Name: the fibular nerve injury method: a reliable assay to identify and test factors that repair neuromuscular junctions
Uploaded: 2016-08-11T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Fibular Nerve Injury Method: A Reliable Assay to Identify and Test Factors That Repair Neuromuscular Junctions at JoVE.com

The authors thank members of the Valdez laboratory for intellectual input on experiments and comments on the manuscript.

所有实验均在由弗吉尼亚理工大学机构动物护理和使用委员会批准NIH的指导方针和动物的协议进行的。 1.准备动物外科手术<ol><li>麻醉小鼠用氯胺酮（90毫克/公斤），并通过皮下注射腹股沟注射甲苯噻嗪（10毫克/千克）的用无菌1毫升胰岛素注射器的混合物中。载体溶液含有0.9％的盐水，17.4毫克/毫升氯胺酮，和2.6毫克/毫升甲苯噻嗪的混合物。将动物放回笼子在等待的药物才...

<ol>
	<li>Sanes, J. R., Lichtman, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction,+assembly,+maturation+and+maintenance+of+a+postsynaptic+apparatus.">Induction, assembly, maturation and maintenance of a postsynaptic apparatus.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2 (11), 791-805 (2001).</li><li>Moloney, E. B., de Winter, F., Verhaagen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ALS+as+a+distal+axonopathy:+molecular+mechanisms+affecting+neuromuscular+junction+stability+in+the+presymptomatic+stages+of+the+disease.">ALS as a distal axonopathy: molecular mechanisms affecting neuromuscular junction stability in the presymptomatic stages of the disease.</a> Front. Neurosci. 8, 252 (2014).</li><li>Apel, P. J., Alton, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+age+impairs+the+response+of+the+neuromuscular+junction+to+nerve+transection+and+repair:+An+experimental+study+in+rats.">How age impairs the response of the neuromuscular junction to nerve transection and repair: An experimental study in rats.</a> J Orthop Res. 27 (3), 385-393 (2009).</li><li>Balice-Gordon, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-related+changes+in+neuromuscular+innervation.">Age-related changes in neuromuscular innervation.</a> Muscle Nerve Suppl. 5, S83-S87 (1997).</li><li>Valdez, G., Tapia, J. C., Lichtman, J. W., Fox, M. A., Sanes, J. 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W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanisms+of+cellular+interactions+in+peripheral+nerve+regeneration.">Molecular mechanisms of cellular interactions in peripheral nerve regeneration.</a> Curr Opin Neurol. 14 (5), 635-639 (2001).</li><li>Gaudet, A. D., Popovich, P. G., Ramer, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wallerian+degeneration:+gaining+perspective+on+inflammatory+events+after+peripheral+nerve+injury.">Wallerian degeneration: gaining perspective on inflammatory events after peripheral nerve injury.</a> J Neuroinflammation. 8, 110 (2011).</li><li>Chen, P., Piao, X., Bonaldo, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+macrophages+in+Wallerian+degeneration+and+axonal+regeneration+after+peripheral+nerve+injury.">Role of macrophages in Wallerian degeneration and axonal regeneration after peripheral nerve injury.</a> Acta Neuropathol. 130 (5), 605-618 (2015).</li><li>Chen, Z. -. L., Yu, W. -. M., Strickland, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peripheral+regeneration.">Peripheral regeneration.</a> Annu Rev Neurosci. 30, 209-233 (2007).</li><li>Darabid, H., Perez-Gonzalez, A. P., Robitaille, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuromuscular+synaptogenesis:+coordinating+partners+with+multiple+functions.">Neuromuscular synaptogenesis: coordinating partners with multiple functions.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 15 (11), 703-718 (2014).</li><li>Geuna, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+sciatic+nerve+injury+model+in+pre-clinical+research.">The sciatic nerve injury model in pre-clinical research.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 243, 39-46 (2015).</li><li>Batt, J. A. E., Bain, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tibial+nerve+transection+-+a+standardized+model+for+denervation-induced+skeletal+muscle+atrophy+in+mice.">Tibial nerve transection - a standardized model for denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in mice.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (81), e50657 (2013).</li><li>Savastano, L. E., Laurito, S. R., Fitt, M. R., Rasmussen, J. A., Gonzalez Polo, V., Patterson, S. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sciatic+nerve+injury:+a+simple+and+subtle+model+for+investigating+many+aspects+of+nervous+system+damage+and+recovery.">Sciatic nerve injury: a simple and subtle model for investigating many aspects of nervous system damage and recovery.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 227, 166-180 (2014).</li><li>Kang, H., Lichtman, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motor+axon+regeneration+and+muscle+reinnervation+in+young+adult+and+aged+animals.">Motor axon regeneration and muscle reinnervation in young adult and aged animals.</a> J Neurosci. 33 (50), 19480-19491 (2013).</li><li>Gage, G. J., Kipke, D. R., Shain, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole+animal+perfusion+fixation+for+rodents.">Whole animal perfusion fixation for rodents.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (65), e3564 (2012).</li><li>Feng, G., Mellor, R. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+Neuronal+Subsets+in+Transgenic+Mice+Expressing+Multiple+Spectral+Variants+of+GFP.">Imaging Neuronal Subsets in Transgenic Mice Expressing Multiple Spectral Variants of GFP.</a> Neuron. 28 (1), 41-51 (2000).</li><li>Sanes, J. R., Lichtman, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+the+vertebrate+neuromuscular+junction.">Development of the vertebrate neuromuscular junction.</a> Annu Rev Neurosci. 22, 389-442 (1999).</li><li>Bowen, D. C., Park, J. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Localization+and+regulation+of+MuSK+at+the+neuromuscular+junction.">Localization and regulation of MuSK at the neuromuscular junction.</a> Dev Biol. 199 (2), 309-319 (1998).</li><li>Gay, S., Jublanc, E., Bonnieu, A., Bacou, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myostatin+deficiency+is+associated+with+an+increase+in+number+of+total+axons+and+motor+axons+innervating+mouse+tibialis+anterior+muscle.">Myostatin deficiency is associated with an increase in number of total axons and motor axons innervating mouse tibialis anterior muscle.</a> Muscle Nerve. 45 (5), 698-704 (2012).</li><li>Livak, K. J., Schmittgen, T. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+relative+gene+expression+data+using+real-time+quantitative+PCR+and+the+2(-Delta+Delta+C(T))+Method.">Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method.</a> Methods. 25 (4), 402-408 (2001).</li></ol>

