Name: rearing the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster under axenic and gnotobiotic conditions
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פרטים מסוימים של פרוטוקול זה היו אופטימיזציה בסיוע ד&quot;ר אדם דובסון, שסיפק גם הערות מועילות על כתב היד. עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי הקרן עבור ה- National Institutes of Health (FNIH) מספר מענק R01GM095372 (JMC, A (CN) W, AJD, ו AED). FNIH מספר מענק 1F32GM099374-01 (PDN), ואת בריגהם קרנות ההפעלה יאנג אוניברסיטת (JMC, MLK, MV). עלויות פרסום נתמכו על ידי מכללת אוניברסיטת בריגהם יאנג למדעי החיים והמחלקה למדעי הצמח בטבע.

1. התרבות חיידקים (התחל ~ 1 שבוע לפני בחירת ביצים) <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> כן השונה MRS 20 (mMRS) צלחות וצינורות מרק (טבלה 1). יוצקים 20 מ&quot;ל mMRS אגר לתוך כל צלחת פטרי 100 מ&quot;מ להתקרר / לילה יבש, או 5 מ&quot;ל mMRS מרק לתוך 18 צינורות מ&quot;מ הבדיקה. <...

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<html> השיטה המתוארת כאן היא אחת כמה גישות עבור העובר dechorionation 8,11,18,25,26,27, יחד עם שיטות חלופיות של גידול זבובים axenic, כולל העברת סדרתי של מבוגרים axenic 18,27 או טיפול אנטיביוטי 13,18. שיטות dechorionation אחרות כוללות שוטף אתנול ולהפחית 11,25,26 או להאריך 8 טיפול ...

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://www.jove.com/t/54219/rearing-fruit-fly-drosophila-melanogaster-under-axenic-gnotobiotic">Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions</a>. The Protocol was updated.
Step 6.1.4.2 of the Protocol was updated from:
If using the 4 species described here, normalize cells to equivalent colony forming unit (CFU)/ml densities (OD600 to CFU conversion determined previously20) using this equation: 
E = ((O-B) x V x D)/C 
where E = volume to resuspend pellet in (&#956;l), O = OD600 bacteria, B = OD600 blank media, D = fold-dilution, V = &#181;l bacterial culture prior to centrifugation, C = OD600 of predetermined constant. See Supplemental Code File for examples of calculations using these equations. For spectrophotometers that automatically blank, use &#34;O&#34; in place of &#34;O-B&#34;. 
Note: The predetermined constants (units OD600, normalized to 107 CFU ml-1, constants derived in20) are as follows: A. tropicalis (0.052), A. pomorum (0.038), L. brevis (0.056), L. plantarum (0.077).
to:
If using the 4 species described here, normalize cells to equivalent colony forming unit (CFU)/ml densities (OD600 to CFU conversion determined previously20) using this equation: 
E = ((O-B) x V x D)/C 
where E = volume to resuspend pellet in (&#956;l), O = OD600 bacteria, B = OD600 blank media, D = fold-dilution, V = &#181;l bacterial culture prior to centrifugation, C = OD600 of predetermined constant. See Supplemental Code File for examples of calculations using these equations. For spectrophotometers that automatically blank, use &#34;O&#34; in place of &#34;O-B&#34;. 
Note: The predetermined constants (units OD600, normalized to 107 CFU ml-1, constants derived in20) are as follows: A. tropicalis (0.053), A. pomorum (0.038), L. brevis (0.077), L. plantarum (0.056).

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://www.jove.com/t/54219/rearing-fruit-fly-drosophila-melanogaster-under-axenic-gnotobiotic">Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions</a>. The Protocol was updated.

