Name: the fibular nerve injury method: a reliable assay to identify and test factors that repair neuromuscular junctions
Uploaded: 2016-08-11T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Fibular Nerve Injury Method: A Reliable Assay to Identify and Test Factors That Repair Neuromuscular Junctions at JoVE.com

The authors thank members of the Valdez laboratory for intellectual input on experiments and comments on the manuscript.

모든 실험은 버지니아 공대 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회에 의해 승인 NIH 가이드 라인과 동물 프로토콜 하에서 수행 하였다. 수술 1. 준비 동물 <ol><li> 멸균 된 1 ml의 인슐린 주사기 케타민 (90 ㎎ / ㎏) 및 서혜부 피하 주사를 통해 자일 라진 (10 ㎎ / ㎏)의 혼합물로 생쥐를 마취. 캐리어 솔루션은 0.9 % 식염수, 17.4 ㎎ / ㎖ 케타민, 2.6 ㎎ / ㎖ 자일 라진의 혼합물을 포함한다. 을 ?...

<ol>
	<li>Sanes, J. R., Lichtman, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction,+assembly,+maturation+and+maintenance+of+a+postsynaptic+apparatus.">Induction, assembly, maturation and maintenance of a postsynaptic apparatus.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2 (11), 791-805 (2001).</li><li>Moloney, E. B., de Winter, F., Verhaagen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ALS+as+a+distal+axonopathy:+molecular+mechanisms+affecting+neuromuscular+junction+stability+in+the+presymptomatic+stages+of+the+disease.">ALS as a distal axonopathy: molecular mechanisms affecting neuromuscular junction stability in the presymptomatic stages of the disease.</a> Front. Neurosci. 8, 252 (2014).</li><li>Apel, P. J., Alton, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+age+impairs+the+response+of+the+neuromuscular+junction+to+nerve+transection+and+repair:+An+experimental+study+in+rats.">How age impairs the response of the neuromuscular junction to nerve transection and repair: An experimental study in rats.</a> J Orthop Res. 27 (3), 385-393 (2009).</li><li>Balice-Gordon, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-related+changes+in+neuromuscular+innervation.">Age-related changes in neuromuscular innervation.</a> Muscle Nerve Suppl. 5, S83-S87 (1997).</li><li>Valdez, G., Tapia, J. C., Lichtman, J. W., Fox, M. A., Sanes, J. 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W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanisms+of+cellular+interactions+in+peripheral+nerve+regeneration.">Molecular mechanisms of cellular interactions in peripheral nerve regeneration.</a> Curr Opin Neurol. 14 (5), 635-639 (2001).</li><li>Gaudet, A. D., Popovich, P. G., Ramer, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wallerian+degeneration:+gaining+perspective+on+inflammatory+events+after+peripheral+nerve+injury.">Wallerian degeneration: gaining perspective on inflammatory events after peripheral nerve injury.</a> J Neuroinflammation. 8, 110 (2011).</li><li>Chen, P., Piao, X., Bonaldo, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+macrophages+in+Wallerian+degeneration+and+axonal+regeneration+after+peripheral+nerve+injury.">Role of macrophages in Wallerian degeneration and axonal regeneration after peripheral nerve injury.</a> Acta Neuropathol. 130 (5), 605-618 (2015).</li><li>Chen, Z. -. L., Yu, W. -. M., Strickland, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peripheral+regeneration.">Peripheral regeneration.</a> Annu Rev Neurosci. 30, 209-233 (2007).