在这个手稿提出的方法提供了鉴定参与修复神经肌肉接头（NMJ）机制的独特的机会。此方法涉及，因为它经过了膝盖附近的腓肠肌腱破碎的腓总神经。我们表明，只有5用镊子神经压迫秒钟后，完成变性的伤害后4天指出。在年轻的成年小鼠，α-运动神经元轴突开始以7天reinnervate在趾长伸肌（EDL）以前的突触部位损伤后，突触前部位是由12天那些未受伤的小鼠没有区别的改革高潮。此外，我们证明了...

In young adult and healthy animals, the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a highly stable connection between the presynapse, the nerve ending of an &#945;-motor axon, and the postsynapse, the specialized region of an extrafusal muscle fiber where nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) selectively aggregate1. The nearly perfect apposition of the pre- and post-synaptic apparatuses is necessary for proper neurotransmission, survival of &#945;-motor neurons and muscle fibers and motor function. Unfortunately, the function of the NMJ is adversely affected by aging, diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), autoimmune diseases and injury to muscles and peripheral nerves2-5. These insults often result in degeneration of presynaptic nerve endings, leaving muscles denervated and significantly altering motor skills. For this reason, the identification of molecules that function to maintain and repair the NMJ has become a priority. Because peripheral nerves regenerate and reinnervate targets, peripheral nerve injury models have been used to identify molecular changes associated with regenerating NMJs. 
Peripheral nerve injury models often involve either completely cutting or crushing specific nerve branches6. Following a cut, the endoneurial tube has to be reformed, delaying axonal regeneration and reinnervation of target cells and tissues. The severity of this type of injury also causes axons to meander away from their original path, resulting in their failure to reach original targets. This is in contrast to nerves injured via crush where the endoneurium remains contiguous, providing a path for efficient and proper regrowth of regenerating axons. It also allows axons to find and reinnervate their original muscle fiber partners. Irrespective of injury model, there are a number of cellular and molecular changes that must occur for axons to regenerate and reinnervate targets. After an injury, the nerve segment proximal to the target is broken down and removed via a process termed Wallerian Degeneration7. This process involves reprogramming and de-differentiation of Schwann cells into non-myelinating cells that secrete regenerative factors, clear myelin, and recruit macrophages to the site of injury8. Macrophages in turn complete the clearance of myelin and axonal debris, which would otherwise impede growth of the regenerating axon9. In parallel, motor and sensory neurons activate mechanisms needed to promote regeneration of their severed axons. Once the regenerating axon reaches the target, it must transform from a growth cone to a nerve ending capable of properly transmitting (for motor axons) or receiving (for sensory axons) information10. In this regard, alpha-motor axons undergo a series of well-orchestrated changes that culminate in their growth cone differentiating into a fully functional presynaptic nerve ending that nearly perfectly opposes the post-synaptic site on the target muscle fiber11. 