Erratum: Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions

רוב בעלי החיים קשורים באופן הדוק עם חיידקים ( &quot;חיידקים &#39;) מלידה ועד מות 1. השוואות של חינם-בקטריה ( &#39;axenic&#39;) ו מיקרואורגניזם קשור ( &quot;קונבנציונליות&quot;) בבעלי חיים הראו להשפיע חיידקי היבטים מגוונים של בריאות בעלי חיים, כוללים חילוף חומרים, תזונה, מחלות כלי דם, כבד, נשימה, אימונולוגית, האנדוקרינית, ונוירולוגיות פונקציה 2. זבוב הפרות תסיסנית הוא מודל מפתח להבנת רבים של תהליכים אלה בנוכחות החיידקים 3,4 ו ללימוד השפעת חיידקים על 5,6 הגנריקה. אין מיני חיידקים קיימים בכל אדם ( &#39;ליבה&#39;), אבל Acetobacter ו לקטובצילוס מינים מספריים להשתלט על החיידקים של שניהם המעבדה-נעמד על רגליו אחוריות ניצוד ד melanogaster. אחרים Acetobacteraceae (כולל Komagataeibacter ו Gluconobacter), Firmicutes (כגון אנטרוקוקוס ו Leuconostoc), ו Enterobacteriaceae הם או בהווה לעתים קרובות אצל פרטים תסיסנית ב שפע נמוך, או בהווה סדיר בבית גבוה שפע 7-12. החיידקים של תסיסנית ויונקים אינו עקבי בתוך ועל פני דורות 14,19. inconstancy חיידקים יכול לגרום לרעש פנוטיפי כאשר מודדים תכונות תלויות חיידקים. לדוגמא, שומני שפעת Acetobacteraceae (טריגליצרידים) אחסון תסיסנית 15-18. אם Acetobacteraceae הוא עשיר יותר אצל זבובים של בקבוקון אחד מאשר עוד 19, זבובי isogenic יכולים לקבל פנוטיפים שונים 20. פתרון לבעיית inconstancy חיידקים בעכברים 14 כבר בפועל מאז 1960, על ידי החדרת קהילה מוגדרת של 8 מינים של חיידקים דומיננטיים כדי גורי עכבר כל דור חדש (שינה צומח Schaedler),להבטיח כי כל גור חשוף לאותה אנשי מפתח של חיידקי העכבר. פרקטיקה זו שולטת על הרכב החיידקים גם כאשר החיידקים הוא לא המטרה העיקרית של המחקר 32, וקובע תקדים כדי להבטיח נוכחות של חיידקים מפתח במגוון של תנאי הניסוי. כדי להגדיר את ההשפעה של חיידקים על תזונה תסיסנית, כמה פרוטוקולים לגזירת קווי לטוס axenic פותחו, כולל תת-כלורי dechorionation של עוברים (או נגזרת דה נובו כל דור או מתוחזקים generationally בהעברה דיאטות סטרילי) וטיפול אנטיביוטי 13. ישנם יתרונות לגישות שונות, כגון הקלות המהירות הן של טיפול באנטיביוטיקה והעברת סדרתי, בקרת לעומת יותר של משתנים מבלבלים עם דה נובו dechorionation (למשל, צפיפות ביצה, חיידקים זיהום שיורית, מחוץ היעד תופעות אנטיביוטיקה). ללא קשר לשיטה שלהכנה, הכנסת מינים של חיידקים מסוימים, לקבל axenic עובר מתירה תרבות תסיסנית עם מוגדר ( &#39;gnotobiotic&#39;) קהילות. לחלופין, מחק את השימוש צומח Schaedler, קהילה זו יכולה להיות מחוסנת לביצים כמקובלות הניחו (ביצוע השלבים 6-7 בלבד) על מנת להבטיח את נוכחותם של חיידקים המשפיע על תכונה בכל בקבוקון ולהימנע מסיבוכים של inconstancy חיידקים. כאן אנו מתארים את הפרוטוקול לגיוס תסיסנית axenic ו gnotobiotic ידי דה נובו dechorionation של עוברים, ועבור המאשר את הנוכחות הציגו או זיהום מינים של חיידקים.