</li><li>Darabid, H., Perez-Gonzalez, A. P., Robitaille, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuromuscular+synaptogenesis:+coordinating+partners+with+multiple+functions.">Neuromuscular synaptogenesis: coordinating partners with multiple functions.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 15 (11), 703-718 (2014).</li><li>Geuna, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+sciatic+nerve+injury+model+in+pre-clinical+research.">The sciatic nerve injury model in pre-clinical research.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 243, 39-46 (2015).</li><li>Batt, J. A. E., Bain, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tibial+nerve+transection+-+a+standardized+model+for+denervation-induced+skeletal+muscle+atrophy+in+mice.">Tibial nerve transection - a standardized model for denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in mice.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (81), e50657 (2013).</li><li>Savastano, L. E., Laurito, S. R., Fitt, M. R., Rasmussen, J. A., Gonzalez Polo, V., Patterson, S. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sciatic+nerve+injury:+a+simple+and+subtle+model+for+investigating+many+aspects+of+nervous+system+damage+and+recovery.">Sciatic nerve injury: a simple and subtle model for investigating many aspects of nervous system damage and recovery.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 227, 166-180 (2014).</li><li>Kang, H., Lichtman, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motor+axon+regeneration+and+muscle+reinnervation+in+young+adult+and+aged+animals.">Motor axon regeneration and muscle reinnervation in young adult and aged animals.</a> J Neurosci. 33 (50), 19480-19491 (2013).</li><li>Gage, G. J., Kipke, D. R., Shain, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole+animal+perfusion+fixation+for+rodents.">Whole animal perfusion fixation for rodents.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (65), e3564 (2012).</li><li>Feng, G., Mellor, R. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+Neuronal+Subsets+in+Transgenic+Mice+Expressing+Multiple+Spectral+Variants+of+GFP.">Imaging Neuronal Subsets in Transgenic Mice Expressing Multiple Spectral Variants of GFP.</a> Neuron. 28 (1), 41-51 (2000).</li><li>Sanes, J. R., Lichtman, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+the+vertebrate+neuromuscular+junction.">Development of the vertebrate neuromuscular junction.</a> Annu Rev Neurosci. 22, 389-442 (1999).</li><li>Bowen, D. C., Park, J. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Localization+and+regulation+of+MuSK+at+the+neuromuscular+junction.">Localization and regulation of MuSK at the neuromuscular junction.</a> Dev Biol. 199 (2), 309-319 (1998).</li><li>Gay, S., Jublanc, E., Bonnieu, A., Bacou, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myostatin+deficiency+is+associated+with+an+increase+in+number+of+total+axons+and+motor+axons+innervating+mouse+tibialis+anterior+muscle.">Myostatin deficiency is associated with an increase in number of total axons and motor axons innervating mouse tibialis anterior muscle.</a> Muscle Nerve. 45 (5), 698-704 (2012).</li><li>Livak, K. J., Schmittgen, T. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+relative+gene+expression+data+using+real-time+quantitative+PCR+and+the+2(-Delta+Delta+C(T))+Method.">Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method.</a> Methods. 25 (4), 402-408 (2001).</li></ol>