The sciatic, tibial and accessory nerves have been the primary choices for studying axonal and NMJ regeneration12-14. However, there are a number of drawbacks when using these models to examine cellular and molecular changes associated with regenerating NMJs between animals and under different conditions. Firstly, the sciatic nerve supplies the majority of the muscles of the hind limb, with injury significantly limiting both movement and sensation. It is therefore not possible to use this method to study the impact of exercise alone or in combination with other factors. Additionally, the sciatic nerve is a rather thick structure and thus requires a large amount of compressive force to fully injure all axons. This in turn may result in complete transection of the more superficial axons while leaving the endoneurial tube of deeper lying axons intact, introducing significant variability in the rate and fidelity of regeneration among these axons. Complete transection of this nerve is even less desirable given that many axons will fail to reconnect with the same muscle fibers. Complicating matters, the sciatic nerve possesses intrinsic anatomic variability, both in the number and site of origin of its terminal nerve branches. It is therefore very difficult to lesion the same site. While the tibial nerve is smaller and more amenable to crush injuries, there is also no readily available landmark to serve as a lesion site for this nerve branch. 
The accessory nerve branch (part of cranial nerve XI) that supplies the sternocleidomastoid muscle has also been used to study regeneration of NMJs15. This nerve is particularly attractive because NMJs in the sternocleidomastoid muscle can be more readily imaged in live animals compared to NMJs in other muscles. But similar to the sciatic and tibial nerves, there is no specific landmark that can be used to injure this nerve in the same location, limiting it as a model for comparing regeneration of NMJs among individual animals of an experimental cohort. An inconsistent lesion site introduces variability in the rates of NMJ reinnervation. Due to these shortcomings, the procedure presented here utilizes the injury of a different peripheral nerve branch to examine regenerating NMJs. 
The common fibular nerve, also called the common peroneal nerve, contains many features that make it a reliable nerve to examine regeneration of NMJs between animals and across different treatments. The common fibular nerve has a predictable anatomic course as it runs over the tendon of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle in the knee, the intersection serving as a stable landmark for lesions. The nerve is accessed through a small and minimally invasive incision near but anatomically segregated from the muscles of interest. The findings presented here demonstrate that regenerating motor axons begin to reform NMJs in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle 8 days after crushing the fibular nerve in 70 days old young adult female mice. Importantly, the pattern and rate of reinnervation is consistent among animals of the same age and sex and therefore provide a reliable injury model that will significantly hasten our understanding of the cellular and molecular changes required to maintain and repair NMJs.

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			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
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			<td>#5 Forceps</td>
			<td>Dumont</td>
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			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
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the fibular nerve injury method: a reliable assay to identify and test factors that repair neuromuscular junctions

神经肌肉接头（NMJ）发生有害的结构和功能改变的衰老，伤害和疾病的结果。因此，必须了解涉及维护和修理NMJs的细胞和分子变化。为了这个目的，我们已开发了一种方法，以可靠地和始终如一地检查小鼠再生NMJs。这种神经损伤的方法包括，因为它经过了膝盖附近的腓肠肌肌腱外侧头粉碎腓总神经。用70天的雌性小鼠，我们证明了运动神经元轴突开始于7天粉碎后reinnervate以前的突触后目标。他们12日后完全再用他们以前的突触领域。为了确定这种损伤方法的可靠性，我们比较个人70天岁的雌性小鼠神经支配之间的比率。我们发现，神经再支配突触后的网站数量是老鼠相似的7,9，和12天粉碎后。以确定是否这种损伤测定也可用于分子变化在肌肉比较，我们检查了肌肉烟碱样受体（γ-乙酰胆碱受体）和肌肉特异性激酶（麝香）的伽玛亚基水平。伽玛乙酰胆碱受体亚单位和麝香高度上调下面去神经，并返回到以下NMJs的神经支配恢复正常水平。我们发现这些基因和肌肉神经支配的地位转录水平有密切的关系。我们认为，这种方法将加速我们的参与修复的NMJ和其它突触的细胞和分子变化的理解。

