Name: the fibular nerve injury method: a reliable assay to identify and test factors that repair neuromuscular junctions
Uploaded: 2016-08-11T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Fibular Nerve Injury Method: A Reliable Assay to Identify and Test Factors That Repair Neuromuscular Junctions at JoVE.com

The authors thank members of the Valdez laboratory for intellectual input on experiments and comments on the manuscript.

全ての実験は、NIHガイドラインとバージニア工科大学施設内動物管理使用委員会によって承認された動物プロトコルの下で行いました。 外科1.準備動物<ol><li>滅菌した1 mlのインスリンシリンジで、皮下鼠径注射ケタミンの混合物（90ミリグラム/ kg）およびキシラジン（10mg / kg）でマウスを麻酔。キャリア溶液は、0.9％生理食塩水、17.4 mg / mlでケタミン、および2.6 mg / ml?...

<ol>
	<li>Sanes, J. R., Lichtman, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction,+assembly,+maturation+and+maintenance+of+a+postsynaptic+apparatus.">Induction, assembly, maturation and maintenance of a postsynaptic apparatus.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2 (11), 791-805 (2001).</li><li>Moloney, E. B., de Winter, F., Verhaagen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ALS+as+a+distal+axonopathy:+molecular+mechanisms+affecting+neuromuscular+junction+stability+in+the+presymptomatic+stages+of+the+disease.">ALS as a distal axonopathy: molecular mechanisms affecting neuromuscular junction stability in the presymptomatic stages of the disease.</a> Front. Neurosci. 8, 252 (2014).</li><li>Apel, P. J., Alton, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+age+impairs+the+response+of+the+neuromuscular+junction+to+nerve+transection+and+repair:+An+experimental+study+in+rats.">How age impairs the response of the neuromuscular junction to nerve transection and repair: An experimental study in rats.</a> J Orthop Res. 27 (3), 385-393 (2009).</li><li>Balice-Gordon, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-related+changes+in+neuromuscular+innervation.">Age-related changes in neuromuscular innervation.</a> Muscle Nerve Suppl. 5, S83-S87 (1997).</li><li>Valdez, G., Tapia, J. C., Lichtman, J. W., Fox, M. A., Sanes, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shared+resistance+to+aging+and+ALS+in+neuromuscular+junctions+of+specific+muscles.">Shared resistance to aging and ALS in neuromuscular junctions of specific muscles.</a> PloS one. 7 (4), e34640 (2012).</li><li>Nguyen, Q. T., Sanes, J. R., Lichtman, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pre-existing+pathways+promote+precise+projection+patterns.">Pre-existing pathways promote precise projection patterns.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 5 (9), 861-867 (2002).</li><li>K&#252;ry, P., Stoll, G., M&#252;ller, H. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanisms+of+cellular+interactions+in+peripheral+nerve+regeneration.">Molecular mechanisms of cellular interactions in peripheral nerve regeneration.</a> Curr Opin Neurol. 14 (5), 635-639 (2001).</li><li>Gaudet, A. D., Popovich, P. G., Ramer, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wallerian+degeneration:+gaining+perspective+on+inflammatory+events+after+peripheral+nerve+injury.">Wallerian degeneration: gaining perspective on inflammatory events after peripheral nerve injury.</a> J Neuroinflammation. 8, 110 (2011).</li><li>Chen, P., Piao, X., Bonaldo, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+macrophages+in+Wallerian+degeneration+and+axonal+regeneration+after+peripheral+nerve+injury.">Role of macrophages in Wallerian degeneration and axonal regeneration after peripheral nerve injury.</a> Acta Neuropathol. 130 (5), 605-618 (2015).