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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:259px;">Brewer&#39;s Yeast</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">MP Biomedicals, LLC.</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">903312</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">http://www.mpbio.com/product.php?pid=02903312</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>158968-3KG</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/158968?lang=en&#38;region=US</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Agar</td>
			<td>Fisher--Lab Scientific</td>
			<td>fly802010</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/drosophila-agar-8-100mesh-10kg/nc9349177</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Welch&#39;s 100% Grape Juice Concentrate</td>
			<td>Walmart or other grocery store</td>
			<td>9116196</td>
			<td>http://www.walmart.com/ip/Welch-s-Frozen-100-Grape-Juice-Concentrate-11.5-oz/10804406</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cage: 32 oz. Translucent Round Deli Container</td>
			<td>Webstaurant Store</td>
			<td>999L5032Y</td>
			<td>http://www.webstaurantstore.com/newspring-delitainer-sd5032y-32-oz-translucent-round-deli-container-24-pack/999L5032Y.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Translucent Round Deli Container Lid</td>
			<td>Webstaurant Store</td>
			<td>999YNL500</td>
			<td>http://www.webstaurantstore.com/newspring-delitainer-ynl500-translucent-round-deli-container-lid-60-pack/999YNL500.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Stock Bottles</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">32-130</td>
			<td>https://geneseesci.com/shop-online/product-details/?product=32-130</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Droso-Plugs</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">49-101</td>
			<td>https://geneseesci.com/shop-online/product-details/?product=49-101</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Nylon Mesh</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>57-102&#160;</td>
			<td>https://geneseesci.com/shop-online/product-details/715/?product=57-102</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Plastic Bushing</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">100343125</td>
			<td>http://www.homedepot.com/p/Halex-2-1-2-in-Rigid-Insulated-Plastic-Bushing-75225/100343125</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Specimen Cup</td>
			<td>MedSupply Partners</td>
			<td>K01-207067</td>
			<td>http://www.medsupplypartners.com/covidien-specimen-containers.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Repeater M4</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>4982000322</td>
			<td>https://online-shop.eppendorf.us/US-en/Manual-Liquid-Handling-44563/Dispensers--Burettes-44566/Repeater-M4-PF-44619.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">50 ml Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>Laboratory Product Sales</td>
			<td>TR2003</td>
			<td>https://www.lpsinc.com/Catalog4.asp?catalog_nu=TR2003</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Food Boxes</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>2316-5001</td>
			<td>http://www.usascientific.com/search.aspx?find=2316-5001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Lysing Matrix D Bulk</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals, LLC.</td>
			<td>116540434</td>
			<td>http://www.mpbio.com/search.php?q=6540-434&#38;s=Search</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Filter Pipette Tips, 300&#956;l</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>1120-9810</td>
			<td>http://www.usascientific.com/search.aspx?find=1120-9810</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Petri Dishes</td>
			<td>Laboratory Product Sales</td>
			<td>M089303</td>
			<td>https://www.lpsinc.com/Catalog4.asp?catalog_nu=M089303</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories, INC.</td>
			<td>2701</td>
			<td>http://www.deconlabs.com/products.php?ID=88</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Paintbrush</td>
			<td>Walmart</td>
			<td>5133</td>
			<td>http://www.walmart.com/ip/Chenille-Kraft-5133-Acrylic-Handled-Brush-Set-Assorted-Sizes-colors-8-Brushes-set/41446005</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Forceps</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>08-882</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/fisherbrand-medium-pointed-forceps-3/p-128693</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Household Bleach (6-8% Hypochlorite)</td>
			<td>Walmart</td>
			<td>550646751</td>
			<td>http://www.walmart.com/ip/Clorox-Concentrated-Regular-Bleach-121-fl-oz/21618295</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Universal Peptone</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>20-260</td>
			<td>https://geneseesci.com/shop-online/product-details/?product=20-260</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Yeast Extract</td>
			<td>&#160;Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1422-500</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/fisher-bioreagents-microbiology-media-additives-yeast-extract-3/bp1422500?matchedCatNo=BP1422500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Dipotassium Phosphate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P3786-1KG</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search?term=P3786-1KG&#38;interface=All&#38;N=0&#38;mode=match%20partialmax&#38;lang=en&#38;region=US&#38;focus=product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ammonium Citrate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>25102-500g</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search?term=25102-500g&#38;interface=All&#38;N=0&#38;mode=match%20partialmax&#38;lang=en&#38;region=US&#38;focus=product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sodium Acetate</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>97061-994</td>
			<td>https://us.vwr.com/store/catalog/product.jsp?catalog_number=97061-994</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Magnesium Sulfate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>M63-500</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/magnesium-sulfate-heptahydrate-crystalline-certified-acs-fisher-chemical-3/m63500?matchedCatNo=M63500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Manganese Sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>10034-96-5</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search?term=10034-96-5&#38;interface=CAS%20No.&#38;N=0&#38;mode=match%20partialmax&#38;lang=en&#38;region=US&#38;focus=product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MRS Powder</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">69966-500G</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sial/69966?lang=en&#38;region=US</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">96 Well Plate Reader</td>
			<td>BioTek (Epoch)&#160;</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>http://www.biotek.com/products/microplate_detection/epoch_microplate_spectrophotometer.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1.7 ml Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>1615-5500</td>
			<td>http://www.usascientific.com/search.aspx?find=1615-5500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Filter Pipette Tips, 1000&#956;l</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>1122-1830</td>
			<td>http://www.usascientific.com/search.aspx?find=1122-1830</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">96 Well Plates</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>655101</td>
			<td>https://shop.gbo.com/en/usa/articles/catalogue/article/0110_0040_0120_0010/13243/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ceramic Beads</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals, LLC.</td>
			<td>6540-434</td>
			<td>http://www.mpbio.com/product.php?pid=116540434</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tissue Homogenizer</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals, LLC.</td>
			<td>116004500</td>
			<td>http://www.mpbio.com/product.php?pid=116004500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Class 1 BioSafety Cabinet</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>Model 1395</td>
			<td>http://www.thermoscientific.com/en/product/1300-series-class-ii-type-a2-biological-safety-cabinet-packages.html</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