이 논문에서 제시하는 방법은 신경근 접합부 (NMJ)을 수리에 관여하는 메커니즘을 식별하는 고유 한 기회를 제공합니다. 이 무릎 근처 비복근 건 통과하여이 방법은 공통 비골 신경 분쇄 포함한다. 우리는 집게와 신경 압축의 5 초 후, 완전한 변성 부상 후 사일에 의해 주목을 보여준다. 젊은 성인 쥐에서 알파 - 모터 축삭은 십이일에 의해 손상되지 않은 쥐와는 구별 시냅스 사이트의 개혁에서 남중...

In young adult and healthy animals, the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a highly stable connection between the presynapse, the nerve ending of an &#945;-motor axon, and the postsynapse, the specialized region of an extrafusal muscle fiber where nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) selectively aggregate1. The nearly perfect apposition of the pre- and post-synaptic apparatuses is necessary for proper neurotransmission, survival of &#945;-motor neurons and muscle fibers and motor function. Unfortunately, the function of the NMJ is adversely affected by aging, diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), autoimmune diseases and injury to muscles and peripheral nerves2-5. These insults often result in degeneration of presynaptic nerve endings, leaving muscles denervated and significantly altering motor skills. For this reason, the identification of molecules that function to maintain and repair the NMJ has become a priority. Because peripheral nerves regenerate and reinnervate targets, peripheral nerve injury models have been used to identify molecular changes associated with regenerating NMJs. 
Peripheral nerve injury models often involve either completely cutting or crushing specific nerve branches6. Following a cut, the endoneurial tube has to be reformed, delaying axonal regeneration and reinnervation of target cells and tissues. The severity of this type of injury also causes axons to meander away from their original path, resulting in their failure to reach original targets. This is in contrast to nerves injured via crush where the endoneurium remains contiguous, providing a path for efficient and proper regrowth of regenerating axons. It also allows axons to find and reinnervate their original muscle fiber partners. Irrespective of injury model, there are a number of cellular and molecular changes that must occur for axons to regenerate and reinnervate targets. After an injury, the nerve segment proximal to the target is broken down and removed via a process termed Wallerian Degeneration7. This process involves reprogramming and de-differentiation of Schwann cells into non-myelinating cells that secrete regenerative factors, clear myelin, and recruit macrophages to the site of injury8. Macrophages in turn complete the clearance of myelin and axonal debris, which would otherwise impede growth of the regenerating axon9. In parallel, motor and sensory neurons activate mechanisms needed to promote regeneration of their severed axons. Once the regenerating axon reaches the target, it must transform from a growth cone to a nerve ending capable of properly transmitting (for motor axons) or receiving (for sensory axons) information10. In this regard, alpha-motor axons undergo a series of well-orchestrated changes that culminate in their growth cone differentiating into a fully functional presynaptic nerve ending that nearly perfectly opposes the post-synaptic site on the target muscle fiber11. 
The sciatic, tibial and accessory nerves have been the primary choices for studying axonal and NMJ regeneration12-14. However, there are a number of drawbacks when using these models to examine cellular and molecular changes associated with regenerating NMJs between animals and under different conditions. Firstly, the sciatic nerve supplies the majority of the muscles of the hind limb, with injury significantly limiting both movement and sensation. It is therefore not possible to use this method to study the impact of exercise alone or in combination with other factors. Additionally, the sciatic nerve is a rather thick structure and thus requires a large amount of compressive force to fully injure all axons. This in turn may result in complete transection of the more superficial axons while leaving the endoneurial tube of deeper lying axons intact, introducing significant variability in the rate and fidelity of regeneration among these axons. Complete transection of this nerve is even less desirable given that many axons will fail to reconnect with the same muscle fibers. Complicating matters, the sciatic nerve possesses intrinsic anatomic variability, both in the number and site of origin of its terminal nerve branches. It is therefore very difficult to lesion the same site. While the tibial nerve is smaller and more amenable to crush injuries, there is also no readily available landmark to serve as a lesion site for this nerve branch. 
The accessory nerve branch (part of cranial nerve XI) that supplies the sternocleidomastoid muscle has also been used to study regeneration of NMJs15. This nerve is particularly attractive because NMJs in the sternocleidomastoid muscle can be more readily imaged in live animals compared to NMJs in other muscles. But similar to the sciatic and tibial nerves, there is no specific landmark that can be used to injure this nerve in the same location, limiting it as a model for comparing regeneration of NMJs among individual animals of an experimental cohort. An inconsistent lesion site introduces variability in the rates of NMJ reinnervation. Due to these shortcomings, the procedure presented here utilizes the injury of a different peripheral nerve branch to examine regenerating NMJs. 
The common fibular nerve, also called the common peroneal nerve, contains many features that make it a reliable nerve to examine regeneration of NMJs between animals and across different treatments. The common fibular nerve has a predictable anatomic course as it runs over the tendon of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle in the knee, the intersection serving as a stable landmark for lesions. The nerve is accessed through a small and minimally invasive incision near but anatomically segregated from the muscles of interest. The findings presented here demonstrate that regenerating motor axons begin to reform NMJs in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle 8 days after crushing the fibular nerve in 70 days old young adult female mice. Importantly, the pattern and rate of reinnervation is consistent among animals of the same age and sex and therefore provide a reliable injury model that will significantly hasten our understanding of the cellular and molecular changes required to maintain and repair NMJs.

