Name: rearing the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster under axenic and gnotobiotic conditions
Uploaded: 2016-07-30T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions at JoVE.com

Certains détails de ce protocole ont été optimisés avec l&#39;aide du Dr Adam Dobson, qui a également fourni des commentaires utiles sur le manuscrit. Ce travail a été soutenu par la Fondation pour les National Institutes of Health (SPNI) numéro de subvention R01GM095372 (JMC, A (CN) W, AJD et AED). SPNI numéro de subvention 1F32GM099374-01 (PDN), et Brigham Young University démarrage des fonds (JMC, MLK, MV). Les frais de publication ont été soutenus par le Collège universitaire Brigham Young Life Sciences et du ministère des plantes et de la faune Sciences.

1. Les bactéries Culture (Début ~ 1 semaine avant cueillette des oeufs) <ol><li> Préparer MRS modifié 20 (TMM) plaques et tubes de bouillon (tableau 1). Verser 20 ml de gélose mmrs dans chaque plaque 100 mm de Pétri et laisser refroidir / sécher pendant la nuit, ou 5 ml mmrs bouillon dans 18 tubes à essai en mm. </li><li> Streak Acetobacter pomorum, A. tropicalis, Lactobacillus brevis et L. plantarum sur mmrs plaques d&#39; agar. Incuber Aceto...

<ol>
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A., Lemaitre, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gut-associated+microbes+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Gut-associated microbes of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Gut Microbes. 3 (4), 307-321 (2012).</li><li>Ren, C., Webster, P., Finkel, S. E., Tower, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+internal+and+external+bacterial+load+during+Drosophila+aging+without+life-span+trade-off.">Increased internal and external bacterial load during Drosophila aging without life-span trade-off.</a> Cell Metab. 6 (2), 144-152 (2007).</li><li>Wong, A. 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<html> La méthode décrite ici est l&#39; une de plusieurs approches pour l&#39; embryon dechorionation 8,11,18,25,26,27, ainsi que d&#39; autres méthodes d&#39;élevage des mouches axéniques, y compris le transfert série des adultes axéniques 18,27 ou un traitement antibiotique 13,18. D&#39; autres méthodes de dechorionation comprennent des lavages à l&#39;éthanol et à réduire les 11,25,26 ou étendent 8 traitement hypochlorite. Étapes de lavage différen...

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://www.jove.com/t/54219/rearing-fruit-fly-drosophila-melanogaster-under-axenic-gnotobiotic">Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions</a>. The Protocol was updated.
Step 6.1.4.2 of the Protocol was updated from:
If using the 4 species described here, normalize cells to equivalent colony forming unit (CFU)/ml densities (OD600 to CFU conversion determined previously20) using this equation: 
E = ((O-B) x V x D)/C 
where E = volume to resuspend pellet in (&#956;l), O = OD600 bacteria, B = OD600 blank media, D = fold-dilution, V = &#181;l bacterial culture prior to centrifugation, C = OD600 of predetermined constant. See Supplemental Code File for examples of calculations using these equations. For spectrophotometers that automatically blank, use &#34;O&#34; in place of &#34;O-B&#34;. 
Note: The predetermined constants (units OD600, normalized to 107 CFU ml-1, constants derived in20) are as follows: A. tropicalis (0.052), A. pomorum (0.038), L. brevis (0.056), L. plantarum (0.077).
to:
If using the 4 species described here, normalize cells to equivalent colony forming unit (CFU)/ml densities (OD600 to CFU conversion determined previously20) using this equation: 
E = ((O-B) x V x D)/C 
where E = volume to resuspend pellet in (&#956;l), O = OD600 bacteria, B = OD600 blank media, D = fold-dilution, V = &#181;l bacterial culture prior to centrifugation, C = OD600 of predetermined constant. See Supplemental Code File for examples of calculations using these equations. For spectrophotometers that automatically blank, use &#34;O&#34; in place of &#34;O-B&#34;. 
Note: The predetermined constants (units OD600, normalized to 107 CFU ml-1, constants derived in20) are as follows: A. tropicalis (0.053), A. pomorum (0.038), L. brevis (0.077), L. plantarum (0.056).