rearing the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster under axenic and gnotobiotic conditions

The influence of microbes on myriad animal traits and behaviors has been increasingly recognized in recent years. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a model for understanding microbial interactions with animal hosts, facilitated by approaches to rear large sample sizes of Drosophila under microorganism-free (axenic) conditions, or with defined microbial communities (gnotobiotic). This work outlines a method for collection of Drosophila embryos, hypochlorite dechorionation and sterilization, and transfer to sterile diet. Sterilized embryos are transferred to sterile diet in 50 ml centrifuge tubes, and developing larvae and adults remain free of any exogenous microbes until the vials are opened. Alternatively, flies with a defined microbiota can be reared by inoculating sterile diet and embryos with microbial species of interest. We describe the introduction of 4 bacterial species to establish a representative gnotobiotic microbiota in Drosophila. Finally, we describe approaches for confirming bacterial community composition, including testing if axenic Drosophila remain bacteria-free into adulthood.

גידול מוצלח של זבובים axenic אושר על ידי בידוד של לא CFUs מ homogenizations-הגוף של ד מבוגרי melanogaster (איור 1). לחלופין, אם homogenate מצופה מניב מושבות, צלוחיות הם מזוהמים אמור להיות מושלך. עבור זבובי gnotobiotic, כל אחת מהארבעה מבודדות החיידקים בודדו מברכו?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions at JoVE.com

Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions

שיטה לגידול תסיסנית בתנאי axenic ו gnotobiotic מוצגת. עוברי זבובים הם dechorionated ב חומצת נתרן, הועברו בסביבה נקיה מחיידקים לתזונה סטרילי, וגדלו במיכלים סגורים. ייחסתי דיאטה ועובר עם חיידקים מובילים עמותות gnotobiotic, ונוכחות חיידקים אושר על ידי ציפוי homogenates תסיסנית הגוף כולו.