</li><li>Chen, Z. -. L., Yu, W. -. M., Strickland, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peripheral+regeneration.">Peripheral regeneration.</a> Annu Rev Neurosci. 30, 209-233 (2007).</li><li>Darabid, H., Perez-Gonzalez, A. P., Robitaille, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuromuscular+synaptogenesis:+coordinating+partners+with+multiple+functions.">Neuromuscular synaptogenesis: coordinating partners with multiple functions.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 15 (11), 703-718 (2014).</li><li>Geuna, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+sciatic+nerve+injury+model+in+pre-clinical+research.">The sciatic nerve injury model in pre-clinical research.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 243, 39-46 (2015).</li><li>Batt, J. A. E., Bain, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tibial+nerve+transection+-+a+standardized+model+for+denervation-induced+skeletal+muscle+atrophy+in+mice.">Tibial nerve transection - a standardized model for denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in mice.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (81), e50657 (2013).</li><li>Savastano, L. E., Laurito, S. R., Fitt, M. R., Rasmussen, J. A., Gonzalez Polo, V., Patterson, S. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sciatic+nerve+injury:+a+simple+and+subtle+model+for+investigating+many+aspects+of+nervous+system+damage+and+recovery.">Sciatic nerve injury: a simple and subtle model for investigating many aspects of nervous system damage and recovery.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 227, 166-180 (2014).</li><li>Kang, H., Lichtman, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motor+axon+regeneration+and+muscle+reinnervation+in+young+adult+and+aged+animals.">Motor axon regeneration and muscle reinnervation in young adult and aged animals.</a> J Neurosci. 33 (50), 19480-19491 (2013).</li><li>Gage, G. J., Kipke, D. R., Shain, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole+animal+perfusion+fixation+for+rodents.">Whole animal perfusion fixation for rodents.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (65), e3564 (2012).</li><li>Feng, G., Mellor, R. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+Neuronal+Subsets+in+Transgenic+Mice+Expressing+Multiple+Spectral+Variants+of+GFP.">Imaging Neuronal Subsets in Transgenic Mice Expressing Multiple Spectral Variants of GFP.</a> Neuron. 28 (1), 41-51 (2000).</li><li>Sanes, J. R., Lichtman, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+the+vertebrate+neuromuscular+junction.">Development of the vertebrate neuromuscular junction.</a> Annu Rev Neurosci. 22, 389-442 (1999).</li><li>Bowen, D. C., Park, J. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Localization+and+regulation+of+MuSK+at+the+neuromuscular+junction.">Localization and regulation of MuSK at the neuromuscular junction.</a> Dev Biol. 199 (2), 309-319 (1998).</li><li>Gay, S., Jublanc, E., Bonnieu, A., Bacou, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myostatin+deficiency+is+associated+with+an+increase+in+number+of+total+axons+and+motor+axons+innervating+mouse+tibialis+anterior+muscle.">Myostatin deficiency is associated with an increase in number of total axons and motor axons innervating mouse tibialis anterior muscle.</a> Muscle Nerve. 45 (5), 698-704 (2012).</li><li>Livak, K. J., Schmittgen, T. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+relative+gene+expression+data+using+real-time+quantitative+PCR+and+the+2(-Delta+Delta+C(T))+Method.">Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method.</a> Methods. 25 (4), 402-408 (2001).</li></ol>

