High-throughput Crystallization of Membrane Proteins in Lipidic Mesophases

Användning av en robot för hög kapacitet Kristallisering av membranproteiner i lipidisk mesofaser

Structure-function studies of membrane proteins greatly benefit from having available high-resolution 3-D structures of the type provided through ...

Biochemical and High Throughput Microscopic Assessment of Fat Mass in Caenorhabditis Elegans

Biochemical and High Throughput Microscopic Assessment of Fat Mass in Caenorhabditis Elegans

Biokemisk och hög kapacitet Mikroskopisk bedömning av fettmassa i<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em

The nematode C. elegans has emerged as an important  model for the study of conserved genetic pathways regulating fat metabolism as  it relates to human ...

High-throughput Functional Screening using a Homemade Dual-glow Luciferase Assay

Hög kapacitet Funktionell Screening med hjälp av en hemmagjord Dual-glöd luciferas analys

We present a rapid and inexpensive high-throughput screening protocol to identify transcriptional regulators of alpha-synuclein, a gene associated with ...

Generation of High Quality Chromatin Immunoprecipitation DNA Template for High-throughput Sequencing (ChIP-seq)

Generation of High Quality Chromatin Immunoprecipitation DNA Template for High-throughput Sequencing ChIP-seq

Av hög kvalitet om Kromatin Immunoprecipitation DNA Mall för hög genomströmning sekvensering (chip-seq)

ChIP-sequencing (ChIP-seq) methods directly  offer whole-genome coverage, where combining chromatin immunoprecipitation  (ChIP) and massively parallel ...

High Throughput Microinjections of Sea Urchin Zygotes

Hög genomströmning microinjections av Sea Urchin Zygotes

Microinjection into cells and embryos is a common technique that is used to study a wide range of biological processes. In this method a small amount of ...

Highly Efficient Ligation of Small RNA Molecules for MicroRNA Quantitation by High-Throughput Sequencing

Mycket effektiv Ligering av små RNA-molekyler för MicroRNA Kvantifiering av hög genomströmning sekvense

MiRNA cloning and high-throughput sequencing, termed miR-Seq, stands alone as a transcriptome-wide approach to quantify miRNAs with single nucleotide ...