גידול זבוב הפירות<em&gt; תסיסנית</em&gt; בתנאי Axenic ו Gnotobiotic

The influence of microbes on myriad animal traits and behaviors has been increasingly recognized in recent years. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions

Assaying Blood Cell Populations of the Drosophila melanogaster Larva

Assaying Blood Cell Populations of the Drosophila melanogaster Larva

אוכלוסיות תאי דם Assaying של<em&gt; תסיסנית melanogaster</em&gt; זחל

In vertebrates, hematopoiesis is regulated by inductive microenvironments (niches). Likewise, in the invertebrate model organism&#160;Drosophila ...

Production and Administration of Therapeutic Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell (MSC) Spheroids Primed in 3-D Cultures Under Xeno-free Conditions

Production and Administration of Therapeutic Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell MSC Spheroids Primed in 3-D Cultures Under Xeno-free Conditions

ייצור ומנהלה של גזע הטיפולי mesenchymal / תא סטרומה (MSC) Spheroids הדרוך בתרבויות 3-D בתנאים קסנו ללא

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) hold great promise in bioengineering and regenerative medicine. MSCs can be isolated from multiple adult tissues via ...

Protocols for Visualizing Steroidogenic Organs and Their Interactive Organs with Immunostaining in the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster

Protocols for Visualizing Steroidogenic Organs and Their Interactive Organs with Immunostaining in the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster

הפרוטוקולים המאפשר הדמיה איברים Steroidogenic ואורגנים אינטראקטיבית שלהם עם Immunostaining ב זבוב הפירות<em&gt; תסיסנית</em

In multicellular organisms, a small group of cells is endowed with a specialized function in their biogenic activity, inducing a systemic response ...

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

ניתוח Immunofluorescent מכתים של פטריות הגוף והנפש ומה קולט אור נוירונים במוח למבוגרים דרוזופילה melanogaster

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the ...

Induction of Endothelial Differentiation in Cardiac Progenitor Cells Under Low Serum Conditions

אינדוקציה של אנדותל התמיינות בתאים לב בתנאים בסרום נמוך

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) may have therapeutic potential for cardiac regeneration after injury. In the adult mammalian heart, intrinsic CPCs are ...

Thawing, Culturing, and Cryopreserving Drosophila Cell Lines

Thawing, Culturing, and Cryopreserving Drosophila Cell Lines

מפשיר Culturing, Cryopreserving שורות תאים דרוזופילה

There are currently over 160 distinct Drosophila cell lines distributed by the Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC). With genome engineering, the ...

Methods to Test Endocrine Disruption in Drosophila melanogaster

Methods to Test Endocrine Disruption in Drosophila melanogaster

שיטות לבדיקת הפרעה אנדוקרינית בדרוזופילה מלאנוסטר

In recent years there has been growing evidence that all organisms and the environment are exposed to hormone-like chemicals, known as endocrine disruptor ...

Assay for Blood-brain Barrier Integrity in Drosophila melanogaster

Assay for Blood-brain Barrier Integrity in Drosophila melanogaster

שיטת שלמות המוח בדם בדרוזופילה מלאנוסטר

Proper nervous system development includes the formation of the blood-brain barrier, the diffusion barrier that tightly regulates access to the nervous ...

Efficient Differentiation of Postganglionic Sympathetic Neurons using Human Pluripotent Stem Cells under Feeder-free and Chemically Defined Culture Conditions

יעיל הבידול של הנוירונים האוהדים הסימפתטית באמצעות בתאי גזע האדם Pluriפוטנטי תחת ממזין-חינם ומוגדר כימית תנאים תרבות

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have become a powerful tool for disease modeling and the study of human embryonic development in vitro. We previously ...