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://www.jove.com/t/54219/rearing-fruit-fly-drosophila-melanogaster-under-axenic-gnotobiotic">Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions</a>. The Protocol was updated.

Erratum: Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions

La plupart des animaux sont intimement associés à des bactéries ( «microbiote») de la naissance à la mort 1. Les comparaisons de ( «classique») des animaux exempts de micro - organismes ( &#39;axénique&#39;) et un micro-organisme associé ont montré microbes influencent divers aspects de la santé animale, y compris métabolique, nutritionnel, vasculaire, hépatique, respiratoire, immunologique, endocrinien, et la fonction neurologique 2. La mouche des fruits Drosophila melanogaster est un modèle clé pour comprendre un grand nombre de ces processus dans la présence de microbes 3,4 et pour l&#39; étude microbiote influence sur 5,6 de la santé animale. Aucune espèce bactérienne est présente dans chaque individu ( «noyau»), mais les espèces Acetobacter et Lactobacillus dominent numériquement le microbiote des deux élevés en laboratoire et sauvages capturés D. melanogaster. Acetobacteraceae autres (y compris Komagataeibacter et Gluconobacter) Firmicutes (comme Enterococcus et Leuconostoc), et entérobactéries sont soit souvent présent chez les individus de drosophile à faible abondance, ou irrégulièrement présent à forte abondance 7-12. Le microbiote de la drosophile et les mammifères est inconstante au sein et à travers les générations 14,19. Microbiota inconsistance peut conduire à un bruit phénotypique lors de la mesure des traits de microbiote-dépendants. Par exemple, le stockage Acetobacteraceae influence lipides (triglycérides) chez la drosophile 15-18. Si Acetobacteraceae sont plus abondants dans les mouches d&#39;un flacon que dans un autre 19, les mouches isogéniques peuvent avoir différents phénotypes 20. Une solution pour le problème de microbiote inconsistance chez la souris 14 a été dans la pratique depuis les années 1960, par l&#39; introduction d&#39; une communauté définie de 8 espèces microbiennes dominantes souriceaux chaque nouvelle génération (modifié la flore SCHAEDLER),veiller à ce que chaque chiot est exposé aux mêmes membres clés de la microflore de la souris. Cette pratique contrôle de la composition du microbiote même lorsque le microbiote est pas la cible principale de l&#39; étude 32, et crée un précédent pour assurer la présence de microbes clés dans une variété de conditions expérimentales. Pour définir l&#39;influence des microbes sur la drosophile nutrition, plusieurs protocoles pour dériver des lignes de mouche axéniques ont été mis au point, y compris l&#39; hypochlorite dechorionation d&#39;embryons (soit dérivée de novo chaque génération ou maintenu generations par transfert à des régimes alimentaires stériles) et un traitement antibiotique 13. Il y a des avantages à différentes approches, telles que la facilité et la rapidité à la fois du traitement aux antibiotiques et transfert en série, par rapport à un plus grand contrôle des variables confondantes avec de novo dechorionation (par exemple, la densité des oeufs, des microbes contaminants résiduels, les effets hors-cible d&#39; antibiotiques). Indépendamment de la méthode dela préparation, l&#39; introduction d&#39;espèces microbiennes spécifiées aux axéniques embryons permet la culture de Drosophila avec les communautés ( &#39;gnotobiotiques&#39;) définis. Alternativement, imitant l&#39;utilisation de la flore SCHAEDLER, cette communauté pourrait être inoculé aux œufs conventionnellement fixées (en suivant les étapes 6-7 seulement) pour assurer la présence de microbes de traits influençant dans chaque flacon et éviter les complications de microbiote inconsistance. Nous décrivons ici le protocole pour élever axénique et gnotobiotique Drosophila par de novo dechorionation d&#39;embryons, et pour confirmer la présence de taxons microbien introduit ou contaminant.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="851">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:259px;">Brewer&#39;s Yeast</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">MP Biomedicals, LLC.</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">903312</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">http://www.mpbio.com/product.php?pid=02903312</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>158968-3KG</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/158968?lang=en&#38;region=US</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Agar</td>
			<td>Fisher--Lab Scientific</td>
			<td>fly802010</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/drosophila-agar-8-100mesh-10kg/nc9349177</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Welch&#39;s 100% Grape Juice Concentrate</td>
			<td>Walmart or other grocery store</td>
			<td>9116196</td>
			<td>http://www.walmart.com/ip/Welch-s-Frozen-100-Grape-Juice-Concentrate-11.5-oz/10804406</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cage: 32 oz. Translucent Round Deli Container</td>
			<td>Webstaurant Store</td>
			<td>999L5032Y</td>
			<td>http://www.webstaurantstore.com/newspring-delitainer-sd5032y-32-oz-translucent-round-deli-container-24-pack/999L5032Y.html</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Translucent Round Deli Container Lid</td>
			<td>Webstaurant Store</td>
			<td>999YNL500</td>
			<td>http://www.webstaurantstore.com/newspring-delitainer-ynl500-translucent-round-deli-container-lid-60-pack/999YNL500.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Stock Bottles</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">32-130</td>
			<td>https://geneseesci.com/shop-online/product-details/?product=32-130</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Droso-Plugs</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">49-101</td>
			<td>https://geneseesci.com/shop-online/product-details/?product=49-101</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Nylon Mesh</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>57-102&#160;</td>
			<td>https://geneseesci.com/shop-online/product-details/715/?product=57-102</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Plastic Bushing</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">100343125</td>
