Name: evanescent field based photoacoustics: optical property evaluation at surfaces
Uploaded: 2016-07-26T13:00:00
Duration: 10 min 21 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evanescent Field Based Photoacoustics: Optical Property Evaluation at Surfaces at JoVE.com

यह परियोजना राष्ट्रीय विज्ञान फाउंडेशन brige अवार्ड (1221019) द्वारा वित्त पोषित किया गया था।

लेखकों घोषणा की कि वे कोई प्रतिस्पर्धा वित्तीय हितों की है कि।

The use of devices for the characterization of materials at the nanoscale will undoubtedly continue far into the future in order to produce new materials and combinations of materials to solve difficult and costly societal problems. Many methods such as ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and traditional photoacoustics are currently used to evaluate material properties at the nanoscale despite their inherent limitations due to few alternatives. EFPA shows promise as a consolidated set of techniques that can push beyond the typical limitations of the photoacoustic effect to provide a single instrument to characterize materials at the nanoscale.
The protocol described herein and its associated sub-techniques have the capability to estimate both bulk and thin film refractive indices of a material, film thickness, and have detection capabilities for a variety of biosensing applications. OTPAS specifically has the advantage that it can estimate the thickness and refractive index of nanometer scale films despite the fact that the films themselves do not contain inherently absorbing pigmentation. EFPA as a consolidated set of techniques has a few advantages over techniques such as ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy, and the traditional photoacoustic effect. The first advantage is that EFPA is comparatively inexpensive to set up. A typical EFPA setup can estimate refractive index from both the bulk and surface, can estimate thickness, and can probe absorbing materials and will cost around $5,000 to set up. In contrast, AFM setups cost around $50,000 and cannot estimate optical properties. Secondly, EFPA can estimate these properties within a few minutes without complex interaction such as in ellipsometry where input parameter error can cause differences in results. Finally, EFPA, when compared to the traditional photoacoustic effect, has axial resolution 100X smaller as it can estimate thickness of 200 nm films6 whereas the traditional photoacoustic effect is limited to 7,500 nanometers when using similar lasers and setup82. Conveniently, almost every material has independent and differing surface and bulk refractive index properties as well as absorptive properties, which collectively make for functional differences in their use in optical research systems.
Critical steps within the protocol come down to three primary considerations. First, optical coupling of the sample, whether that be a liquid or a film, is crucial to obtain reliable and repeatable results. Air bubbles within the immersion oil or sample will lead to inaccurate characterization of the thickness, refractive index, and in some cases a complete lack of sensitivity of the transducer to the excited sample owing to the inability of ultrasound to adequately pass through a liquid/air interface due to vastly differing acoustic impedance values. Second, with regard to OTPAS, a sample that is homogeneously thick in the area irradiated by the laser beam in order to provide consistent thickness values during scanning since as of yet EFPA cannot determine thickness differences within the area of excitation. Finally, again with regard to OTPAS, the sample film must be transparent to the wavelength being used. This is a fundamental assumption made in the mathematical equations that describe how OTPAS finds thickness and refractive index values. If absorption is substantial enough that more than 1% of the incident light is absorbed by the film, characterization will not match the real thickness and refractive index values of the film.
Modifications to the EFPA technique can be made with relative ease and other types of components can be substituted in for more effective scans or functionality. The only major issues that have to be addressed when building an EFPA system are the following. First, it is crucial to have a method of automatically rotating a prism mount and acquiring acoustic signals at small (0.05 degree) increments. Second, having a nanosecond pulse width or shorter laser system to excite samples using the photoacoustic effect. Third, having a graphical user interface or program to acquire the data to do mathematical curve fitting and numerical derivatives for estimating thickness and bulk/thin film refractive index.
There are three fundamental limitations to EFPA. The first is that in order to find the bulk refractive index, thin film refractive index, thickness, or detect materials using TIRPAS, the sample must have a refractive index that is less than that of the prism or substrate it is in contact with so that total internal reflection can occur which is the basis of all three of these techniques. The second limitation is that EFPA currently requires physical contact in order to estimate thickness, refractive index, and for detection of properties. The final limitation is that OTPAS, a sub-technique of EFPA, currently requires optically transparent materials to estimate thickness and refractive index of the thin film of interest.
This type of consolidated instrument could find many applications in characterization environments including research cores and industrial environments. Future work regarding EFPA techniques is focused on the improvement of the refractive index accuracy through improvements in instrumentation and translational/rotational stages. Additional advancements will focus around the improvement of signal-to-noise ratio for the detection of smaller quantities of absorbing materials, so as to characterize weakly absorbing materials, as are found most commonly in biological systems.