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			<td>Ketamine</td>
			<td>VetOne&#160;</td>
			<td>501072&#160;</td>
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			<td>Xylazine</td>
			<td>Lloyd Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td>003437&#160;</td>
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			<td>Buprenorphine </td>
			<td>&#160;Zoopharm</td>
			<td>1Z-73000-150910&#160;</td>
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			<td>Nair</td>
			<td>Nair</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Kim-wipes</td>
			<td>Kimtech</td>
			<td>34155</td>
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			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>CLP-64800</td>
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			<td>80% EtOH/H20</td>
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			<td>10% Proviodine</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>1 mL Insulin Syringe</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Spring Scissors</td>
			<td>Vannas</td>
			<td>91500-09</td>
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			<td>No. 15 scalpel</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>SSS 15</td>
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			<td>#5 Forceps</td>
			<td>Dumont</td>
			<td>11252-00</td>
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			<td>6-0 silk suture on reverse cutting needle</td>
			<td>&#160;Suture Express</td>
			<td>752B&#160;</td>
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			<td>Rodent Heating Pad</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>AP-R-18.5</td>
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			<td>Alexa 555 conjugated alpha-BTX </td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>B35451</td>
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			<td>Vectashield</td>
			<td>Vector Labs</td>
			<td>H-1000</td>
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			<td>Olympus Stereo Zoom Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>562037192</td>
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			<td>Zeiss 700 Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Variable-flow peristaltic perfusion pump</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-876-3</td>
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			<td>Aurum Total RNA Mini Kit</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>7326820</td>
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			<td>Bio-Rad iScript RT Supermix</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1708840</td>
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			<td>SsoFast Evagreen Supermix</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1725200</td>
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			<td>Bio-Rad CFX96</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1855196</td>
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			<td>Puralube vet ointment</td>
			<td>Puralube</td>
			<td>1621</td>
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			<td>Synaptotagmin-2 antibody</td>
			<td>Antibodies-Online</td>
			<td>ABIN401605</td>
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			<td>Neurofilament antibody</td>
			<td>Antibodies-Online</td>
			<td>ABIN2475842</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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the fibular nerve injury method: a reliable assay to identify and test factors that repair neuromuscular junctions

신경 근육 접합부 (NMJ)은 노화, 상해 및 질병으로 인한 해로운 구조적 및 기능적 변화를 겪는다. 따라서, 유지 보수 NMJs 관련된 세포 및 분자 변화를 이해하는 것이 필수적이다. 이를 위해, 우리는 신뢰성 있고 일관 생쥐 NMJs 재생 조사하는 방법을 개발 하였다. 이 무릎 근처 비복근 근육 힘줄의 측방 헤드를 통과 신경 손상이 방법은 공통 비골 신경 분쇄 포함한다. 칠십일 세 여자 마우스를 사용하여, 우리는 모터 축삭 7 일 후 호감 내에서 이전 시냅스 목표를 reinnervate하기 시작 것을 보여줍니다. 그들은 완전히 십이일에 의해 이전 시냅스 영역을 다시 선점. 이 부상 방법의 신뢰성을 확인하기 위해, 우리는 개별 칠십일 세 여성 쥐 사이 reinnervation 속도를 비교했다. 우리는 reinnervated 시냅스 사이트의 수는 7, 9에서 마우스와 유사한 것을 발견하고, 십이일 후 호감. 있는지 확인하려면이 상처 분석법 또한 근육 분자량 변화를 비교하기 위해 사용될 수 있고, 우리는 근육의 니코틴 성 수용체 (감마 ACHR) 및 근육 특정 키나아제 (MUSK)의 감마 서브 유닛의 수준을 조사 하였다. 감마 - ACHR 서브 유닛과 사향이 높은 다음 탈 신경을 상향 조절하고 NMJs의 reinnervation 다음 정상 수준으로 돌아되어 있습니다. 우리는이 유전자와 근육의 신경 분포 상태에 대한 성적 수준 사이의 밀접한 관계를 발견했다. 우리는이 방법은 NMJ 및 기타 시냅스 수리에 관련된 세포 및 분자 변화에 대한 우리의 이해를 가속화 할 것이라고 믿는다.