			<td>http://www.homedepot.com/p/Halex-2-1-2-in-Rigid-Insulated-Plastic-Bushing-75225/100343125</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Specimen Cup</td>
			<td>MedSupply Partners</td>
			<td>K01-207067</td>
			<td>http://www.medsupplypartners.com/covidien-specimen-containers.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Repeater M4</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>4982000322</td>
			<td>https://online-shop.eppendorf.us/US-en/Manual-Liquid-Handling-44563/Dispensers--Burettes-44566/Repeater-M4-PF-44619.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">50 ml Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>Laboratory Product Sales</td>
			<td>TR2003</td>
			<td>https://www.lpsinc.com/Catalog4.asp?catalog_nu=TR2003</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Food Boxes</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>2316-5001</td>
			<td>http://www.usascientific.com/search.aspx?find=2316-5001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Lysing Matrix D Bulk</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals, LLC.</td>
			<td>116540434</td>
			<td>http://www.mpbio.com/search.php?q=6540-434&#38;s=Search</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Filter Pipette Tips, 300&#956;l</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>1120-9810</td>
			<td>http://www.usascientific.com/search.aspx?find=1120-9810</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Petri Dishes</td>
			<td>Laboratory Product Sales</td>
			<td>M089303</td>
			<td>https://www.lpsinc.com/Catalog4.asp?catalog_nu=M089303</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories, INC.</td>
			<td>2701</td>
			<td>http://www.deconlabs.com/products.php?ID=88</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Paintbrush</td>
			<td>Walmart</td>
			<td>5133</td>
			<td>http://www.walmart.com/ip/Chenille-Kraft-5133-Acrylic-Handled-Brush-Set-Assorted-Sizes-colors-8-Brushes-set/41446005</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Forceps</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>08-882</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/fisherbrand-medium-pointed-forceps-3/p-128693</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Household Bleach (6-8% Hypochlorite)</td>
			<td>Walmart</td>
			<td>550646751</td>
			<td>http://www.walmart.com/ip/Clorox-Concentrated-Regular-Bleach-121-fl-oz/21618295</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Universal Peptone</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>20-260</td>
			<td>https://geneseesci.com/shop-online/product-details/?product=20-260</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Yeast Extract</td>
			<td>&#160;Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1422-500</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/fisher-bioreagents-microbiology-media-additives-yeast-extract-3/bp1422500?matchedCatNo=BP1422500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Dipotassium Phosphate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P3786-1KG</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search?term=P3786-1KG&#38;interface=All&#38;N=0&#38;mode=match%20partialmax&#38;lang=en&#38;region=US&#38;focus=product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ammonium Citrate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>25102-500g</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search?term=25102-500g&#38;interface=All&#38;N=0&#38;mode=match%20partialmax&#38;lang=en&#38;region=US&#38;focus=product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sodium Acetate</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>97061-994</td>
			<td>https://us.vwr.com/store/catalog/product.jsp?catalog_number=97061-994</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Magnesium Sulfate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>M63-500</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/magnesium-sulfate-heptahydrate-crystalline-certified-acs-fisher-chemical-3/m63500?matchedCatNo=M63500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Manganese Sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>10034-96-5</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search?term=10034-96-5&#38;interface=CAS%20No.&#38;N=0&#38;mode=match%20partialmax&#38;lang=en&#38;region=US&#38;focus=product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MRS Powder</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">69966-500G</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sial/69966?lang=en&#38;region=US</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">96 Well Plate Reader</td>
			<td>BioTek (Epoch)&#160;</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>http://www.biotek.com/products/microplate_detection/epoch_microplate_spectrophotometer.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1.7 ml Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>1615-5500</td>
			<td>http://www.usascientific.com/search.aspx?find=1615-5500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Filter Pipette Tips, 1000&#956;l</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>1122-1830</td>
			<td>http://www.usascientific.com/search.aspx?find=1122-1830</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">96 Well Plates</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>655101</td>
			<td>https://shop.gbo.com/en/usa/articles/catalogue/article/0110_0040_0120_0010/13243/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ceramic Beads</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals, LLC.</td>
			<td>6540-434</td>
			<td>http://www.mpbio.com/product.php?pid=116540434</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tissue Homogenizer</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals, LLC.</td>
			<td>116004500</td>
			<td>http://www.mpbio.com/product.php?pid=116004500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Class 1 BioSafety Cabinet</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>Model 1395</td>
			<td>http://www.thermoscientific.com/en/product/1300-series-class-ii-type-a2-biological-safety-cabinet-packages.html</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