共同腓骨神经，也称为腓总神经，从坐骨神经腘窝上面，在那里它摆动围绕腓骨头到腿部（ 图1A）的前方面就产生了。在那里，它分支到浅层和深层腓骨神经，同时供给的脚和脚趾的背伸（胫前肌，趾长伸肌和短，和伸halluces长肌的肌肉），而脚的everters（腓骨肌）。这种神经还携带投射到脚和腿的下半部的外侧面的背部感觉纤维。它是运动和感觉轴突构成的?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Fibular Nerve Injury Method: A Reliable Assay to Identify and Test Factors That Repair Neuromuscular Junctions at JoVE.com

The Fibular Nerve Injury Method: A Reliable Assay to Identify and Test Factors That Repair Neuromuscular Junctions

We have developed a nerve injury method to reliably examine muscle reinnervation, and thus regeneration of neuromuscular junctions in mice. This technique involves injuring the common fibular nerve via a simple and highly reproducible surgery. Muscle reinnervation in then assessed by whole-mounting the extensor digitorum longus muscle.

腓神经损伤方法：可靠检测，以确定和测试因素修复神经肌肉接头

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) undergoes deleterious structural and functional changes as a result of aging, injury and disease. Thus, it is imperative ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

An Optic Nerve Crush Injury Murine Model to Study Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival

一个视神经挤压伤的小鼠模型，研究视网膜神经节细胞生存

Injury to the optic nerve can lead to axonal degeneration, followed by a gradual death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which results in irreversible ...

科研

神经科学

Reproducible Mouse Sciatic Nerve Crush and Subsequent Assessment of Regeneration by Whole Mount Muscle Analysis

重复性小鼠坐骨神经挤压和再生的后续评估整装肌肉分析

Regeneration in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is widely studied both for its relevance to human disease and to understand the robust regenerative ...

An Injury Paradigm to Investigate Central Nervous System Repair in Drosophila

An Injury Paradigm to Investigate Central Nervous System Repair in Drosophila

调查中枢神经系统修复中受伤范式<em&gt;果蝇</em

An experimental method has been developed to investigate the cellular responses to central nervous system (CNS) injury using the fruit-fly Drosophila. ...

A Human-machine-interface Integrating Low-cost Sensors with a Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation System for Post-stroke Balance Rehabilitation

人机界面集成的低成本传感器，具有神经肌肉电刺激系统中风后康复平衡

A stroke is caused when an artery carrying blood from heart to an area in the brain bursts or a clot obstructs the blood flow to brain thereby preventing ...

Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons and Differentiated Adipose-derived Stem Cells: An In Vitro Co-culture Model to Study Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons and Differentiated Adipose-derived Stem Cells: An In Vitro Co-culture Model to Study Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

背根神经节神经元和区分脂肪干细胞：一种<em&gt;在体外</em&gt;共培养模型来研究周围神经再生

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons, located in the intervertebral foramina of the spinal column, can be used to create an in vitro system facilitating the ...

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

方法对敌人造成闭合性颅脑创伤性脑损伤<em&gt;果蝇</em

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people each year, causing impairment of physical, cognitive, and behavioral functions and death. Studies ...

Assessment of Neuromuscular Function Using Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation

神经肌肉功能的应用经皮神经电刺激评估

Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is a non-invasive method commonly used to evaluate neuromuscular function from brain to muscle (supra-spinal, ...

Loading a Calcium Dye into Frog Nerve Endings Through the Nerve Stump: Calcium Transient Registration in the Frog Neuromuscular Junction

通过神经树桩将钙染料加载到青蛙神经末梢：青蛙神经肌肉接头中的钙瞬态登记

One of the most feasible methods of measuring presynaptic calcium levels in presynaptic nerve terminals is optical recording. It is based on using ...

Dorsal Root Ganglion Injection and Dorsal Root Crush Injury as a Model for Sensory Axon Regeneration

背根神经节内注射和背根挤压伤为感官轴突再生模型

Achieving axon regeneration after nervous system injury is a challenging task. As different parts of the central nervous system (CNS) differ from each ...

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

胸腺1-gmcmp6 转基因小鼠在原代体血源皮质中的成像神经活性

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in ...