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			<td height="31" style="height:31px;width:216px;">100 mm plano convex lens</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LA1509</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Plano convex lens for beam expander</td>
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			<td height="31" style="height:31px;width:216px;">-30 mm plano concave lens</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LC2679</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Plano concave lens for beam expander</td>
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			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">10 MHz Ultrasonic transducers</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Harisonic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">I31006T</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Ultrasonic sensors used for photoacoustic detection, both for laser energy measurement and for OTPAS mount</td>
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			<td rowspan="2" style="width:167px;">Cut beam down to a smaller size for alignment</td>
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			<td height="46" style="height:46px;width:216px;">Stepper motor driver</td>
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			<td style="width:167px;">Stepper motor driver to drive stepper motors for angular spectra</td>
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			<td height="41" rowspan="2" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Sherline XY stage (14&#8221;)</td>
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			<td rowspan="2" style="width:119px;">8730</td>
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			<td height="41" rowspan="2" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Surelite I-20 laser system</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:71px;">Continuum</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:119px;">I-20</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:167px;">Q-switched Nd:YAG laser for exciting samples</td>
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			<td height="41" rowspan="2" style="height:41px;width:216px;">NBK-7 prism</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:71px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:119px;">PS911</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:167px;">Right angle prism for EFPA</td>
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			<td rowspan="2" style="width:119px;">RTD40Z</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:167px;">Adjustable torque wrench to equally tighten down the EFPA mount for each technique to 16.75 g/mm</td>
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			<td height="41" rowspan="2" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Digital level</td>
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			<td rowspan="2" style="width:119px;">84519</td>
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evanescent field based photoacoustics: optical property evaluation at surfaces

Here, we present a protocol to estimate material and surface optical properties using the photoacoustic effect combined with total internal reflection. Optical property evaluation of thin films and the surfaces of bulk materials is an important step in understanding new optical material systems and their applications. The method presented can estimate thickness, refractive index, and use absorptive properties of materials for detection. This metrology system uses evanescent field-based photoacoustics (EFPA), a field of research based upon the interaction of an evanescent field with the photoacoustic effect. This interaction and its resulting family of techniques allow the technique to probe optical properties within a few hundred nanometers of the sample surface. This optical near field allows for the highly accurate estimation of material properties on the same scale as the field itself such as refractive index and film thickness. With the use of EFPA and its sub techniques such as total internal reflection photoacoustic spectroscopy (TIRPAS) and optical tunneling photoacoustic spectroscopy (OTPAS), it is possible to evaluate a material at the nanoscale in a consolidated instrument without the need for many instruments and experiments that may be cost prohibitive.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evanescent Field Based Photoacoustics: Optical Property Evaluation at Surfaces at JoVE.com

Evanescent Field Based Photoacoustics: Optical Property Evaluation at Surfaces

यहाँ हम सामग्री का अनुमान है और ऑप्टिकल गुण कुल आंतरिक प्रतिबिंब के साथ संयुक्त photoacoustic प्रभाव का उपयोग कर सतह के लिए एक प्रोटोकॉल उपस्थित थे। इस तकनीक को क्षणभंगुर क्षेत्र आधारित photoacoustics &#39;सामग्री मोटाई, थोक और पतली फिल्म अपवर्तक सूचकांक अनुमान लगाने के लिए एक photoacoustic मैट्रोलोजी प्रणाली बनाने के लिए, और पता लगाने के लिए उनके ऑप्टिकल गुण का इस्तेमाल किया जा सकता है।

क्षणभंगुर क्षेत्र के आधार Photoacoustics: ऑप्टिकल संपत्ति मूल्यांकन सतहों पर

Here, we present a protocol to estimate material and surface optical properties using the photoacoustic effect combined with total internal reflection. ...

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