rearing the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster under axenic and gnotobiotic conditions

The influence of microbes on myriad animal traits and behaviors has been increasingly recognized in recent years. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a model for understanding microbial interactions with animal hosts, facilitated by approaches to rear large sample sizes of Drosophila under microorganism-free (axenic) conditions, or with defined microbial communities (gnotobiotic). This work outlines a method for collection of Drosophila embryos, hypochlorite dechorionation and sterilization, and transfer to sterile diet. Sterilized embryos are transferred to sterile diet in 50 ml centrifuge tubes, and developing larvae and adults remain free of any exogenous microbes until the vials are opened. Alternatively, flies with a defined microbiota can be reared by inoculating sterile diet and embryos with microbial species of interest. We describe the introduction of 4 bacterial species to establish a representative gnotobiotic microbiota in Drosophila. Finally, we describe approaches for confirming bacterial community composition, including testing if axenic Drosophila remain bacteria-free into adulthood.

Élevage réussie de mouches axéniques est confirmé par l&#39; isolement d&#39;aucune CFU de homogénéisations corps entier de D. adultes melanogaster (Figure 1). Alternativement, si le broyat plaqué donne des colonies, les flacons sont contaminés et doivent être jetés. Pour les mouches gnotobiotiques, chacun des quatre isolats bactériens ont été isolés à partir de pools de 5 mâles adultes, ce qui démontre les différences de CFU viables t...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions at JoVE.com

Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions

Une méthode pour l&#39; élevage Drosophila melanogaster dans des conditions axéniques et gnotobiotiques est présenté. Fly embryons sont dechorionated dans l&#39;hypochlorite de sodium, transférés de manière aseptique à l&#39;alimentation stérile, et élevés dans des récipients fermés. Inoculant régime alimentaire et les embryons avec des bactéries conduit à des associations gnotobiotiques, et la présence bactérienne est confirmée par plaquage du corps entier homogénats drosophile.