この原稿に提示された方法は、神経筋接合部（NMJ）の修復に関与するメカニズムを識別するためのユニークな機会を提供しています。それは膝の近くに腓腹筋腱上を通過するように、この方法は、共通の腓骨神経を破砕することを含みます。私たちは、ピンセットで神経圧迫のわずか5秒後に、完全な変性は、損傷後4日までに指摘されていることを示しています。若い成体マウスでは、アル?...

In young adult and healthy animals, the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a highly stable connection between the presynapse, the nerve ending of an &#945;-motor axon, and the postsynapse, the specialized region of an extrafusal muscle fiber where nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) selectively aggregate1. The nearly perfect apposition of the pre- and post-synaptic apparatuses is necessary for proper neurotransmission, survival of &#945;-motor neurons and muscle fibers and motor function. Unfortunately, the function of the NMJ is adversely affected by aging, diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), autoimmune diseases and injury to muscles and peripheral nerves2-5. These insults often result in degeneration of presynaptic nerve endings, leaving muscles denervated and significantly altering motor skills. For this reason, the identification of molecules that function to maintain and repair the NMJ has become a priority. Because peripheral nerves regenerate and reinnervate targets, peripheral nerve injury models have been used to identify molecular changes associated with regenerating NMJs. 
Peripheral nerve injury models often involve either completely cutting or crushing specific nerve branches6. Following a cut, the endoneurial tube has to be reformed, delaying axonal regeneration and reinnervation of target cells and tissues. The severity of this type of injury also causes axons to meander away from their original path, resulting in their failure to reach original targets. This is in contrast to nerves injured via crush where the endoneurium remains contiguous, providing a path for efficient and proper regrowth of regenerating axons. It also allows axons to find and reinnervate their original muscle fiber partners. Irrespective of injury model, there are a number of cellular and molecular changes that must occur for axons to regenerate and reinnervate targets. After an injury, the nerve segment proximal to the target is broken down and removed via a process termed Wallerian Degeneration7. This process involves reprogramming and de-differentiation of Schwann cells into non-myelinating cells that secrete regenerative factors, clear myelin, and recruit macrophages to the site of injury8. Macrophages in turn complete the clearance of myelin and axonal debris, which would otherwise impede growth of the regenerating axon9. In parallel, motor and sensory neurons activate mechanisms needed to promote regeneration of their severed axons. Once the regenerating axon reaches the target, it must transform from a growth cone to a nerve ending capable of properly transmitting (for motor axons) or receiving (for sensory axons) information10. In this regard, alpha-motor axons undergo a series of well-orchestrated changes that culminate in their growth cone differentiating into a fully functional presynaptic nerve ending that nearly perfectly opposes the post-synaptic site on the target muscle fiber11. 
The sciatic, tibial and accessory nerves have been the primary choices for studying axonal and NMJ regeneration12-14. However, there are a number of drawbacks when using these models to examine cellular and molecular changes associated with regenerating NMJs between animals and under different conditions. Firstly, the sciatic nerve supplies the majority of the muscles of the hind limb, with injury significantly limiting both movement and sensation. It is therefore not possible to use this method to study the impact of exercise alone or in combination with other factors. Additionally, the sciatic nerve is a rather thick structure and thus requires a large amount of compressive force to fully injure all axons. This in turn may result in complete transection of the more superficial axons while leaving the endoneurial tube of deeper lying axons intact, introducing significant variability in the rate and fidelity of regeneration among these axons. Complete transection of this nerve is even less desirable given that many axons will fail to reconnect with the same muscle fibers. Complicating matters, the sciatic nerve possesses intrinsic anatomic variability, both in the number and site of origin of its terminal nerve branches. It is therefore very difficult to lesion the same site. While the tibial nerve is smaller and more amenable to crush injuries, there is also no readily available landmark to serve as a lesion site for this nerve branch. 
The accessory nerve branch (part of cranial nerve XI) that supplies the sternocleidomastoid muscle has also been used to study regeneration of NMJs15. This nerve is particularly attractive because NMJs in the sternocleidomastoid muscle can be more readily imaged in live animals compared to NMJs in other muscles. But similar to the sciatic and tibial nerves, there is no specific landmark that can be used to injure this nerve in the same location, limiting it as a model for comparing regeneration of NMJs among individual animals of an experimental cohort. An inconsistent lesion site introduces variability in the rates of NMJ reinnervation. Due to these shortcomings, the procedure presented here utilizes the injury of a different peripheral nerve branch to examine regenerating NMJs. 
The common fibular nerve, also called the common peroneal nerve, contains many features that make it a reliable nerve to examine regeneration of NMJs between animals and across different treatments. The common fibular nerve has a predictable anatomic course as it runs over the tendon of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle in the knee, the intersection serving as a stable landmark for lesions. The nerve is accessed through a small and minimally invasive incision near but anatomically segregated from the muscles of interest. The findings presented here demonstrate that regenerating motor axons begin to reform NMJs in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle 8 days after crushing the fibular nerve in 70 days old young adult female mice. Importantly, the pattern and rate of reinnervation is consistent among animals of the same age and sex and therefore provide a reliable injury model that will significantly hasten our understanding of the cellular and molecular changes required to maintain and repair NMJs.

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			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
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			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
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			<td>Antibodies-Online</td>
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the fibular nerve injury method: a reliable assay to identify and test factors that repair neuromuscular junctions