일반적인 비골 신경은 또한, 공통 비골 신경이라고는 다리 (그림 1A)의 전방 측면에 비골의 머리 주위 스윙 오금 포사 위의 좌골 신경에서 발생한다. 피상적 깊은 비골 신경으로 분기 함께 발과 발가락의 dorsiflexors을 공급 (전방 경골근, 신근 심지 longus 및 브레비스 및 신근 halluces longus 근육), 그리고 다리의 everters (peroneus 근육)이 그것. 신경이 또한 발과 다리의 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Fibular Nerve Injury Method: A Reliable Assay to Identify and Test Factors That Repair Neuromuscular Junctions at JoVE.com

The Fibular Nerve Injury Method: A Reliable Assay to Identify and Test Factors That Repair Neuromuscular Junctions

We have developed a nerve injury method to reliably examine muscle reinnervation, and thus regeneration of neuromuscular junctions in mice. This technique involves injuring the common fibular nerve via a simple and highly reproducible surgery. Muscle reinnervation in then assessed by whole-mounting the extensor digitorum longus muscle.

비골 신경 손상 방법 : 신뢰할 수있는 분석은 확인하고 테스트 즉, 수리 신경 근육 학 접합 요인

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) undergoes deleterious structural and functional changes as a result of aging, injury and disease. Thus, it is imperative ...

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An Optic Nerve Crush Injury Murine Model to Study Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival

망막 신경절 세포의 생존을 공부 시신경의 호감 상해 Murine 모델

Injury to the optic nerve can lead to axonal degeneration, followed by a gradual death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which results in irreversible ...

연구

신경과학

Reproducible Mouse Sciatic Nerve Crush and Subsequent Assessment of Regeneration by Whole Mount Muscle Analysis

전체 마운트 근육 분석에 의한 재현성 마우스 좌골 신경 크러시와 중생의 후속 평가

Regeneration in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is widely studied both for its relevance to human disease and to understand the robust regenerative ...

An Injury Paradigm to Investigate Central Nervous System Repair in Drosophila

An Injury Paradigm to Investigate Central Nervous System Repair in Drosophila

에 중추 신경 시스템 복구를 조사하기 위해 상해 패러다임<em&gt; Drosophila</em

An experimental method has been developed to investigate the cellular responses to central nervous system (CNS) injury using the fruit-fly Drosophila. ...

A Human-machine-interface Integrating Low-cost Sensors with a Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation System for Post-stroke Balance Rehabilitation

후 스트로크 균형 재활을위한 신경 근육 전기 자극 시스템과 저가 센서를 통합하는 인간 - 기계 인터페이스

A stroke is caused when an artery carrying blood from heart to an area in the brain bursts or a clot obstructs the blood flow to brain thereby preventing ...

Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons and Differentiated Adipose-derived Stem Cells: An In Vitro Co-culture Model to Study Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons and Differentiated Adipose-derived Stem Cells: An In Vitro Co-culture Model to Study Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

루트 신경절 신경 세포와 차별화 된 지방 유래 줄기 세포를 이룬다 :<em&gt; 체외</em&gt; 공동 문화 모델은 주변 신경 재생을 연구하는

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons, located in the intervertebral foramina of the spinal column, can be used to create an in vitro system facilitating the ...

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

폐쇄 머리 외상성 뇌 손상을 입힐 수있는 방법<em&gt; 초파리</em

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people each year, causing impairment of physical, cognitive, and behavioral functions and death. Studies ...

Assessment of Neuromuscular Function Using Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation

경피적 전기 신경 자극을 사용하여 신경 근육 기능의 평가

Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is a non-invasive method commonly used to evaluate neuromuscular function from brain to muscle (supra-spinal, ...

Loading a Calcium Dye into Frog Nerve Endings Through the Nerve Stump: Calcium Transient Registration in the Frog Neuromuscular Junction

칼슘 염료를 개구부 신경 절편에 삽입하기 : 신경 개구부를 통해 개구리 신경 근육 계통에서 칼슘 과도 등록

One of the most feasible methods of measuring presynaptic calcium levels in presynaptic nerve terminals is optical recording. It is based on using ...

Dorsal Root Ganglion Injection and Dorsal Root Crush Injury as a Model for Sensory Axon Regeneration

등쪽 뿌리 신경절 사출 및 지느러미 루트 감각 축삭의 재생을위한 모델로 부상 크러시

Achieving axon regeneration after nervous system injury is a challenging task. As different parts of the central nervous system (CNS) differ from each ...

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

Thy1를 사용 하 여 기본 Somatosensory 피 질에서 신경 활동을 이미징-GCaMP6s 유전자 변형 쥐

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in ...