L&#39;élevage du Fruit Fly<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em&gt; Sous axéniques et gnotobiotique Conditions

The influence of microbes on myriad animal traits and behaviors has been increasingly recognized in recent years. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions

Assaying Blood Cell Populations of the Drosophila melanogaster Larva

Assaying Blood Cell Populations of the Drosophila melanogaster Larva

Dosage des populations de cellules de sang de la<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em&gt; Larve

In vertebrates, hematopoiesis is regulated by inductive microenvironments (niches). Likewise, in the invertebrate model organism&#160;Drosophila ...

Recherche

Biologie du développement

Production and Administration of Therapeutic Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell (MSC) Spheroids Primed in 3-D Cultures Under Xeno-free Conditions

Production and Administration of Therapeutic Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell MSC Spheroids Primed in 3-D Cultures Under Xeno-free Conditions

Production et administration de la thérapeutique mésenchymateuses souches / cellules stromales (MSC) Spheroids apprêté dans les cultures 3-D dans des conditions d&#39;Xeno-libres

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) hold great promise in bioengineering and regenerative medicine. MSCs can be isolated from multiple adult tissues via ...

Protocols for Visualizing Steroidogenic Organs and Their Interactive Organs with Immunostaining in the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster

Protocols for Visualizing Steroidogenic Organs and Their Interactive Organs with Immunostaining in the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster

Protocoles pour Visualizing stéroïdogénique organes et leurs organes interactifs avec Immunostaining dans le Fruit Fly<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

In multicellular organisms, a small group of cells is endowed with a specialized function in their biogenic activity, inducing a systemic response ...

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

Dissection et immunofluorescence souillant de champignon corps et photorécepteur de neurones dans le cerveau adulte Drosophila melanogaster

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the ...

Induction of Endothelial Differentiation in Cardiac Progenitor Cells Under Low Serum Conditions

Induction de la différenciation endothéliale dans les cellules progénitrices cardiaque dans des Conditions de faible taux sérique

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) may have therapeutic potential for cardiac regeneration after injury. In the adult mammalian heart, intrinsic CPCs are ...

Thawing, Culturing, and Cryopreserving Drosophila Cell Lines

Thawing, Culturing, and Cryopreserving Drosophila Cell Lines

Dégel, cultivant et cryoconservation des lignées de cellules de drosophile

There are currently over 160 distinct Drosophila cell lines distributed by the Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC). With genome engineering, the ...

Methods to Test Endocrine Disruption in Drosophila melanogaster

Methods to Test Endocrine Disruption in Drosophila melanogaster

Méthodes pour tester la perturbation endocrinienne dans le mélanogaster drosophila

In recent years there has been growing evidence that all organisms and the environment are exposed to hormone-like chemicals, known as endocrine disruptor ...

Assay for Blood-brain Barrier Integrity in Drosophila melanogaster

Assay for Blood-brain Barrier Integrity in Drosophila melanogaster

Analyse de l'intégrité de la barrière hémato-encéphalique dans le mélanogaster Drosophila

Proper nervous system development includes the formation of the blood-brain barrier, the diffusion barrier that tightly regulates access to the nervous ...

Efficient Differentiation of Postganglionic Sympathetic Neurons using Human Pluripotent Stem Cells under Feeder-free and Chemically Defined Culture Conditions

Différenciation efficace des neurones sympathiques postganglioniques utilisant des cellules souches pluripotentes humaines dans des conditions de culture sans alimentation et définies chimiquement

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have become a powerful tool for disease modeling and the study of human embryonic development in vitro. We previously ...