神経筋接合部（NMJ）が加齢、損傷および疾患の結果として有害な構造的および機能的変化を受けます。したがって、のNMJの維持及び修復に関与する細胞および分子の変化を把握することが不可欠です。この目的のために、我々は、確実かつ一貫してマウスでのNMJの再生検査する方法を開発しました。それは膝の近くに腓腹筋腱の外側頭の上を通過するように、この神経損傷の方法は、共通の腓骨神経を破砕することを含みます。 70日齢の雌のマウスを使用して、我々は運動軸索がポストクラッシュ7日以内に、前シナプス後の標的を神経再支配し始めることを示しています。彼らは完全に12日までに、以前のシナプス領域を再占拠します。この傷害の方法の信頼性を決定するために、我々は個々の70日齢の雌マウスとの間神経再支配率を比較しました。我々はreinnervatedシナプス後サイトの数は7、9でマウスの間で類似していたことがわかった、と12日後にクラッシュ。かどうかを確認するにはこの傷害アッセイはまた、筋肉の分子の変化を比較するために使用することができ、我々は、筋肉ニコチン性受容体（γ-のAChR）および筋特異的キナーゼ（ムスク）のγサブユニットのレベルを調べました。ガンマのAChRサブユニットとムスクは非常に次の除神経をアップレギュレートし、のNMJの再神経支配次の通常のレベルに戻っているします。我々は、これらの遺伝子と筋肉の神経支配の状態のための転写レベルの間の密接な関係を発見しました。我々は、このメソッドはNMJや他のシナプスを修復に関与する細胞および分子変化の我々の理解を加速すると考えています。

共通腓骨神経は、また、総腓骨神経と呼ばれる、それは脚部（ 図1A）の前方側面に腓骨の頭の周りに揺動膝窩、上記の坐骨神経から生じます。そこに浅と深い腓骨神経に分岐し、一緒に（前脛骨筋、長指伸筋とブレビス、および伸筋halluces長い筋）足の背屈筋とつま先を供給し、足のeverters（腓骨筋）。この神経はまた、足の甲と足の下半分の外側面に突?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Fibular Nerve Injury Method: A Reliable Assay to Identify and Test Factors That Repair Neuromuscular Junctions at JoVE.com

The Fibular Nerve Injury Method: A Reliable Assay to Identify and Test Factors That Repair Neuromuscular Junctions

We have developed a nerve injury method to reliably examine muscle reinnervation, and thus regeneration of neuromuscular junctions in mice. This technique involves injuring the common fibular nerve via a simple and highly reproducible surgery. Muscle reinnervation in then assessed by whole-mounting the extensor digitorum longus muscle.

腓骨神経損傷方法：神経筋接合部を修復信頼性の高い同定するためのアッセイおよびテスト要因

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) undergoes deleterious structural and functional changes as a result of aging, injury and disease. Thus, it is imperative ...

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Neuroscience

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網膜神経節細胞の生存を研究するために視神経挫滅モデルマウス

Injury to the optic nerve can lead to axonal degeneration, followed by a gradual death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which results in irreversible ...

Reproducible Mouse Sciatic Nerve Crush and Subsequent Assessment of Regeneration by Whole Mount Muscle Analysis

ホールマウントマッスル分析による再現性のあるマウスの坐骨神経クラッシュと再生のその後の評価

Regeneration in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is widely studied both for its relevance to human disease and to understand the robust regenerative ...

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中枢神経系の修復を調査するために傷害パラダイム<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em

An experimental method has been developed to investigate the cellular responses to central nervous system (CNS) injury using the fruit-fly Drosophila. ...

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脳卒中後のバランスリハビリテーションのための神経筋電気刺激システムで低コストのセンサーを統合ヒューマンマシンインターフェース

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根神経節ニューロンと差別化された脂肪由来幹細胞を背：<em&gt;インビトロ</em末梢神経再生を研究するために&gt;共培養モデル

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people each year, causing impairment of physical, cognitive, and behavioral functions and death. Studies ...

Assessment of Neuromuscular Function Using Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation

経皮的電気神経刺激を使用した神経筋機能の評価

Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is a non-invasive method commonly used to evaluate neuromuscular function from brain to muscle (supra-spinal, ...

Loading a Calcium Dye into Frog Nerve Endings Through the Nerve Stump: Calcium Transient Registration in the Frog Neuromuscular Junction

カエルの神経筋終末へのカルシウム色素の神経切片への積載：カエル神経筋接合部におけるカルシウムの一時的な位置合わせ

One of the most feasible methods of measuring presynaptic calcium levels in presynaptic nerve terminals is optical recording. It is based on using ...

Dorsal Root Ganglion Injection and Dorsal Root Crush Injury as a Model for Sensory Axon Regeneration

後根神経節インジェクションおよび後根感覚軸索再生のためのモデルとして傷害をつぶします

Achieving axon regeneration after nervous system injury is a challenging task. As different parts of the central nervous system (CNS) differ from each ...

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

Thy1を用いた一次体性感覚野における神経活動のイメージング-GCaMP6s トランスジェニック マウス

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in ...